TextA:NationalOilCompanies:Oil’sDark

SecretTextB:TheFutureofOPECTextC:TheEraofOilAbundanceUnit4PETROLEUMCOMPANYANDORGANIZATIONSection2textlearning(A)TextOrganizationPart1（Para.1）：Part2（Para.2-7）：Part3（Para.8-13）IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.InspiteoftheproblemsandfailuresinNOCs,somefactorscanhelp.Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart1(Para.1):IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.1.Whatisnationaloilcompany?Nationaloilcompany(NOC)

ispartiallyorwhollystate-ownedfirmsthroughwhichgovernmentsretaintheprofitsfromoilproduction.(Para.1)2.Whatarethesimilaritiesofmoststate-ownedfirms?Theyarepronetoover-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart2(2-7):Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.3.WhyisitsaidthatPDVSAprovidesacautionarytaleofhowbadtheycanbe?(Para.3&11)PresidentHugoChávezhasforcedmostforeignoilfirmsinVenezuelatogointopartnershipwithitsnationalchampion.Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures－presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginalfields.(Para.3)MrChávezdictatesthelayingofpipelinesofPDVSAandcustomers.(Para.11)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysis4.Whywilloilproductionbemoreconcentratedin

thehandsofthenationalfirmsofRussiaandthePersianGulf?

PersianGulfinthefuture?(Para.4)----decreaseofoilproductionintheopenareas----largelyoutofboundstomultinationals----notyetthoroughlyrakedoverInformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)5.Therearesomereasonsforthefailureof

nationalization.Whatarethey?（Para.5-7）----excessivegovernmentintervention(over-staffed,instrumentsofforeignpolicy,frequentlynationalized)（Para.5）

----alackofopenness(ofenoughdatatoatheory,afullpictureofoil)(Para.6)----underinvestment(politicallypalatabletoreducedrillingprogramsandseismicsurveys)(Para.7)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)Part3(Para.8-13):InspiteoftheproblemsfailuresinNOCS,somefactorscanhelp.6.Whatleadstotheinefficiencyandcorruptionof

NOCs?Therearenoenoughstronginstitutionstoregulatethemortomanagethemoneytheygenerate.(Para.8)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)7.Whatstrategiescanbehelpfulforthenationalization?----(SaudiArabian)gradualandfriendlytakeoverhelpstopreserveinstitutionalmemoryandanefficientcorporateculture.Otherwise……(Para.10)----Clearstrategicguidancegoeshand-in-handwithoperationalautonomyatthebestNOCs.(Para.11)----Competitionalsohelps.(Pare.12)----AbundantoildoesnotseemtobeprerequisitetosuccessforaNOC,butseemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood.(Para.13)Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?

2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,

Sinopec.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheir

development?Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?Somecountrieswastemoneyfromoilonauthorityofthestate.WithouttheeffectivecontrolofthecountriesoverNOCs,manyproblemswillappear,suchasinefficiencyandcorruption.Insomeareas,private-ownedoilcompaniesperformbetter.Sonationalizationofoilcompanyisnotalwaysagoodwaytodevelopoilindustry.Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussion2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,Sinopec，

andCNOOC.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheirdevelopment?ChineseNOCshavesimilarproblemstoothercountries’,eg.,over-staffing,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.Someexperiencesfromothercountry’sNOCsdeserveChineseNOCs’study(regulatedbythecountry).PermittheforeigninvestmentonChineseoilindustry.PropercompetitionforcesNOCstokeepcostsdownandmethodsuptodate.Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelopacountry’spoolofskilledlaborandtodisseminate（transmit）

newtechnologyandideas.Section2textlearning(A)Becausethesenationalchampionscontrolasmuchas90%oftheworld’soilandgas,theycandofarmorethanthelikesofExxontoassuagethecurrentworriesaboutsupplyandinfluencetheaccompanying

recordprices.……theyareproneto

over-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)由于這些國有巨頭們控制了世界上大約90％的石油和天然氣，因此它們能比埃克森之類（大）公司更易于緩和目前對石油供應的擔心，并影響相對應的股價。但是和大多數國有公司一樣，它們也都可能有各種弊端：人員過剩，投資不足，政治干涉以及腐敗。bepronetosth.:tohaveatendencytobeaffectedbyitortodoit有…傾向，易于Cf.beliableto;beapttoLanguagePointsSection2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints它現在經營了許多合資公司——大概并不會比它原先經營的油田好到哪兒去。2)Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures—

presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginal

fields.(Para.3）3)NewoilismostlikelytobefoundintheNOCs’

territory,preciselybecauseitislargelyoutof

boundstomultinationalssuchas……andsohas

notyetbeenthoroughlyrakedover.(Para.4)由于遠離像埃克森美孚公司和英國石油公司這樣的跨國公司，新的油田最有可能在國有石油公司的領土上被發現，因為這些地方還沒有被完全開發。4)SaudiAramcohasnotreleasedenoughdatatoquashatheorythatitsoilreservesarenotnearlyaslargeasitcontends,andthatitsoutputmayhave

peaked.(Para.6)Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints有一種理論認為沙特國家石油公司（譯注：也叫沙特阿美，全稱Arabian-AmericanOilCompany）的實際石油儲備量并沒有其聲稱的那樣多，而且它的產量已經達到了頂峰，但是沙特石油公司未能提供足夠的數據來反駁這理論。Section2textlearning(A)LanguagePoints5)Anygovernmentthatreliesonoilingeneral,anda

state-runoilfirminparticular,……andseismic

surveythancivilservantssalariesandhospital

budgets.(Para.7)6)SoNOCssprangupbeforetheircountrieshad

institutionsstrongenoughtoregulatethem,orto

managethemoneytheygenerate—arecipefor

inefficiencyandcorruption.(Para.8)任何總體上依賴石油，特別是依賴一個國有石油公司獲得大部分收入的政府，在石油價格下跌的時候都會傾向于縮減投資，因為相對于削減公務員的薪水和醫院預算來說，大量減少鉆探項目和地質調查在政治上更易于接受。因此，國有公司得以快速發展，國家卻沒有足夠強大的機構來約束它們或者來管理它們所創造的財富，而這正是造成低效和腐敗的成分。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints7)Bycontrast,Sonatrachtookoverforeignoilfirms’

assetsinAlgeriamuchmoreabruptlyandacrimoniously,followingalongandbitterlyfoughtwar

ofindependence.(Para.10)8)TheSaudigovernment,forexample,letsAramcosetitsownprices,unlikeKuwait’s,whichhandsthemdowntoKPCfromonhigh.(Para.11)相比之下，阿爾及利亞國家石油公司Sonatrach則以一種更加生硬刻薄的方式接管了外國石油公司的財產，接下來又陷入了漫長而殘酷的獨立戰爭。例如，沙特政府就允許阿美石油公司自行設定石油價格，而不像科威特政府那樣將定價下達給KPC。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints9)Critically,Aramcoisabletoretainaportionofits

earningsformaintenanceandexpansion,ratherthan

subsistingonanallocationfromthenationalbudget,asIran’sstate-runoilfirmdiduntilrecently.(Para.11)10)Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelop

acountry’spoolofskilledlabourand,whentheyoperateinjointventures,todisseminatenewtechnologyandideas.(Para.12)更重要的是，沙特阿美能夠保留一部分收入用于公司的日常運作和發展，而不是依靠國家預算的劃撥來維持生存，而直到不久以前，這一直是伊朗國家石油公司賴以生存的方式。跨國公司的出現也幫助培養了一大批技術熟練的勞動力，并且當他們在合資企業中工作時也傳播了新技術和新觀念。TextB1.Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsideOPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.Whileproductionoutsidethecartelismanageable,togetherwithIraqandIran’splans

itcouldrepresentasignificantthreattooilpricesinthelatterhalfofthedecade.(Para.3)bedwarfedby…:beoutnumberedby1.與此同時，非OPEC地區也在陸續增產，但隨著歐佩克成員國伊拉克和伊朗雄心勃勃地提出增產計劃，前者的產量便相形見絀了。目前，OPEC以外的石油產量還是可控的，但隨著伊拉克和伊朗的增產，石油價格在接下來的五年內可能會面臨嚴峻的挑戰。ShouldIranandIraqtogetherboostproductiontoareasonablyachievablelevelof11millionbarrelsperdayby2020,whichwouldrepresentanincreaseof5millionto6millionbarrelsperdayabovepresentlevels.OPEC’sproductionquotashavealreadybeenasourceoftensionamongitsmembers,butproducershavealwaysfoundwaystoskirtaroundthem.Thatmaynolongerbepossible.WhileIran’sdomesticconsumptionwillincreasesignificantly,thepotentialexportincreasesarestilltoohighforSaudiArabiatooffset.(Para.5)AisasourceofB…:AisresponsibleforB/BisattributabletoASkirtaroundsth…:trytoavertfromoravoiddoingsth.Offset:tocompensatethelossofsth.2.如果伊朗和伊拉克同時增產，到2020，石油產量有望達到日均1100萬桶，

相

比現在每天增產近500萬到600萬桶。歐佩克的生產配額制一直是成員國

之間關系緊張的根源，也總是被各成員國想方設法地繞過，這種情況在以

后可能不會再發生。雖然伊朗的國內石油消費將大幅提升，但對沙特而言，

伊朗潛在的出口增量依然過高，對其造成的出口損失難以彌補.3.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqtovoluntarilylimitexportgrowth,butwithoutotherincentivesthereisnoreasontobelievetheywoulddosowhenitisintheirshort-termeconomicinteresttoboostexportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)Incentive:measuresencouragingsb.todosth.Thereisnoreasontobelievethat…:Itisimplausibletobeconvincedthat/Noreasonleadstoone’sconvincethat/Itstandslittleprobabilitythat.../Thebeliefgoeswithoutanyfeasibilitythat…3.由此一來，沙特可能會要求伊朗和伊拉克主動減少其石油出口，但事實上，由于兩伊國內經濟缺乏激勵政策，只能通過擴大石油出口盡可能獲得短期的經濟收益，因此沙特的訴求不太可能會實現。4.

WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasapoliticaltooltoincreaseoilpricesorplaceanembargoonexports,ascanbeseenfromthe2008pricespike,OPEC’smodernchallengeismoreconcernedwithkeepingoilpricesreasonablylow,notartificiallyraisingthemorembargoingoil.(Para.9)artificially:doneonpurpose4.盡管歐佩克歷來被用作抬高油價或禁運石油出口的政治工具——這點從2008年油價飆升就可見一斑，該組織現在面臨的挑戰則是關于保持石油合理的低價，而不是人為抬高油價或者禁運石油。5.Inordertopreserveitslong-termhealth,OPECwillneedtopreserverelativelylowoilprices,bothtoensurethatdevelopingmarketsinAsiacanaffordtokeepbuyingtheoilandtopreventalternativessuchasshaleoil,electriccarsornaturalgas-to-liquidstechnologyfrombecomingmoreeconomicallyfeasible.(Para.9)preserve：maintainorkeepsth.stableoratacertainstandard;alternatives:substitutesforoileconomicallyfeasible:aseconomicallyaspossible5.為了使OPEC長期穩健發展，油價需要維持在一個相對較低的水平，這既能滿足亞洲市場的購買力，同時由于油價走低，像頁巖油這樣的新興能源、電動汽車以及天然氣液化技術，也不太容易變得經濟適用。

Section3ExercisesLanguageOralPresentationTranslationEssayWriting

Section3ExercisesTask1GlossaryMatchc2.d3.g4.a5.h6.b7.e8.fTask2WordsorExpressions1.areproneto 6.potential2.reserve 7.incentive3.feasible 8.presumably4.abundance 9.dictate

5.diversification 10undermine

Language

Section3ExercisesTask1QuestionsandAnswersAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationfromTextA,BorC.Question1.Paragraph11&12oftextAQuestion2.Paragraph5oftextBQuestion3.Paragraph2-5oftextBQuestion4.Paragraph7oftextCQuestion5.Paragraphs2-11oftextC

OralPresentation

Section3Exercises

OralPresentationTask3CriticalThinkingEnhancement

Thebenefitsofallthatcheapcrudeoilstillhaven’tshownupattheoneplaceitmattersmost:thegasstation.Simpleeconomicssuggeststhathighersuppliesandlowerdemandshouldtranslateintocheaperprices.Butabundantoilhasn’tcutgasolineprices.Therearemanyreasons.Forexample,regulatoryandtransportationsystemsthatgrewoutofthoseoldassumptionshavebecomeincreasinglyoutdated,preventingtheforcesofsupplyanddemandfromworkingefficiently.Tobringgasolinepriceswaydownrequiresimprovementsinthepipeline,barge,andtrucknetwork.Yetevenwithimprovementsinoil-fieldlogistics,driverswillbecompetingforgasolinewiththeircounterpartselsewhereintheworld.

Section3ExercisesTranslation1.任何以石油為經濟支柱的政府，尤其那些經濟收入依賴國有石油公司的政府，在石油價格下跌的時候，都會傾向于縮減投資；因為相對于公務員的薪水和醫院預算來說，大幅削減鉆探項目和地質調查在政治上更容易讓人接受。(TextA,Para.7)2.盡管歐佩克歷來被當作抬高油價或禁運石油出口的政治工具——這點從2008年油價飆升就可見一斑，但是該組織現在面臨的挑戰是關于如何石油合理的低價，而不是人為抬高油價或者禁運石油。(TextB,Para.9)Task1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Section3Exercises3.與其擔心那些壞脾氣的石油大國，不如做好準備迎接新的地緣政治格局：原先蒸蒸日上的（國家）可能會走下坡路，而那些從前在眾人心中毫無地位的國家也許會成為全球的重要玩家。(TextC,Para.2)4.對于美國來說，這真是天大的好事。花旗集團的埃德?莫爾斯欣喜若狂地說：“美國不會再向暴君們或封建君主們卑躬屈膝了，他們的石油供應已不再是外交政策的籌碼。”這個說法可能有一點兒盲目樂觀，不過我們對此也有個大致了解。(TextC,Para.5)5.和石化能源公司相比，綠色能源公司的發展障礙本身就大；當石油、天然氣價格下降以后，遇到的阻礙將更增大。不過，仍有一線希望：它們不會就此被市場淘汰，低廉的能源價格會帶給消費者新的選擇。（TextC,Para.10）Translation

Section3ExercisesTask2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Theinternalizationofnationaloilcompaniesisamongthetoptrendsontheglobalenergyfrontinthe21stcentury.Itoccupiesavailableenergyofwesterninternationaloilcompanies.Moreover,thecompetitivelandscapeshifts:OPECmembersaremuchdiminished;globally,newoil-and-gassuppliers,suchasU.S.shaleoilandgaspotential,Canada’soilsands,Venezuela’sultra-heavyoilandBrazil’sdeep-seaoilareemerging.Chinesestate-ownedoilcompanieshaveconsiderableadvantagesinfunds,certaintechnologiesandservices.However,comparedwithwesterninternationaloilgiants,theystillfallbehindowingtoaninsufficiencyinglobalmanagementandsupportingresearch.Translation

Section3ExercisesEssayWritingFindouthowtowriteanillustrationessaybyreadingtheseeasytips:Likeanyessay,introduceyourtopicinyourfirstparagraph.Useeachkeywordthatyouwroteinyourintroductionasthemainfocusofeachofyourbodyparagraphs.Payattentiontoyourdescriptions.Avoidbeingtoovagueortoogeneral.Usecomparisonsthatarefamiliartoyourreaders.Anillustrativeessayhasaplentyofexamples.Makesureyourexamplemakesaclearpoint.textlearning(B)KeySentencesAtthesametime,OPECmustdealwithplanstoexpandoilproductionenvisionedbothbyIraqandIran,whichcouldleadtolowerpricesthanthecarteldesires.(Para.1)Thefivecountriescertainlypossessedthatpowerwhenthecartelwasinitiallyformed,……dominancehasdeclinedovertheyears.(Para.2)Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsidePPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.(Para.3)4.AlthoughmostoftheU.S.increasehasbeen

offset……toreduceproductionlevelsattimesto

maintainprices.(Para.4)textlearning(B)KeySentences5.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqto

voluntarilylimitexportgrowth,……toboost

exportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)6.Historically,SaudiArabiahasarguedforincreased

productionfromthecartel……formoderate

productionlevelsandstrongprices.(Para.6)7.Indeed,ChinahasmassiveprojectswithSaudi

Arabia,……15percentofitsoilfromOPEC

memberAngola.(Para.7)textlearning(B)KeySentences8.Theimpactonlong-termpricesislesscertain,

however;……suppliesinnon-OPECcountries

aswell(Para.8)9.WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasa

politicaltool……notartificiallyraisingthem

orembargoingoil.(Para.9)10.Furthermore,temperedoilpricesfor

consumersinAsiawillonlyreinforcethe

region’seconomicgrowth,contributingto

increaseddemandforOPEC’soil.(Para.9)textlearning(C)KeySentencesWearesufferingwhiplash:Fornearlyfourdecades,……otherwiseself-respectingworldleaderstogenuflect,andeconomiststoshudder.(Para.1)Russia’sVladimirPtuinhasstruttedtheglobalstage,Bolsteredbygasandoilprofits,andVenezuela’sHugoChavezhasthumbedhisnoseatlosYanquis.(Para.1)Ratherthanpetroleumscarcity,weareseeingintoafloodofnewoilsupplies……countriespreviouslyonnoone’sa-listmaysuddenlybecentralglobalplayers.(Para.2)Wewillnolongerbekowtowingtodespoticrulers……Thosetradeoffswillbeeliminated.(Para.5)textlearning(C)KeySentences5.Newpetrostates:Aren’tweforgettingthose

unsungnationsthat,……endupwithfarmore

robusteconomiesandasgeopoliticalplayers?

(Para.6)6.Cooperation:WesternsuspicionofChinahas

beenfueledbyitsaggressiveacquisitionof

naturalresourcesaroundtheworld,especially

oilandgasfields.(Para.7)7.Lookingahead,Chowwonderswhetherthe

UnitedStatesmightendupcollaboratingwith

ChinaandIndiainpatrollingthePersianGulf.

(Para.7）textlearning(C)KeySentences8.Strugglingtomakeupthedifferencebutwithno

tools……publicpopularitybasedonagrowing

andoptimisticmiddleclass.(Para.9)9.Thebarwasalreadyhighforgreen-tech

companiestocompeteagainstthe……lower

energypricescouldcreateanewconsumer

choice.(Para.10)10.Sothereyouhaveit:OP