2022高考英語閱讀之說明文基礎訓練(一)(A)WhenourScottishpuppy,Annie,reachedadolescence,shesuddenlystoppedfollowingmymands.Previously,ifIcalled"e”,shewouldflyacrossouryardtomyarms.Now,the8-monlh-oldgavemealookandrantheotherway.Ourdogtraineradvisedustostopworrying."She'sateenager,shesaid."She'llgrowoutofit.”Now,anewstudyisbackingthatup:Dogsexperienceaperiodthatmakesthemactout,justlikehumanteenagers.Puppiesbondwithhumansmuchaschildrendo.“Bu【ownersoftenfeellikethey'refailingwhentheirpuppiesreachadolescence,saidLucyAsher,leadauthorofthenewstudy.Asherandherteammonitored70femaledogsbeingraisedasguidedogs.Theyaskedcaregiverstoscorethemontheirattention-seekingbehaviorslikesittingclosetotheirownersandseparation-relatedbehaviorsliketremblingwhenleftbehind.Bothtypesofbehaviorsshowgeneralanxietyandfearfulness.Dogswithhighscoresenteredadolescenceearlier—atabout5months,paredwith8monthsforthosewithlowerscores.Further,adolescentdogsthatwerestressedbyseparationfromtheircaregiverswerealsoincreasinglydisobedienttothatperson,butnotothers.Totestobedience,thescientistsassessedaseparategroupof69guidedogs,firstat5monthsandlaterat8months.Theyaskedthedog'scaregiverandastrangertogivethemandto"sit".Alloftheprcadolcsccntpuppiesquicklysatforbothpeople,butwhenthesamepuppiesreachedadolescence,theyrefusedtofollowtheorderfromtheircaregivers.However,theyreadilyobeyedthestranger.Dogsthatweren'tsecurelyattachedtotheircaregiverswereevenmorewillingtofollowthestranger'smands.Becauseofthesimilaritybetweenadolescentpuppiesandhumans,dogscouldserveasamodelspeciesforstudyingadolescenceinhumans.Andonamorepracticalnote,thetemporarynatureofdogdisobediencemightmakeusworrylesswhenourpuppiessuddenlygetmindsoftheirown.JustaskAnnie—she'snowhappytoe,sit,andstayawhile.WhatcanweinferaboutAnnie'sdisobedienceaccordingtoAsher?A.Itisnatural.B.Itisfoolish.C.Itisunique.D.Itisimpolite.Howdidtheguidedogsaged8monthsbehaveintheobediencetest?Theybecameveryfierce.Theywerebarelyattachedtoanyone.Theybecamealittleexhausted.Theywereobedientinfrontofthestranger.Whatisimpliedinthelastsentenceofthetext?Theauthorfeelsgratefulforthetrainer'sadvice.Theauthorislearninghowtogetonwithhisdog.Theauthor'sdoghasbeenoutofitsadolescence.Theauthor'sdoghasbeeamodelforotherdogs.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AdolescentDogsActlikeHumanTeenagersHumansShouldCareaboutTheirPuppiesMorePuppiesAreCloselyRelatedtoHumanTeenagersDogsTendtoObeyTheirOwners'Orders(B)AninternationalgroupofcoffeeexpertshasconsideredEthiopia'scoffeeasthebestintheworld.Coffeeisatopexport(出口物)ofthecountry.Butathome,itisseenasnationalpride.Ethiopiansfeelgoodabouttheircoffee,andenjoyingadrinkwithfriendsisalongtradition.Somepeoplesaytheclimateproducesqualitybeans.MortonWennersgarrdisacoffeeimporter.Hesaid,"Ethiopiahasdifferentancienttypesofcoffee.Thcyareplantedinplaceswithperfectsoil,perfectaltitude,andclimatesthatarereallysuitableforcoffeeprocessing."Findingthebestqualitybeansisoftenanissueoftaste.Theprocessisknownascupping-tastingandparingcoffeefromdifferentroastedbeans,gradingandthenpricingthem.Butbeforeinternationalexpertsetotaste,coffeebeansarestudiedinsmallcoffeelaboratories.HelenAssefa,alabtechnician,describestheprocess,"Whenthecoffeeestothelab,weassess（評價）itsqualityfirstbyrecordingthedetails.Thenweweighthemoisture（水分）levelandweexaminethebeansforanalysis.Afterthatwegrind（磨碎）thecoffeebeansandtastethesamples.Intheendwecheckfordefective（有瑕疵的）beans.”MubarikAbaoliisalabworker.Hesaysthattestingisaverydifficultandlongprocess.t4Weselectoutthedefectsbyhand.Andweselectoutthedefectaccordingtothedefecttypes.”Ethiopiahasgotalotofmoneybyexportingcoffeetomorethan120countries.Thecountryhasanexportrevenue（稅U攵）ofmorethan840millionayear.ButnotallthebestcoffeeleavesEthiopia.Fortypercenlofthecoffeegrowninthecountrystaysthere.ltremainsanimportantpartofeverydaylifeatwork,athomeandatceremonies.1.Ethiopians'attitudetowardscoffeemaybestbedescribedas.A.braveB.RelaxedC.proudD.DoubtfulThethirdparagraphismainlyabout.A.thewaysofmakingcoffeeB.thcinfluenceofthecoffeeC.thetipsonplantingthebestcoffeeD.theprocessofassessingthecoffeeWhatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.CoffeeplaysanimportantroleinEthiopians'life.Morethan120countriesexportcoffeetoEthiopia.40%ofthecoffeegrowninEthiopiaisexported.Ethiopiansearntheirlivingbyexportingcoffee.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadvertisethecoffeeinEthiopia.B.Tomentoncoffeeexperts'work.C.Tointroducethebestcoffeeintheworld.D.ToremendactivitiesinEthiopiatotourists.OneofthemosttraditionalBritishholidaysistheseasideholiday.Typically,familiestraveltoBritishseasidetowns.Inthelate1970s,airtravelbecameaffordablefortheaveragefamily,andmoreandmoreBritishpeoplestartedtravellingabroadfortheirsummerholidays.Afterall,theBritishweatherisn'tverygood,eveninsummer.Inthe1980sand1990s,Britishyoungpeoplebecamewealthier.Theystartedtogoabroadingroups.Onceattheirdestinationtheysocializedwithotheryoungpeopleandhadonelongparty.Britishholidayinghabitshavebeguntochange,however.TheUKnowhasawarmerclimatethanbefore,sopeopledon'talwaysfeeltheyneedtogooverseas.Also,theworldseemsalesscertainplaceasinterconnectedeconomicriseandfall,whichmeansthatthecostofforeignholidaysislesspredictablethanbefore.Thedomestic（國內的）tourismindustry-whenpeoplegoonholidayintheirowncountry-ishealthierthanithasbeenindecades.UKnewspapershaveeveninventedanewword:a:staycation”.Insomeways,therefore,theUKhasefullcircle.ThereisnowanincreasedappreciationamongBritonsforthediversityoftheUK.Itisnotjustthegeography,whichrangesfromtheflatfens（沼澤）ofEastAngliatothevalleysofWalestothemountainsofScotland,whichisdiverse.Anditisnotjustthediversityofclimate-basedactivitiesonoffer,whichrangefromsurfinginthewarmsouthwestofEngland,tohillwalkingandskiinginthenorth.ItisalsothediversityoftheculturesintheUKthatisbeginningtobeofinteresttodomestictourists.Peopleforgetsometimesthattherearedifferentaccents,languages,traditions,cuisinesandpeoplesacrossallthepartsoftheUK.WhydomoreBritishpeopletaketheirholidaysintheirowncountry?TheInternetmakesthemcloser.Theyarewealthierandmoresociable.Theglobalclimateisgettingmuchwarmer.Theexpenseonforeignholidaysisunsteady.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“staycation”inParagraph4referto?A.Avacationspentathome.B.Ahealthierstyleofliving.C.Anewwaytospendholiday.D.Afashionabletourismindustry.WhichisthebestheadingthatmatchesParagraph5?A.Flightsoffancy.B.Sun,seaandsand.C.Thelengthandwidth.D.Footlooseandfancy-frcc.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthepassage?ToprovetheUKhasdiversescenery.ToshowtheUKstartstodiscoveritself.TotellthedevelopmentoftheUnitedKingdom.ToexplainwhytheBritishpreferspendingholidaysinland.(D)Halfoftheworld'sbeachescoulddisappearby2100,astudypublishedinthejournalNatureClimateChangesuggests.MichalisVbusdoukas,oftheEuropeanUnion'sJointResearchCenterinIspra,Italy,wastheleadresearchist."Touristareaswhichhavesandybeachesastheirmainsellingpointwillprobablyfacestrongconsequences,"hesaid.Asidefromeconomicvalue,beachesplayanimportantenvironmentalrole."Sandybeachesareimportanthabitatssupportingawiderangeofspecies.Theyalsoprotectthecoastfromtheeffectsofstorms,sowithoutsandybeachesotherinlandenvironmentscanbeaffectedbytheeffectsofwavesandsaltwaterentering,"Vousdoukasadded.Themaincausesarerisingsea-levelanderosion(侵蝕)fromstorms,thestudysays,whichwarnedofthenear-disappearanceofalmosthalfoftheworld'ssandybeachesbytheendofthecentury.BeachesintheUnitedStateswillbe"greatlyaffected^,aswillshorelinesinCanada,Mexico,ChinaandChile.IntheU.S.,beachesalongtheEastCoastandtheGulfCoastwillexperiencethemosterosion.MichalisVousdoukasandotherresearchersusedsatelliteimagestotrackthewaybeacheshavechangedoverthepast30yearsandpatternedhowglobalwarmingmightaffecttheminthefuture.TheyfoundthatWestAfricawillseesomeoftheworstlosses,wheremorethan60%ofsandycoastlinemaybelostincountriessuchasTheGambiaandGuinea-Bissau.Australiawillalsotakeahit:whenthetotallengthofsandybeachprojectedtobelostisanalyzed,Australiawouldbehitthehardest,withmorethan7,000milesatrisk.Whatmainlycausedthedisappearanceofhalfoftheworldsbeaches?Overpopulationandmoretourism.Severeerosionandcoastlinelosses.Globalwarmingandclimatechange.Sea-levelriseandstormdestruction.Whichcountrypossiblylosesmorethanhalfofsandycoastlineaccordingtothestudy?A.Chile.B.TheGambia.C.Australia.D.TheUnitedStates.Whyarebeachesimportanttowildlife?Theycanprovidehabitatsforspecies.Theycanblockoutwavesandstorms.Theycanbepopulartouristattractions.Theycanstoperosionfromhappening.Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthistext?A.Tointroducebeaches.B.Tomakeaparison.C.Toprotectenvironment.D.Toexplainastudy.(E)Astrongcoffeeafterapoornight'ssleepisthekick-startmanypeopleneedinthemorningbutnewresearchsuggeststhatitmightbebesttohaveabitetoeatfirst.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkingcoffeefirstcanhaveanegativeeffectonbloodsugarcontrol-ariskfactorfordiabetesandheartdisease.“Wcknowthatnearlyhalfofuswillwakeinthemorningand,beforedoinganythingelse,drinkcoffee-subjectivelythemoretiredwefeel,thestrongerthecoffee,saidProfessorJamesBetts,attheUniversityofBathintheUK.Fortheirstudy,researchersattheUniversityofBathgot29healthymenandwomentotakepartinthreedifferentovernightexperiments,withatleastaweekbetweenthem.

Inone,theparticipantshadanormalnight'ssleep,roughlyfrom11p.m.to7a.m.,andwereaskedtoconsumeasugarydrinkonwakinginthemorning.Theythenexperiencedaninterruptednight'ssleep,wheretheresearcherswokethemeveryhourfbrfiveminutesbysendingthemtextmessagestowhichtheyhadtorespond—anduponwakingweregiventhesamesugarydrink.Onanothernight,participantsexperiencedthesamesleepinterruption,butthistimewerefirstgivenastrongblackcoffee30minutesbeforeconsumingthesugarydrink.Theyfoundthatonenightofinterruptedsleepdidnotworsentheparticipants,bloodsugarandinsulinrcsponscswhenparedtothenormalnight'ssleep—althoughpreviousresearchsuggestedthatlosingmanyhoursofsleepormanynightsofpoorsleepcouldhaveanegativeeffect.However,strongblackcoffeeconsumedbeforebreakfastactuallyincreasedthebloodsugarresponsebyaround50%一suggestingthatrelyingoncoffeeafterabadnighttostopfeelingsleepycouldlimityourbody'sabilitytotoleratethesugarinyourbreakfast.Whatwasunchangedinthethreeexperiments?A.Thesugarydrink.B.Thebloodsugarresponse.C.Theamountofsleep.D.Theintakeofcoffee.Whatincreasedtheparticipants,bloodsugarresponsemostbeforebreakfast?B.Anonnalnight'ssleep.D.Aninterruptednight'ssleep.B.Anonnalnight'ssleep.D.Aninterruptednight'ssleep.B.Bylistingsomeexamples.D.Byparingtheresults.C.Acupofstrongblackcoffee.Howdidresearchersdrawtheconclusion?A.Byreferringtosomedocuments.C.Bysurveyingtheparticipants.參考答案：(A)：ADCA(B)；CDAC(C)：DAAB(D)1o根據第三段中“Themaincausesarcrisingsca-lcvclanderosion(侵蝕)fromstorms,thestudysays,whichwarnedofthenear-disappearanceofalmosthalfoftheworld'ssandybeachesbytheendofthecentury.w（研究報告說，主要原因是海平面上升和風暴侵蝕，該研究警告說，到本世紀末，世界上近一半的沙灘將消失。）可知，沙灘消失的主要原因是海平面上升和風暴的侵蝕，故選D。2。根據最后一段中“TheyfoundthatWestAfricawillseesomeoftheworstlosses,wheremorethan60%ofsandycoastlinemaybelostincountriessuchasTheGambiaandGuinea-Bissau.M（他們發現，西非將出現一些損失最嚴重的地區，岡比亞和幾內亞比紹等國可能會損失60%以I：的沙質海岸線。）可知，Gambia和Guinea-Bissau等國家60%以上的海岸線可能會消失，故選B。3。根據第二段中“Sandybeachesarcimportanthabitatssupportingawiderangeofspecies.”可知，沙灘是各種各樣的物種提供棲息地，因此很重要，故選4o根據第一段0Halfof（heworldsbeachescoulddisappearby2100M可知,到2100年,［比界上一半的海灘可能會消失；在第二段中“Sandybeachesareimportanthabitatssupportingawiderangeofspecies.（沙灘是一個重要的棲息地，支持各種各樣的物種）介紹了海灘的重要性，因此可以推斷出作者寫本文的主要目的是引起人們的注意，共同保護環境，故選Co（E）1。根據第五段“Inone,theparticipantshadanormalnight'ssleep,roughlyfrom11p.m.to7a.m.,andwereaskedtoconsumeasugarydrinkonwakinginthemorning.Theythenexperiencedaninterruptednight'ssleep,wheretheresearcherswokethemeveryhourfor