英語閱讀理解正確項與干擾項的特點英語閱讀理解正確項與干擾項的特點英語閱讀理解正確項與干擾項的特點xxx公司英語閱讀理解正確項與干擾項的特點文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度高考英語閱讀理解專題復習—英語閱讀理解正確選項與干擾選項的特點第一節正確選項往往是根據原文的詞或句進行語意轉換一般來說,閱讀理解測試中要求找出主要事實或特定細節的問題,在文章中均可找到回答。但是,需要注意的是,這些問題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話,而是根據原文的詞或句進行語意轉換。一、利用原文詞句的同義詞句或相似結構，轉換表達形式。【考例1】Shrilkhasgreatpotential,theinventorssaid.Materialsfromwhichitismadeareplentifulinnature,foundineverythingrangingfromshrimpshells,insectbodiestolivingplants.Thatmakesshrilklowcost,anditsmassproductionpossibleshoulditbeusedforproductsdemandingalotofmaterial.(2012湖南卷C篇)68.Accordingtotheinventors,shrilkhasgreatpotentialpartlybecause_____.A.itcanhelpplasticdegrade B.itcanbefoundinlivingthingsC.itsmassproductionhasbeenrealized D.itsrawmaterialsareabundantinmature【考例2】“WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions,”Jacksaid.“Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglect(忽略)themouth”(2010湖南卷C篇)ThediscoveryshowsthatWesterners_______.A.payequalattentiontotheeyesandthemouthB.considerfacialexpressionsuniversallyreliableC.observetheeyesandthemouthindifferentwaysD.havemoredifficultyinrecognizingfacialexpressions二、利用原文詞句的反義詞或相反結構，轉換表達形式。【考例3】Yetdespitethat,readingisincreasinglyunpopularamongchildren.Accordingtostatisticsin199723%saidtheydidn’tlikereadinginall.In2003,35%did.Andaround6%ofchildrenleaveprimaryschooleachyearunabletoreadproperly.（2007山東B）Statisticssuggestedthat_______.A.thenumberoftopstudentsincreasedwiththeuseofcomputersB.adecreasingnumberofchildrenshowedinterestinreadingC.aminorityofprimacyschoolchildrenreadproperlyD.ahugepercentageofchildrenreadregularly【考例4】WhenIputonmyflashlights,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.…insteadofgettingimpatientandangry,theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.(2011廣東卷A)Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?A.Theyspeeduptopass.B.Theywaitedwithpatience.C.Theytriedtheirbesttohelp.D.Theyputontheirflashlightstoo.三、通過詞性變化，轉換表達的形式【考例5】ZackHocking,theheadofChildTrustFunds,said:“It’spossiblethatonegoodthingtoarisefromthedownturnwillbeagenerationthat’sfinanciallywiserandbetterequippedtomanagetheirmoneythroughtimesofeconomicuncertainty.”（2009山東D）AccordingtoHocking,theglobaleconomiccrisismightmaketheyoungsters.A.wiserinmoneymanagementB.haveaccesstobetterequipmentC.confidentabouttheirfuturecareersD.getjobsinChildTrustFunds四、使用原文的詞句的上下義結構，轉換表達形式。【考例6】Universityapplicationsrose7%lastyear,buttherewererisesaboveaverageinseveralsubjects.Nursingsawa15%jump,withpeople’srenewedinterestincareersinthepubicsector(部門),whichareseenasmoresecureineconomiccrisis.(2009山東D)Careersinthepublicsectoraremoreattractivebecauseoftheir_____.A.greaterstabilityB.higherpayC.fewerapplicationsD.betterreputation第二節英語閱讀理解干擾項的設置特點分析通過分析干擾項的設置特點可以為我們提供思考的方向。常用的干擾手段有哪些。干擾項的如下特點：(一)偷梁換柱。干擾項用了與原文相似的句型結構和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個詞匯，造成句意的改變。【考例1】(2011湖南卷A篇)Whenfirstentered,VanakRestaurantdoesnotlooklikemuchofarestaurant,butoncethepleasantsmellsofkabob（烤肉串）hitthesenses,youareincapableofcallingitanythingless.Ownedbyalocalcouple,thisPersianrestauranthasaninviting,homelikeatmospherethatManyrestaurantslack.Thespaceissmallwithonlyafewdiningtablesandnearlynodecoration,butenvironmentistrulycharming.56.Whenfirstenteringtherestaurant,onecanfindthat.A.issplendidlydecoratedB.haspleasantsmellsofkabobsC.iscrowdedwithdiningtablesD.lookslikeacommonrestaurant【考例2】(2011湖南卷A篇)AcommonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyaboutworldtopics,watchingnewseventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocalPersiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwithfood..57.Whatactivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant?A.WatchingnewseventsonTV.B.Drinkingakindofblackcoffee.C.ReadinglocalEnglishnewspapers.D.Discussingworldtopicsinlowvoices.(二)在推理判斷中利用詞的表面意義來設置干擾推理判斷要求在理解原文表面信息的基礎上，做出一定的判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義，要注意不能以文字的表面含義代替推理。【考例1】（2010湖南卷B）Butshehasn'talwayspracticedwhatsheteaches.Inherbook,shedescribesthatawfulday,almost40yearsago,whenshereceivedtwopiecesoflife-changingnews.First,shehadlostthebabyshewascarrying,andsecond,testsshowedthatshehaddiabetes.Inachildlikeact,sheleftthehospitalandtreatedherselftoaboxofdoughnuts(甜甜圈).Yearswouldpassbeforesherealizedshehadtogrowup—again—andtakecontrolofherdiabetes,notletitcontrolher.Onlythendidshekickherthree-pack-a-daycigarettehabit,overcomeheraddictiontoalcohol,andbegintofollowabalanceddiet.WhenMaryreceivedthelife-changingnews,she_________.A.lostcontrolofherselfB.beganabalanceddietC.triedtogetatreatmentD.behavedinanadultway【考例2】…McKay’swarrecordsweredestroyedduringaWorldWarIIairbombingonLondon—anexplanationforwhyhewasallbutforgotten.Butnow,thankstotheeffortsofBroadandhisstudents,amarkerinMcKay’smemorywasplacedontheuniversitygroundsinNovember2007.“IfoundmyeyesfillingwithtearsasIreadtheword‘deceased’(陣亡)nexttohisname,”saidCoreyEverrett,astudentwhofoundapictureofMckayinhisuniform.“Thiswassuchasimpleexampleofthefactthathehadbeenastudentjustlikeus,butinsteadoffinishinghistimeatWestern,hechosetofightanddieforhiscountry.”(2009湖南卷)WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatMcKay________.A.preferredfighttohisstudyB.wenttowarbeforegraduationC.leftapictureforCoreyEverrettD.setanexampleforhisfellowstudents【考例3】(2009湖北)Afewyearsago,PaulGernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinLasvegastoaskthemwhatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatused50percentlessenergy,costmuchlesstobuildandobviouslyimprovedstudentlearning.”Ithinkhalfofthemfellofftheirchairs,”Gernersays.HowdidthearchitectsreacttoGarner’sdesignrequirementsA.Theylostbalanceinexcitement.B.theyshowedstrongdisbelief.C.theyexpressedlittleinterest.D.theyburstintocheers.【考例4】Isuddenlyheardanelephantcryingasthoughfrightened.Lookingdown,Iimmediatelyrecognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,andrandowntotheedgeofthenearbank.ThereIsawMaShwewithherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwater,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.……Thenwithahugeeffort,shepickeditupinhertrunkandtrieduntilshewasabletoplacethecalfonanarrowshelfofrock.Justatthismoment,shefellbackintotheriver.Ifshewerecarrieddown,itwouldbecertaindeath.Iknew,aswellasshedid,thattherewasonespotwhereshecouldgetupthebank,butitwasontheothersidefromwhereshehadputhercalf.WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamother’slove.MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecould,roaring(吼叫)allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.(2009寧夏)Howdidthecalffeelaboutthemotherelephant'sroaring?

A.Itwasagreatcomfort.B.Itwasasignofdanger.C.Itwasacallforhelp.D.Itwasamusicalnote.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事實和細節當主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點當成主要觀點。在猜測文章或段落大意、標題以及釋義題中，干擾項總是以偏概全，具體表現為:(1)把文章中的次要觀點、細節混進體現文章主要觀點、中心思想的選項(2)把超過文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結論混進選項。（3）把段落的主旨當作文章的主旨。【考例1】Thereisasimpleeconomicprincipleusedtodetermineprices.Itiscalledthelawofsupplyanddemand.Supplymeanstheamountof,oraccessto,certaingoods.Demandrepresentsthenumberofpeoplewhowantthosegoods.Iftherearemoregoodsthanwanted,thepriceofthemfalls.Ontheotherhand,ifthedemandforthosegoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply,thenpricerises.Ofcoursemanufacturersprefertosellmoregoodsatincreasedprices.ThemainpurposeofthisParagraphistotellusthat_______.A.EconomicPrinciplesB.LawofSupplyandDemandC.MoreGoods,LowerPricesD.FewerGoods,HigherPrices【考例2】Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivein.(2005北京D)WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?A.Differentnoisemaymeandifferentthings.B.Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstandsfor.C.Thelanguageweusesymbolizesoursocialpositions.D.Oursocialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedressed.【考例3】ItseemsthattheEnglishmenjustcannotlivewithoutsportsofsomekind.AfamousFrenchhumoristoncesaidthatthisisbecausetheEnglishinsistonbehavinglikechildrenalltheirlives.Whereveryougointhiscountry,youwillseebothchildrenandgrown-upsknockingaballaboutwithastickorsomething,asifinBritainmenshallalwaysremainboysandwomengirls!Still,itcanneverbebadtogetexercise,canit?

ThemainpurposeofParagraph1istotellusthattheEnglish_______.A.areallsportsloversB.behavelikechildrenC.liketokickaballaroundD.remainyoungbygettingexercise(四)張冠李戴。把一個事物的特征說成是另一個事物的特征，因果倒置(把因說成果，把果說成因)；把他人的觀點說成是作者的觀點。命題者把文章作者的觀點與他人的觀點混淆起來，題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現的卻是他人的觀點；或者題干問的是他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到選項中去。【考例1】Manyyearsago，whenIwasfreshoutofschoolandworkinginDenver，Iwasdrivingtomyparents’homeinMissouriforChristmas.Istoppedatagasstation(加油站)about50milesfromOklahomaCity，whereIwasplanningtostopandvisitafriend.WhileIwasstandinginlineatthecashregister(收款臺),Isaidhellotoanoldercouplewhowerealsopayingforgas.(2006全國A)TheauthorplannedtostopatOklahomaCity________.A.tovisitafriendB.toseehisparentsC.topayatthecashregisterD.tohavemoregasforhiscar【考例2】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusesuptheoxygen（air）inthebottle.Theeggactsasasealintheneckofthebottle,sonomoreaircangetinside.Thisreducestheairpressureinsidethebottle.Theairpressuremustequalize,somoreairfromoutsidemustenterthebottle.Theoutsideairpressureagainsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundandthatitispressingdownonit.Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan_________.A.equalizetheairpressureinsideandoutsideB.makeasealintheneckofthebottleC.finishuptheoxygeninsidethebottleD.producemoreoxygeninsidethebottle【考例3】Onefamoussurgeonalwaysmadeitaruletospendatleast15minutesongeneralreadingbeforehewenttosleepeachnight.Whetherhewenttobedat10p.m.or2.30a.m.madenodifference.Evenifyoucannotkeeptothiskindofdiscipline,itisagoodideatomakesureyoualwayshaveageneralinterestbookinyourpocket.Don’tforgetitshouldbeabookwhichentertainsyouandtheEnglishmustnotbetoodifficultforyou.ThefamoussurgeonmentionedinthefirstParagraphexemplifiesthepeoplewho____.A.makeitaruletoreadat10p.m.or2:30a.m.everydayB.areinthehabitofdoingregularreadingeverydaynomatterhowbusytheyareC.alwayshaveaninterestingbookintheirpocketsD.habituallygotobedlate【考例4】AyearagoAugust,DaveFusslosthisjobdrivingatruckforasmallcompanyinwestMichigan.Hiswife,Gerrie,wasstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andthepriceofeverythingwasrising.TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.ThenDaveandGerriereceivedatimelygift—＄7,000，alegacy(遺產)fromtheirneighborsIshandArleneHatch,whodiedinanaccident.“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenweweregoingunderfinancially.”saysDave.(2009山東A)Accordinggothetext,theFusses__________.A.wereemployedbyatruckcompanyB.wereinfinancialdifficultyC.workedinaschoolcafeteriaD.losttheirhome【考例5】Thisisnotasurprisetopublichealthadvocates.They’vestudiedtheeffectofstatetaxincreasesforyears,findingthatsmokers,especiallyteens,arepricesensitive.Norisitashocktotheindustry,whichfiercelyfightseverytaxincrease.Theonlywonderisthatsomanystatesinsistonclosingtheirearstothemessage.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth,theyraisemoneyandmostparticularly,theydeterpeoplefromtakingupthehabitasteens,whichiswhennearlyallsmokersareaddicted.Yettherateoftaxationvarieswidely.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisasurprise（2009山東C）A.Teensmokersarepricesensitive.B.Somestatesstillkeepthetobaccotaxlow.C.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth.D.Tobaccoindustryfiercelyfightsthetaxrise.（五）正反倒置1．把事實發生的順序顛倒【考例1】Unlikeher1995autobiography,AfterAll,hersecondbookislessaboutlifeasanaward-winningactressandmoreaboutlivingwithdiabetes(糖尿病).AllthemoneyfromthebookisintendedfortheJuvenileDiabetesResearchFoundation(JDRF),anorganizationsheservesasinternationalchairman.“Ifelttherewasaneedforabooklikethis,”shesays.“Ididn'twanttolecture,butIwantedotherdiabeticstoknowthatthingsgetbetterwhenwe'reself-controlledanddoourpartinmanagingthedisease.”(2010湖南卷B)Wecanknowthatbefore1995Mary__________.A.hadtwobookspublishedB.receivedmanycareerawardsC.knewhowtouseacomputerD.supportedtheJDRFbywriting2．把事物的正面影響或負面影響反過來說。【考例2】Wehavemettheenemyandheisours.Weboughthimatapetshop.Whenmonkey-pox,adiseaseusuallyfoundintheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwestit’shardnottowonderofthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings.“Mostoftheinfections（感染）wethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals“saysStephenMorsedirectoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversity.（2009寧夏D）FromParagraphIwelearnthatthepetsoldattheshopmay_________.A.comefromColumbiaB.preventusfrombeinginfectedC.enjoybeingwithchildrenD.sufferfrommonkey-pox【考例3】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusesuptheoxygen（air）inthebottle.Theeggactsasasealintheneckofthebottle,sonomoreaircangetinside.Thisreducestheairpressureinsidethebottle.Theairpressuremustequalize,somoreairfromoutsidemustenterthebottle.Theoutsideairpressureagainsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundandthatitispressingdownonit.Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan_________.A.equalizetheairpressureinsideandoutsideB.makeasealintheneckofthebottleC.finishuptheoxygeninsidethebottleD.producemoreoxygeninsidethebottle4．因果倒置(把因說成果，把果說成因)【考例4】Ifyoulookforabookasapresentforachild.YouwillbespoiledforchoiceeveninayearthereisnonewHarryPotter.J.KRowling’swizardisnotalone:thepastdecadehasbeenaharvestforgoodchildren’sbooks,whichhassetoffalargequantityoffilmsandanincreasedsalesofclassicssuchasThelardoftheRings.(2007山東B)WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph1A.Manychildren’sbookshavebeenadaptedfromfilms.B.Manyhigh-qualitychildren’sbookshavebeenpublished.C.Thesalesofclassicshaveledtothepopularityoffilms.D.Thesalesofpresentsforchildrenhaveincreased.【考例5】(2009安徽E)Arainforestisanareacoveredbytalltreeswiththetotalhighrainfallspreadingquiteequallythroughtheyearandthetemperaturerarelydroppingbelowl6℃.Rainforestshaveagreateffectontheworldenvironmentbecausetheycantakeinheatfromthesunandadjusttheclimate.Withouttheforestcover，theseareaswouldreflectmoreheatintotheatmosphere，warmingtherestoftheworld.Losingtherainforestsmayalsoinfluencewindandrainfallpatterns，potentiallycausingcertainnaturaldisastersallovertheworld.Rainforestscanhelptoadjusttheclimatebecausethey.A.reflectmoreheatintotheatmosphereB.bringabouthighrainfallthroughouttheworldC.rarelycausethetemperaturetodroplowerthanl6℃D.reducetheeffectofheatfromthesunontheearth4．把作者觀點的反面說成是作者的觀點【考例6】InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenotthe