WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)“Alltheworld'sastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet18

5.HisPoems

1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.

2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.

SonnetApoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abba

abba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)abab

cdcd

efef

gg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119)IambicPentameter抑揚格(iambic):

如果一個音步中有兩個音節，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚格音步，其專業術語是（iamb,iambic.）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚格。IambicPentameter英語中有大量的單詞，其發音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語寫詩，用抑揚格就很便利。也就是說，抑揚格很符合英語的發音規律。因此，在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚格，百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚格寫成的。

詩行的長短以音步數目計算：

英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩。

（各種長短詩行的專門術語：一音步詩：monometer二音步詩：dimeter三音步詩：trimeter四音步詩：tetrameter五音步詩：pentameter六音步詩：hexameter七音步詩：heptameter八音步詩：octameter.）

音步：我們知道凡是有兩個以上音節的英文單詞，都有重讀音節與輕讀音節之分，在一句話中，根據語法、語調、語意的要求，有些詞也要重讀，有些要輕讀。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.I’mgladtohearthenews.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分，重讀的音節和輕讀的音節，按一定模式配合起來，反復再現，組成詩句，聽起來起伏跌宕，抑揚頓挫，就形成了詩歌的節奏。多音節單詞有重音和次重音，次重音根據節奏既可視為重讀，也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是：輕——重。在每行中再現四次，這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相當與樂譜中的“小節”。一輕一重，就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現的次數叫音步數，這兩行詩的音步數都是四，所以就稱其為四音步詩。

在分析一首詩的格律時，既要考慮此詩的基本音步類型，也要考慮此詩中詩行的音步數目。看下面的一首短詩：

AnEMPTYHOUSE

AlexanderPope

Youbeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:

Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.

（你拍拍腦袋，以為靈感馬上就來。可任你怎么敲打，也無人把門打開。pate，腦袋。

fancy，動詞：以為，想象。）在此詩的基本音步類型是抑揚格，每行五音步。因此稱此詩的格律是“抑揚格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首詩的音步類型和詩行所含的音步數目構成此詩的格律（meter）。Hamlet

Oldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeopleHamlet

Oldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)

layst,mak’st,canst,whilstHamlet

Oldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning6.TextStudy:Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;

ShallIcompareyoutoasummer'sday?

Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:

RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMay

Andsummerisfartooshort:

可否把你比作美麗的夏天？

可你比夏天更加可愛如繡：

狂風搖曳著五月里的花冠，

夏天的租期不肯太長逗留，Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;

Attimesthesunistoohot,

Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,

Bymisfortuneorbynature'splannedoutcourse.

有時候蒼之巨眼未免焦灼，

他金色的臉也會經常暗退。

所有的美麗總會不免衰落，

偶然或永恒總將美麗殘催。Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;Butyouryouthshallnotfade,

Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;

Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,

Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.但是你的妖艷會永不退萎。

你不會失去你擁有的美麗，

死神也懼把你送陰間吹擂；

這時你將于詩中永存與日。

Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Speakers’CornerSolongastherearepeopleonthisearth,

Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.只要人類呼吸，目放光芒，

詩行也會同長，使你命芳。

Sonnet18ofShakespeareStructure

proposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14)Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,—

—∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；∨

—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dSonnet18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;∨—

∨—

∨

∨

∨—

∨—

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,∨

∨—

—∨—

∨

∨

∨

—

eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;∨

∨

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

fSonnet18Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gRhetoricinsonnet181.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversionSonnet18WilliamShakespeare

SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryA

sonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme----thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.

OldPoeticUseThou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.QuestionsAnalysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summer’sday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.

Thisquestion

compares“Thee”

to

asummer’sdaybecausesummer

isconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.

Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummer’sdayand“thee”.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Why?

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimm’d;

五月花蕾惡風落地，夏日租約轉瞬到期，

有時天眼高灼炎炎難耐，更見烏云常蔽金色面容古今紅顏難逃色衰，命運無常季候摧殘；每一個美人總要失去美貌，即使沒有突發的以外事件，也逃不過自然界生老病死的變遷

Butthyeternalsummershall

not

fade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,

你的永恒夏日欲將長存，美貌紅顏必也永世不減,死神難夸你在他影中躑躅，Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.因你芳名已成不朽詩篇。只要一天有人類，或人有眼睛，這詩將長存，并且賜給你生命。

Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anothertheme

isthepowerofthespeaker’spoemtodefytimeandlastforever.詩人表達了這樣一種思想：美麗的事物可以依靠文學的力量而永遠不朽；文學是人所創造的，因此這有宣告了人的不朽。

一個重讀音節與一或兩個輕讀音節按一定的模式搭配起來，有規律地反復出現就是英文詩歌的節奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行詩中輕重搭配出現的次數叫音步數（meter)。

輕讀音節是“抑”，重讀音節是“揚”，如一輕一重，為抑揚格。英語中有大量的單詞，其發音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語寫詩，用抑揚格就很便利。也就是說，抑揚格很符合英語的發音規律。因此，在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚格，百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚格寫成的。

MeterandFeet

Themeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行詩中輕重搭配出現的次數叫音步數”（meter)。英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一至五音步一音步詩：monometer

二音步詩：dimeter三音步詩：trimeter四音步詩：tetrameter五音步詩：pentameterForexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpentameter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressed

syllableandastressedsyllable.如果一個音步中有兩個音節，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚格音步，其專業術語是（iambic）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚格。

ShallI│compare│theeto│asum│mer’sday?

Comedyaplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy’sdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque

諷刺模仿andfarce

鬧劇.Sonnet18ByWilliamShakespeare十四行詩(Sonnet)，源于中世紀民間抒情短詩，十三、十四世紀流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）為代表人物，每行十一個音節，全詩一節八行，加一節六行，韻腳用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提問，后六行回答。后來，懷亞特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）將十四行詩引人英國，五音步抑揚格，全詩三個四行一個二行,前三節提問，后二句結論。斯賓塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韻腳abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韻腳abab,cdcd,efef,gg，稱英國式或莎士比亞式。anoctave+asestet

3quatrains+acouplet

abba

abba

cdecdeabab

bcbc

cdcd

eeabab

cdcd

efef

gg

ItalianSonnet:SpenserianSonnet:ShakespearianSonnet:3quatrains+acouplet

FrancescoPetrarch1)ItalianSonnetFrancescoPetrachThepoetryofearthisnever

dead:aWhenallthebirdsarefaintwiththehot

sun,bAndhideincoolingtrees,avoicewill

run

bFromhedgetohedgeaboutthenew-mown

mead;

aThatistheGrasshopper’s---hetakesthe

leadaInsummerluxury,---hehasnever

donebWithhisdelights;forwhentiredoutwith

funbHerestsateasebeneathsomepleasant

weed.

aThepoetyofearthisceasing

never:

cOnalonewinterevening,whenthe

frostdHaswroughtasilence,fromthestovethere

shrillse

The

Cricket’ssong,inwarmthincreasing

ever,

cAndseemstooneindrowsinesshalf

lost,dTheGrasshopper’samongsomegrassy

hills.

eanoctave+asestet2)SpenserianSonnetEdmundSpenserForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

bAllthisworld’srichesthatmayfarrebe

found.cIfsaphyres,loehereyesbesaphyres

plaine:bIfrubies,loeherlipsberubies

sound;c3quatrains+acoupletIfpearls,herteethbepearlsbothpureand

round;cIfyvorie,herforeheadyvory

weene;dIfgold,herlocksarefinestgoldon

ground;

c

Ifsilver,herfairhandsaresilver

sheene.dButthatwhichfairestis,butfew

behold:eHermind,adornedwithvertues

manifold.eYetradefullmerchants,thatwithweary

toyle

aDoseeke

nost

pretiousthingstomakeyour

gain,

bAndboththeIndiansoftheirtreasures

spoile,aForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

b3)ShakespearianSonnetShakespeareSometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

d3quatrains+acoupletButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.

bIambus（抑揚格）IambicFoot（抑揚音步）

5-footIambus

(IambicPentametre)（五步抑揚格）ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.bMetre:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18

Introduction(起)Elucidation(承)

Transition(轉)Conclusion(合)TheWordsUsedinPoetryThou=You的主格Thee=You的賓格Thy=YourThine=Your用在元音前Methink=ItseemstomeHie=goquicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=NodoubtQuoth=