英漢動物詞匯異同之分析,英語論文在人類歷史發展的漫長進程中，動物一直與人類保持著密切聯絡并對人類的生存、發展有著深入的影響。眾所周知，在不同語言和文化背景下，每個詞除了具有字面意義外，還有豐富的文化內涵。由于文化背景的不同，英漢動物詞匯所表述的意義存在著較大的差異。本文就幾種動物詞匯在不同的文化背景中所具體表現出的不同的文化內涵進行比照研究,以便對提高動物詞匯的運用和語言的互譯能力有所幫助。本文關鍵詞語：動物詞匯；比照研究；文化背景；文化內涵；比照語言學AbstractAnimalshavebeenkeptintouchwithusinthelongproceedingofthedevelopmentofhumankind,andcloselyrelatedwiththesurvivalanddevelopmentofhuman.Aseveryoneknowsunderdifferentlanguagesanddifferentculturebackground,onewordnotonlyhasdenotationmeaning,butalsohaswonderfulculturalconnotation.Owingtothedifferentculturebackground,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthemeaningsofEnglishandChineselexicons.Thisarticledoesacomparativeresearchaboutthedifferentmeaningofthemwithdifferentculturebackground，inordertoimprovetheuseofanimallexiconsandtheabilityoflanguagemutualtranslation.Keywords:Animallexicons;Comparativeinvestigation；Culturebackground；Culturalconnotation；ContrastivelinguisticsContents1Introduction2LiteratureReview2.1English-ChineseContrastiveLinguistics2.2AnimalLexiconsandTranslation2.3AssociativeMeaningofAnimalWordsinChineseandEnglish2.4ABriefSummaryoftheRelatedStudies3Thecognitionanalysisofanimallexicons3.1commonpropertiesoflanguageandhumancognitionofanimalcharacteristics3.1.1TheInfluenceonHumanCognitionfromAnimalsintheExternalWorld3.1.2TheSourceofCognitionofAnimalLexicons3.2Cognition-semanticConceptionsofAnimalLexicons4CompareEnglishandChineseAnimalLexiconsinCulturalConnotations4.1TheSameorSimilarCulturalConnotationsofoneAnimalinthetwoLanguages4.2TheDifferentCulturalConnotationsofoneAnimalinthetwoLanguages4.2.1TheDifferencefromTraditionalCulture4.2.2TheDifferencesfromAestheticSenseandSocialMentality4.3TheSameorSimilarCulturalConnotationsofDifferentAnimalsinthetwoLanguages5ConclusionReferences1IntroductionHumanbeingsalwayshaveinseparablerelationswithanimals,someofwhicharehumanfriends,andsomeofwhicharehumanenemies,inthelongperiodoftimewhenmanisinharmonywithanimals,hehascometorealizethatallanimals,whethertheyarefriendsorenemies,contributemuchtomansliving.Therefore,animallexiconscomeintohumancommunicatinglanguagesonebyone.Itcanbesaidthathumanlanguagealwayshavecountlesstieswiththeoutsideworld,andsuchactsaremainlyincarnatedinhumanspeedact.Forthepurposeoftheireffectivecommunication,humanbeingsconstantlyreviseandsupplementlanguagessoastoincreasethequalityofwhattheyaregoingtosay.Animallexiconsplayaveryimportantroleinhumanlinguisticcommunication.Everyoneknowsthathumanbeingshaveneverbeeninisolationinthisboundlessuniverse.Allanimalsareneighborstothemankindandourancestorshavenamedtheminourlanguages.Indoingso,ourneighborshavecameintoourlanguagesandmadethelatterlexiconscolorfulandsemanticallyvivid.Theexpressivepowerofourlanguagesisenhanced.Astwoofthemostwidelyusedlanguages,bothChineseandEnglisharefullofanimalwords.Superficially,thisdissertationdealswiththefunctionofanimallexiconsintheuseoflinguistics,andculturalconnotation,butatadeeplevel,itdiscussestheproblemofhowtorecognizetheessenceofanimalwordsusedinourlanguage.Thetendencytouseanimallexiconswidelyhasaffectedallaspectsofhumansociety.Socialdevelopmentandculturalprogresscannotbemadewithoutlanguage.Anyeconomicallawandconceptioncanexistonlythroughlinguistictexts,andanycultureishardtoimaginewithoutlanguagebeingacarrier.Meanwhilehumanmostimportantthinkingactivityisinevitablyrealizedbylanguage.Itisevidentthatlanguagedevelopmentoftwomeaningsincommunicationandthankingiscloselyrelatedwithculturalprogress.Widelyusedanimallexiconsintheworldalsostrengthenexchangesanddialoguesbetweenculturesofallnations,andpromotetheformationofglobalculturalpluralism.Ofcourse,linguisticsisauniversallyusedscienceinthecourseofcommunication.Furtherknowledgeoflinguistics,tobeexact,ofcognitivelinguistics,includingcognitivepragmaticsandcognitivesemantics,isveryimportanttothecognitionofanimallexiconsusedinhumancommunication.InterestedreaderscanreadthefairytalesoftheGrimmbrothersandHansChristianAndersontogetthefeelofanimalwords.2LiteratureReview2.1English-ChineseContrastiveLinguisticsEnglish-ChineseContrastiveLinguisticsisabranchoflinguistics,withthecharacteristicsofboththeoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics,makingcontemporaryandhistoricalcontrastivestudiesofbothlanguages.ItdescribesandexplainspeculiaritiesaswellasuniversalsofEnglishandChinese,thusapplyingachievementstofieldsoftheoreticallylinguisticresearchandtheapplicationoflanguages.〔楊自儉，2000：13〕Contrastivelinguisticsistocomparetwoormorelanguagesordialects,andtorevealconsistencyanddivergenceoflanguages.In1941,AmericanlinguistB.L.Whorffirstadoptedthetermofcontrastivelinguisticsinhisessaylanguageandlogic.Muchprogresshasbeenmadeinclassifyingthelanguagesoftheeachintogeneticfamilies,eachhavingdescentfromasingleprecursor,andintracingsuchdevelopmentthroughtime.Theresultiscalledcontrastivelinguistics.Ofevengreaterimportanceforfuturetechnologyofthoughtiswhatmightbecalledcontrastivelinguistics.Thisplotstheoutstandingdifferencesamongtongues--ingrammar,logic,andgeneralanalysisofexperience.〔李瑞華，1996：70〕Inchina,pioneerresearcherssuchasZhaoYuanrenandLuShuxianghaveestablishedthefoundationfortheEnglish-Chinesecontrastivelinguistics.Famousscholarsinlinguisticshaveallmadegreatcontributions:WangZongyanhassummarizedthestudyintopurecontrastivetheoreticalstudyandtheresearchesforteaching;LiuMiqingemphasizestheaspectsofheterogeneous(楊自儉，2000：11-12).AccordingtoYang(楊自儉；2000：15),therearethreekindsofresearchmodes:Oneismicrodescription,thesecondistheoreticalexplanation,andthethirdisappliedresearch.Theresearchcontentconsistsoffouraspects:micro,macro,theoreticalresearchandappliedresearch.Microresearchincludesphoneticstudy,thestudyofwordsstudiesthestructures,types,functionsofEnglishandChineselanguages,andtherelationshipateachlevelwillberevealed.Macroresearchtriestoanalyzetheinfluenceofsocial,culturalfactorsandmodeofthinkingonthelevelsoflanguage,thusshowingfeaturesoflanguageinstructuresandfunctions.Theoreticalresearchrangesfromtheobjectofstudy,thenatureofthesubject,tothesystematictheoriesandmethodologies,orinoneword,theexplorationofatheoreticalframework.Appliedresearchmainlyinvolvestheapplicationoflanguagetheories.2.2AnimalLexiconsandTranslationAlmostallthemajortheoristsoftranslation,aswellasmostleadingscholarsandwriters,havetakenonesideortheother,thoughseveralhavearguedforacompromise,advancingargumentsthatsomeacceptwhileothersdonot.Similarly,concerningtheChristiantranslationoftheOldandNewTestamentintheWest,therewasthesamekindofcontroversy:Translationcommitteesweresummonedanddismissedtimeandagainbecausetherewasadivisionofopinionbetweenwhethertoadopttheliteralorsense-for-senseapproach.Infact,thecontentionhaslastedtothepresentday.AsanEnglishmajor,translationisoneofthemostimportantskillsofus.Generally,weshouldtranslatesomethingfromitsassociativemeaning,justfromitsdenotationismeaningless.Weatherthestudyisone-sidedorsystematic;nearlyallthepapersinvolvetranslationofanimalwords.Thepurposeoftranslationistoimportalltheinformationofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage,andmeanwhileachievethemostequivalenteffect.Theanimalmetaphorshavelivelyimagesandcanprovokeadirectimageinreadersminds.Thetranslationmethodsofanimallexiconsincludeadaptation,similewithadditionalexplanation,paraphraseandannotationaccordingtothetargetlanguagescultureandlanguagehabit,timebackground,geographicalenvironment,custom.2.3AssociativeMeaningofAnimalWordsinChineseandEnglishInGeoffreyleech(leech,1981:23)ssemantics,heclassifiedthemeaningofawordintoseventypesamongwhichconnotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,collocationmeaningandreflectedmeaninggenerallyfallintoonecategory:associativemeaning.Paperspublishedinthisfieldofresearchhavealldiscussedtheloadedmeaninggeneratedbytheliteralmeaningsofanimallexiconsintwocultures.Someanimalssuchasfox,pig,swan,snail,andsoon,haveexactlythesameorsimilarassociativemeaningsinbothcultures;someanimalslikepetrel,bat,dragon,owl,soonandsoforth,standforabsolutelydifferentimages;andowingtodifferentnaturalsurroundings,thereisexclusivenessofanimalsexistingineithertheorientortheoccident.Consequently,bythewordnightingale,anEnglishmanmeansthepersonwhonotonlyexcelsatsingingbutalsoisateller(告密或坐探);andaChineseknowsthatapersonwhoiscalledacommoncarp(鯉魚)canswimormoveagainstthetide;andhalibut(比目魚)areusedtonameinseparablefriendsorlovers.Tobespecific,peopleswaysofliving,animalsnaturaltemperamentsandsocialcustomsallplayimportantrolesinthechangeofassociativemeaningsofanimalwords.Inthestudyofassociativemeaningofanimallexicons,thediscussionofconnotativemeaningsoccupiesadominantplace.Theconnotationsofanimallexiconsinonelanguagedonotnecessarilycoincidewiththoseinanother,sothereismuchtotalkabout,andnumerousfactsofdifferentculture-loadedanimallexiconshavebeencitedorjustlisted.TherepresentativefigureisLiaoGuangrongfromtheForeignLanguageSchool,HumanNormalUniversity.2.4ABriefSummaryoftheRelatedStudiesFromtheaboveresearches,itcanbeseenthatacontrastivestudyofChineseandEnglishanimalwordsplaysadominantrole,withempiricalstudiestakingupasmallpercentage.Itsconcernedapplicationsinthecross-culturalcommunicationandtranslationhastakenpriority.Furtheranalysesrevealthatcertainproblemsexistincontemporaryresearches,suchasrepetitiousresearchesonsometopics,inadequateattentionpaidtocompoundanimallexicons,pragmaticfunctionofanimallexiconsandlackofcognitiveconcernaboutculture-loadedanimallexicons.Therefore,thisdissertationisgoingtoexploreanimallexiconsfromtheanglesoftheillocutionaryforceandthecognitiveconcerninlinguistics.3Thecognitionanalysisofanimallexicons3.1commonpropertiesoflanguageandhumancognitionofanimalcharacteristicsThestudyofcognitivelinguisticsbasedonphilosophyandpsychologyispursuedafteridealistconceptionandobjectivismhavebeenthrownaway.Thephilosophicfoundationisexperientialrealismcombingsubjectivistideaswithobjectivismphenomena.Experientialrealismemphasizestheimportanceofexperience,humancognitionandhumanlanguage.Animalsandtheirancestors,theprotozoan,arecapableofmovement.Animalshaveevolvedmanydifferentbodyplans.Eachphylumintheanimalkingdomhasauniquebodyplan.ThePhilologicalSocietyisdevotedtothescholarlystudyoflanguageandlanguagesWhataresomeofthewaysthatanimalsarealike?Overmanyyears,zoologists(scientiststhatstudyanimals)havedevelopedasystemtoclassifyanimalsaccordingtocharacteristicstheyshare.3.1.1TheInfluenceonHumanCognitionfromAnimalsintheExternalWorldHumanexperiencescomefromtheinteractionbetweenmankindandexperiencefollowsacertainlawandhasacertainstructure.Thereforeobjectnature,betweenhumanbeingsandanimals,andsoon.Everyliverealityreflectedinhumanbrainfromacognitiveworldorcognitivestructure.Accordingtotheintentionalviewheldbycognitivelinguists,theexpressionsconveyedbylexiconsonlyreflectthesectionsarrestingpeoplesattention.Therefore,peoplesunderstandingofanimalsisthemajorconcernoftheirs.Accordingly,animalcharacteristicsexplainedeitherbyappearancesorbytheirtemperamentswouldberepresentedthoughhumanlanguage.Thefactthatcognitivelinguisticsisaffectedbypsychologycanbeexplainedwithsuchanexample:Dragonsandtigersareveryferociousandterrible.Everyoneknowsthatentersdragonspoolortigersdenwouldhavelife-and-deathdanger.Ingeneral,mostpeoplefeardeath,whichispeoplespsychologicalreflection.Later,adangerousplaceofanykindisreferredtoasdragonspoolandtigersden-adangerspot,andatthesametimeitisalsotakenasapsychologicalreflection.Thisshowsthathumancognitionofthingsgivesanimpetustothechangesinhumanpsychologyandpromoteshumancognitionofanimallexiconsusedinthecommunicativelanguage.Inasense,cognitionistheresultthathumanbeingshavebroughtinperceivingadexperiencingtheoutsideworld,andistheinevitableoutsideworld.3.1.2TheSourceofCognitionofAnimalLexiconsInfact,oneoftheachievementsmadeinthestudyoflinguisticcommonpropertyshouldbethatlinguisticcommonpropertyistheinternalityofgene.Theresearchindicatesthatlanguageisaphysiologicalphenomenoncontrolledbygene,andallthegenetictypesofhumanlanguagearealmostthesame.Thisisthephysiologicalsourceoflinguisticcommonproperty.Thecloserelationoflanguagetothoughtcognitionprovidesabranchforustostudythelinguisticcommonproperty.Ontheonehand,languageissoinseparablefromthoughtthatlanguagewillevercarrytracesofthought.Thecommoncognitionofanimalscharacteristicsandtheadoptionofanimalwordsineverycaseareinfactthecognitivesourcesofstudyinglinguisticcommonproperty.Monkeysareveryfamiliartopeople.Theyareclever,capable,intelligent,andsomewhatmischievous.Sincehumanbeingsevolvedfromapesmillionsofyearago,peoplearealllikemonkeystoacertainextent.SointheChineseculture,monkeysareusedtoshowoneofthetwelveanimalyearsinwhichpeopleareborn.Theexistenceofthisconsciousnessprovesthathumancommoncognitionoftheanimalsofthuskinddirectlycomesfromthechangesinhumangene.Andontheotherhand,theconsistencyofhumangenetictypesandthesimilarityofhumanbasiccognitivepatternareunityofoppositesinasense.Boththeconditionsofmillionsofyearsbetweenhumanbodyandmindareoutsidesurroundings.3.2Cognition-semanticConceptionsofAnimalLexiconsSemanticandpragmatictheoriesofnaturallanguagepurporttogiveanabstractaccountofreasoningwithnaturallanguage,buttheyaremainlybasedontheevidenceoflinguisticintuition.Psychologistsstudypeoplereasoninginthecourseofperformingreasoningtasks,buttheystudyreasoninglargelywithoutrecoursetosemanticorpragmatictheoriesofthelanguageandotherrepresentationsinvolved.Theresearchfindingsinanimallexiconsexplainthefactthatsemanticoriginofanimallexiconscomeintobeingthroughcomparisonbetweenhumansmentalityonanimallexiconsandontologicalconsciousness.Inthesemanticstructureofalllanguages,thereexisttwoaspects:oneisthatthedistinctivecorrelatesbetweenmankindandanimalsareignored;theotheristhatthedistinctivecorrelatesbetweenthemarestressedfromacertainperspective.Differentlanguageshavedifferentstrategiesindesignationofcognitive-semanticcorrelatesofanimallexicons,whileasimilardesignationtakesplacewithinalanguage.Theontologicalconsciousnessisresponsiblefortheformationofthebinaryoppositeattitudeofmankindreflectedinthestrategiesofdesignation.4CompareEnglishandChineseAnimalLexiconsinCulturalConnotationsWilliamwhoisaprofessorinEnglishsaidthewordcultureisoneofthemostcomplexwordsinEnglish.Therearealotofdefinitionsofit.Itisverydifficultforpeopletogiveanaccurateconnotationtoculture.Afamouslanguageexpertsaidanalyzeawordmustfromthesentence;analyzeasentencemustfromtheoccasion;analyzetheoccasionmustfromtheculture.Thatmeanscultureisextremelyimportantforustolearnlanguage.Weknowthatdifferentculturegiveslanguagevariousconnotation.ItisveryusefulforustolearnlanguagebyanalyzingandcomparingthedifferenceofEnglishandChineseanimallexiconsfromculturallinguisticsandcomparativelinguisticsbyculturealsocanrevealthedifferencebetweenEnglishcultureandChineseculture.Duetodifferentculturebackground,manyanimalshavedifferenceculturalconnotationsindifferentlanguages.Chineseassignhumanqualitiesorvirtuestovariousanimals,puttingthemintwocategoriesgoodorevil.Englishspeakingpeoples,however,seemtobelessconcernedaboutthisclassification.4.1TheSameorSimilarCulturalConnotationsofoneAnimalinthetwoLanguagesOwingtosimilarenvironmentofhumanslife,EnglishandChinesepeoplerecognizedanimalfromitsbasicattribute,ofcourse,therebesameorsimilarconnectionmind,givethesameculturalconnotationtoanimallexicons.Forexample，Englishmensaid:Heisafox.Chinesepeoplesunderstandingis他這個人非常狡猾。SotheybothusefoxdescribingsomeonecraftyandslyinEnglishandinChinese.Foranotherinstance,ascunningasafox(像狐貍一樣狡猾).Therearemanyanimalhavethesameculturalconnotationunderdifferentculturalbackground.BothinEnglishandChinese,sheepisatractableandmeektemperamentanimal.Thiswordcomparedtemperate,respectfulandsubmissiveinEnglishandChina.Parrot(鸚鵡)isabirdcanimitatepersonspronounce,bothintwocountriesitshowsthatonlycanmechanicallyfollowotherpeoplespoint,withoutindependentviewforhimself.Pignotonlyhasdirtyandgreedynaturaldisposition,alsohaslazy,foolishanduglyculturalconnotations.Aswell,eatlikeapig；makeapigofoneself(指大吃大喝).Outoftheseexamples,wecanseethatdifferentculturallanguageendowedthesameanimallexiconthesameculturalconnotation.4.2TheDifferentCulturalConnotationsofoneAnimalinthetwoLanguagesDuetotwonationslifeinthedifferentculturalbackgroundforalongtime,sotheyhaddifferentconnectintheirmindforoneanimal,andendowedanimallexiconsmorewonderfulculturalconnotation.Then,analysisofoneanimalhasdifferentculturalconnotationinEnglishandChinesewillbedonefromdifferenttraditionalcultureanddifferentaestheticsenseandsocialmentality.4.2.1TheDifferencefromTraditionalCultureAnimalwordswithspecialimplicationsoriginatedveryearlyinChina.Examplesaredragon／龍,phoenix／鳳,turtle／龜,unicorn／麟.Someofthesewordsusedinmythsarenolongerveryproductive.ManyEnglishanimalwords,however,onlyacquiredspecialmeaningsinmoderntimes.DragonisananimalwhohasatraditionalmythinChinaandwestcountries.LuckyandhonorabledragoninChina,butevilandcruelinEngland.InChinesecultural,dragonsymbolizedlucky.Authority,nobleandflourishing.Chinesepeopleis龍的傳人.Infeudalsociety,dragonsymbolizedemperor,pastdynastiesemperorallcalledthemselves真龍天子.Sofar,dragonisalsoparamountinChinesepeoplesheart,wecalledourcountry東方巨龍,dragonmayregardastotemofChinesenational.InChinese,suchasboldcursivecalligraphy(龍飛鳳舞),sceneofbustlingactivity(龍騰虎躍),dangerspot(刀山火海),imperialpalace(龍樓鳳閣)areallemergeddragonsculturalconnotationinChina.Whileinthewestcultural,peoplethoughtdragonstandingforevil,isaferociousmonster,andisdemonsincarnation.InEnglish,theycalledfierceandbrutalwomenisdragon,forexample,Sheisarealdragon,youdbetterkeepawayfromher.(她是兇惡的母夜叉，最好離她遠點).BecauseEnglishandChinesedifferentcultural,oneanimalhasdifferentconnotations,bringsagreatdifferentconnectinpeoplesmind.IfpeoplewanttouseEnglishexpressdragonofChinesemeaning,hehadbettertranslatetotheChinesedragon.Suchas亞洲四小龍maytranslatetoFourtigers,notFourdragons,inordertoavoidmisunderstand.Thesimilaranimalhasphoenix.InChinesetraditionalculture,phoenixisamagicalanimal,anditisakingofbirds,peopleusephoenixcomparingempress.Therefore,inChina,phoenixsymbolizedlucky.WhilephoenixcomparedpureinEnglish,alsohasregenerate,resurrectionmeaning.ForinstanceReligion,likeaphoenix,hasbeenresurrectedfromtheashesofthewar(宗教就像鳳凰一樣，在戰爭的灰燼中又復活了)。Then,welearnthatowingtodifferenttraditionalculture,oneanimalwordhasdifferentconnotationsinEnglishandChinese.4.2.2TheDifferencesfromAestheticSenseandSocialMentalityThevirtueofcultureoraestheticvirtueofcultureshouldbeaccountedasthekeywordinunderstandingculture,justliketruthismadetobeakeywordinunderstandingknowledge.Socialmentalityconsistsofsocialsense,psychologicaltendencyandculturalspirits.Inessence,itspirituallyreflectshowthechangesofsocialbeinginfluencethesocialsubject.Socialmentalityindicatesthevitalincentiveandmomentumforsocialbehavior,whichhasbeenaffectingandcontrollingpeoplessocialactivityandbehaviorchoice.Aestheticsenseandsocialmentalitysdifferencemadeoneanimalhasdifferentpraiseandsenseinthetwocultures.Itsabouttwonationalpeopleslikesanddislikesofanimals.Ifyoulikethisanimal,thelexiconofthatanimaltendstopraise.Onthecontrary,ittendstosense.Forexample:InEnglishandChinese,dogsbasicmeaningisidentical,butthereisabigdifferencebetweentwoculturalconnotations.InEnglishlanguage,thedogisnotonlyausefulanimal,butmansbestfriendaswell.DogisacommendatoryterminthemostpublicinEnglish,anditiseventreatedasafamilymember,itcandescribethosewhocanbeworthsympatheticandtrustingpeople,suchas,tohelpalamedogoverastile(助人度過難關);aluckydog(幸運兒);anolddog(老手);loveme,lovemydog(愛屋及烏);everydoghashisday(人人皆有得意時).Obviously,thesereflectedEnglishpeoplesculturalmentality,theyregarddogaslovelycompanion,thebestfriendofhuman,asfaithfulasadogisdescribedpeoplesloyal.However,intheChineseculture,thedogisalmostalwaysusedinbadlanguage.Itissufferingabusivefrompeoplefrequently;itstandsformeanandhatefulmoralcharacter.Allincludingdogexpressionsareobvioushavingcolorofderogatory,suchasrunningdog，cruelandunscrupulous，gangofscoundrels(狐群狗)；lackey(狗腿子)；acorneredbeastwilldosomethingdesperate(狗急跳墻)；afilthymouthcannotcutterdecentlanguage(狗嘴里吐不出象牙)andsoon.Intelligentowlandominousowl.Owlisaintelligentandquick-witbirdinEnglish,soithasquick-witandintelligentculturalconnotations,forinstance,aswiseasanowl(像貓頭鷹一樣聰明。)However,inChinesepeoplesheart,owingtoitsoundswretchedatnight;Peoplethoughtitisanominousthing.Whentheyheardowlsvoice,theycanthinkofsomethingwillbehappened,soproducedthiswordsowlcomeinhouse,goodluckcomeout.Then,IgivetwoexamplesaboutoneanimalinEnglishisderogatory,whileinChinesehascolorofcommendation.Suchas:theShanyangbrandclockmadeinChinahasgoodquality,andsoldwellinthenationalmarket.ButitislifelessinEngland,thereasonisthebrand.InChina,Shanyangstandforlearnedpeople,kindergartenschildrenallknowsLaoShanYangYeYehasalotofknowledge;butgoatincludinglustfulanddecentmanculturalconnotationinEngland.Fromthis,wecanknowthatoneanimalbringsgreatdifferenceconnectinpeoplesmindinthedifferentculturalbackground.InChinesepeoplemind,bullstandsforstrong,workinghardandwillingtocontribute,soitgainspeoplesglory.inChinese,therearealargenumberofwordswhichpeopleusedtopraisebull,forexample,strongasabull(強健如牛),ofgreatstrengthasabull(力大如牛)andsoon.While,inEnglish,theviewofpeopleforbullistotallydifferentfromChinesepeople.Theimpressionbullgivespersonisrunamuckworsetamper.So,theyusuallyusebulltodescriberudeperson.Forexample,abullinchina-shop(動輒闖禍的人).Ineconomicterminology,bullusedtodescribeopportunistwhotakesadvantageofeverychanceforsuccess.Forexample,abullmarket(投機市場).Also,ithasthiskindofexpression,tobullthemarket(使股票行情上漲).Disagreeablemagpieandannouncegoodnewsmagpie.Magpiecomparedthepersonwholikeschattering、jabberonandoninEnglish.ButinCobject(吉祥鳥),itgetsintouchwithhappyevents，auspicious(吉祥)，lucky.Peopleoftensaid:magpieshouting,happyeventscomingin,magpiecomingstandsforhavinggoodnews.Henna,magpieispraisedgoodluck.Pitiablefishandbringrichforpeoplesfish.InEnglish,fishhascolorofderogatory,usualdescribingbadmenandbadthings,suchasapoorfish(可憐蟲)；aloosefish(生活放縱的女人)；fishintheair(水中撈月).InChinese,魚and余,ChinesepeoplemusthavefishonthetableonNewYearsEve.Itissaidthatevenifhadnofish,peoplealsocanmakeformsoffishesusewood,andputitonthetable,expressedeveryyearhavefishthatgoodanxiouslyexpect.FromtheseexamplesaboveweknowduetodifferentaestheticsenseandsocialmentalityinEnglishandChinesepeoplesmind,therearemanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseanimallexicons.AndsoitmakesoneanimalwordhaswonderfulconnotationsinEnglishandChinese.4.3TheSameorSimilarCulturalConnotationsofDifferentAnimalsinthetwoLanguagesDifferentanimalshavethesameorsimilarculturalconnotationsinthetwolanguages,meansthatinEnglishandChinese,peopleusedifferentanimalstoexpressthesamemeaning.