CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

1Unit11Clause:Adjectiveclauses

Grammar:

AdjectiveclausesWriting:

Correcting:

LackofSubject-VerbAgreement

Rewriting:

Inter-sentencecoherenceUnit11Clause:Adjectiveclaus2Clauses

Therearetwokindsofclauses:mainclauseandsubordinateclause.Amainclause(orasimplesentence)containsacompletethoughtandthereforecanstandaloneasasentence.Everysentencemustcontainatleastonemainclause(MC).

Wewaitedforhalfanhour.Nothinghappened.

Wewaitedforhalfanhour,butnothinghappened.ClausesTherearetwok3

Asubordinateclausealsohasasubjectandapredicate,butitcannotstandalonetomakesense.Itneedsamainclausetocompleteitsmeaning.Asubordinateclauseisusuallyintroducedbysubordinatingconjunctionsorrelativepronouns.

Thesunhadset.Wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.

Assoonasthesunhadset,wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.

Nowheknewit.HewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole.TheSouthPolewas300milesaway.Henowknew

thathewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole,whichwas300milesaway.Asubordinateclausealso41.

Functionsandforms

Anadjectiveclauseisasentenceclausethatmodifiesanounorapronounasanadjectivedoes.Bothrelativepronouns(who,whom,whose,thatandwhich)andthesubordinatingconjunctions(where,whenandwhy)maybeusedasintroducerstobeginadjectiveclauses.Dorememberthatintroducersplayrolesintheadjectiveclausesandrelativepronounsreplacethenounthattheadjectiveclausesmodify.Anoun+anadjectiveclause

Introducer+(subject)+predicate+…1.Functionsandforms5Hepickedupalongpipe.Thepipewascoveredwithcoins.Hepickedupalongpipe

whichwascoveredwithcoins.(which=pipe,asasubjectoftheadjectiveclause.)

Hecaughtsightofafigure.Heimmediatelyrecognizedit.Itwasourlocalgrocer.Hecaughtsightofafigure

whomheimmediatelyrecognizedasourlocalgrocer.(whom=figure,asanobjectoftheadjectiveclause.)Hepickedupalongpipe.6Whydidhefail?Thereasonisstillobscure.Thereasonwhyhefailedisstillobscure.(why=forwhich;which=reason;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Icannotremembertheday.Atthatday,theygotengaged.Icannotrememberthedaywhentheygotengaged..(when=atwhich;which=day;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Sheforgotthenameofthestore.Atthatstore,herfatherboughtheranMP4.SheforgotthenameofthestorewhereherfatherboughtheranMP4.(where=atwhich;which=store;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Whydidhefail?72.KindsAdjectiveclausescanbedividedintotwokinds:restrictiveandnonrestrictive.Arestrictiveadjectiveclausegivesessentialinformation.Withouttheclause,thecompletemeaningofthesentencewouldnotbeexpressedclearly.Arestrictiveadjectiveclauseshouldnotbesetoffbycommas.Aclownisaperson.Hemakesyoulaugh.Aclownisapersonwhomakesyoulaugh.(Withouttheclause,“Aclownisaperson”doesn’tmakesense.)Let’sgotoacountry.Inthecountry,thesunalwaysshines.Let’sgotoacountrywherethesunalwaysshines.(Withouttheclause,“Let’sgotoacountry”doesn’tmakethemeaningofthesentenceclear.)2.Kinds8Whenanadjectiveclauseisnotabsolutelyneededinordertoexpressthecompletemeaningofasentence,itiscalledanonrestrictiveadjectiveclause.Itcanbeomittedfromasentencewithoutaffectingthebasicmeaningofthesentence.Itshouldbesetoffbycommas.Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors.Theywerenewcomerstothedistrict.Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors,whowerenewcomerstothedistrict.(As“ournearestneighbors”areclear,thesentencemakessensewithouttheclause.)Abrotherwaslostforalongtime.Peoplepresumedhimtobedead.Hewasreallyaliveallthetime.Along-lostbrother,whowaspresumeddead,wasreallyaliveallthetime.(As“brother”hasamodifier“long-lost”,itisstillclearwithouttheclause.)Whenanadjectivecl93.Introducers3.1.InrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducerestrictiveadjectiveclauses.

Person

Things

Subject

who/thatwhich/that

Objectwhom,who,that/?which,that/?

Possessive

whosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinrestrictiveadjectiveclause.

Place

Time

ReasonAdverbial

wherewhenwhy3.Introducers10who,whomandwhichcanbereplacedbythat.ThisisverycommoninspokenEnglish.thatcanbeomitted(?)whenitistheobjectoftheclause.

Itisoneoftheugliestfaces(that)

Ihaveeverseen.whoseisusedforthingsaswellasforpeople.

Themanwhosebikewasstolencalledthelocalpolice.

Thecarwhosewindowhasbeenbrokenismyneighbors.

whomisveryformalandisonlyusedinwrittenEnglish.InspokenEnglish,thatisusuallyreplacedbywho/that,ornothing(?).thatisusuallyusedafterthewordslikesomething,anything,everything,nothing,allandsuperlatives.

Thereissomething

thatwewillneverforget.

Thatwasthemostexcitingnews

thatIhaveeverheard.who,whomandwhichcanberep113.2InnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducenonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.

Person

Things

Subject

whowhich

Objectwhom,who,which

Possessive

whosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinnonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.PlaceTime

ReasonAdverbial

wherewhenwhy3.2Innonrestrictiveadjectiv12Wealwaysusecommastoseparateanonrestrictiveadjectiveclausefromtherestofthesentence.Innonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses,weneveruse“that”toreplace.Weneveromittherelativepronoun,evenwhenitistheobjectoftheverbintheadjectiveclause.4.InspokenEnglish,weusuallyputtheprepositioninnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesattheendoftheclause;whereas,inwrittenorformalEnglish,weputtheprepositionbeforethepronoun.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,forwhichHangzhouisfamousintheworld.[inwrittenEnglish]Thismachine,whichIhavelookedafterformanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.[inspokenEnglish]Wealwaysusecommastosepara13Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneadjectiveclause.

1.Thebigclockusedtostrikethehoursdayandnight.

Itwasdamagedmanyyearsago.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsago.2.Wehaveeverseenmanyshows.

Itwasunfortunate.

Theshowwasoneofthedullest.Unfortunately,theshowwasoneofthedullestthatwehaveeverseen.Amanbrokehisrightleg.

Peopletookhimtohospital.

IthappenedafewweeksbeforeChristmas.AmanwhohadbrokenhisrightlegwastakentohospitalafewweeksbeforeChristmas.Combinethesentencesineach144.Adesertislandisasortofparadise.

Therethesunalwaysshines.

Wesometimesimagineso.Wesometimesimagineadesertislandtobeasortofparadisewherethesunalwaysshines.5.Peopleworkinoffices.

Theyarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'.

Theyusuallywearacollartogotowork.

TheyusuallywearatietogotoworkPeoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'becausetheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.6.Atfirst,theywereabletotakeagreatmanyphotographs.

Thephotographswereofthemountains.

Themountainslaybelow.

Theysoonranintoserioustrouble.Though,atfirst,theywereabletotakeagreatmanyphotographsofthemountainsthatlaybelow,theysoonranintoserioustrouble.4.Adesertislandisasor15LackofSubject-VerbAgreement

Averbmustagreewithitssubjectinpersonandnumber.Asingularsubjecttakesasingularverb,whileapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb.

Katearetwelveyearsoldnow.Kateistwelveyearsoldnow.

Therearesomemilkintheglass.Thereissomemilkintheglass.LackofSubject-VerbAgreement16Twosubjectsjoinedby“and”aretreatedasplural;joinedby“or”,theyaretreatedassingular.Ifonesubjectispluralandtheothersingular,maketheverbagreewiththenearestone.

Eitheryouoryoubrother

hasreadtheletterbefore.Eitheryoubrotheroryou

havereadtheletterbefore.

NotonlyyoubutalsoIamplanningtogo.NotonlyIbutalsoyou

areplanningtogo.Twosubjectsjoinedby“a171.Donotmistaketheobjectofarepositionforthesubjectofasentence.

Thesimplesubjectisneverwithinaprepositionalphrase.Makesuretheverbagreeswiththeactualsubjectandnotwiththeobjectofapreposition.

Peopleinthetownissinginganddancingatthefestive.Peopleinthetownaresinginganddancingatthefestive.AnewcollectionofimageshavebeenissuedfromtheWhiteHousePhotoOffice.AnewcollectionofimageshasbeenissuedfromtheWhiteHousePhotoOffice.1.Donotmistaketheobjecto182.Donotbeconfusedbyapredicative.

Apredicative,alsocalledasubjectcomplement,isusedafteralinkverb,renamingordescribingthesubject.Apredictivehasnothingtodowiththeverbinpersonornumber.Onlythesubjectaffectsthenumberofthelinkingverb.

Theworld’sthickestbookare

12.5inches.Theworld’sthickestbook

is12.5inches.Recentstudiesonthebehaviorofwildanimalsis

histopicfortheday.Recentstudiesonthebehaviorofwildanimalsarehistopicfortheday.2.Donotbeconfusedbyapre193.Donotmisusecollectivenounsinnumber.Asacollectivenounismadeupofmorethanonething,itcanbeeithersingularorplural,dependingoncontext.1)acollectivenounistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoagroupasawhole.2)acollectivenounistreatedaspluralwhenitreferstoeachmemberofagroupindividually.

Theotherteamdoesnotarrive,soourteamwinsbydefault.(ateamasawhole)Ourteamwerewearingblueshorts.

(eachmemberoftheteam)Thefamilyposedoutsidethehouse.

(eachmemberofthefamily)Hisfamilyisnotverywelloff.(thefamilyasawhole)3.Donotmisusecollectiveno20Correct,ifany,thelacksofsubject-verbagreement.Hehavefinishedherhomeworkbeforehewenttobed.Anybody,eitherafirmoranindividual,haveachancetoopenacurrentaccount.Neithervolleyballnorbasketballareahundredyearsold.Notonlyyoubut(also)Iaretoblame.Thereareanoceanofflowers.Atpresent,thereisalotofpilotprojectsinthewholecountryineverylargetelecommunicationoperator.Thereareagroupoffiguresontheleftofthepainting.Thebooksonthedeskismine.Thegirlwithtwolongfeetareournewsecretary.Thereareasmallgroupofadjectivesthatnormallyprecedethenoun.Correct,ifany,thelacksof21Correcting:1.her→his2.have→has3.are→is

4.are→am5.are→is6.is→are7.are→is

8.is→are9.are→is

10.are→is;precede→precedesCorrecting:22Assignment：Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,

morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson16,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)

MaryandherhusbandDimitrilivedinsmallvillage.ItwasinthesouthofGreece,itnamedParachora.OneofMary’smostpreciouspossessionswasawhitelamb.Itwasherhusbandtogiveher.Duringtheday,Marytiedthelambtoatreeinthefield.Everynightshepulleditback.However,oneeveningthelambwasgone.Someonecuttherope.Itwasclearthatsomeonestoleit.Assignment：Theexerciseinthi23

Dimitricamebackfromthefield.Hiswifetoldhimaboutit.Hewentoutatonce,hewantedtofindthemanwhostolehislamb.Heknewitwell,insuchasmallvillagecatchingthethiefwasnotdifficultatall.Hetoldittohisseveralfriends.Hefoundhisneighbor,Aleko,suddenlyhadanewlamb.DimitriwenttoAleko’shouseimmediately.Hewasangry.Heaccusedhimtostealhislamb.Hetoldhimhadbettergiveitbacktohim.Ifnot,hewouldgotocallpolice.Alekodidn’tconfess.HeledDimitritotheyard.Itwasallright.Hehadjustboughtanewlamb.Alekoexplained,hesaidthathislambwasblack.Dimitrifeltsorryforhisboldness.HeapologizedtoAleko.Hesaidheaccusedhimwrongly.Justwhentheytalked.Theskybegantorain.SoDimitristayedatAleko’shousetoavoidrain.Hewaitedandwaited.Therainstopped.Halfanhourlater,hecameoutofthehouse.Hewassurprised.Hefoundthewholebodyoftheblacklambalmostturnedintowhite.Thehairofthelambwasdyedblack.Nowitwaswashedoutcleanbytherain.Dimitricamebackfr24CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

25Unit11Clause:Adjectiveclauses

Grammar:

AdjectiveclausesWriting:

Correcting:

LackofSubject-VerbAgreement

Rewriting:

Inter-sentencecoherenceUnit11Clause:Adjectiveclaus26Clauses

Therearetwokindsofclauses:mainclauseandsubordinateclause.Amainclause(orasimplesentence)containsacompletethoughtandthereforecanstandaloneasasentence.Everysentencemustcontainatleastonemainclause(MC).

Wewaitedforhalfanhour.Nothinghappened.

Wewaitedforhalfanhour,butnothinghappened.ClausesTherearetwok27

Asubordinateclausealsohasasubjectandapredicate,butitcannotstandalonetomakesense.Itneedsamainclausetocompleteitsmeaning.Asubordinateclauseisusuallyintroducedbysubordinatingconjunctionsorrelativepronouns.

Thesunhadset.Wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.

Assoonasthesunhadset,wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.

Nowheknewit.HewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole.TheSouthPolewas300milesaway.Henowknew

thathewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole,whichwas300milesaway.Asubordinateclausealso281.

Functionsandforms

Anadjectiveclauseisasentenceclausethatmodifiesanounorapronounasanadjectivedoes.Bothrelativepronouns(who,whom,whose,thatandwhich)andthesubordinatingconjunctions(where,whenandwhy)maybeusedasintroducerstobeginadjectiveclauses.Dorememberthatintroducersplayrolesintheadjectiveclausesandrelativepronounsreplacethenounthattheadjectiveclausesmodify.Anoun+anadjectiveclause

Introducer+(subject)+predicate+…1.Functionsandforms29Hepickedupalongpipe.Thepipewascoveredwithcoins.Hepickedupalongpipe

whichwascoveredwithcoins.(which=pipe,asasubjectoftheadjectiveclause.)

Hecaughtsightofafigure.Heimmediatelyrecognizedit.Itwasourlocalgrocer.Hecaughtsightofafigure

whomheimmediatelyrecognizedasourlocalgrocer.(whom=figure,asanobjectoftheadjectiveclause.)Hepickedupalongpipe.30Whydidhefail?Thereasonisstillobscure.Thereasonwhyhefailedisstillobscure.(why=forwhich;which=reason;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Icannotremembertheday.Atthatday,theygotengaged.Icannotrememberthedaywhentheygotengaged..(when=atwhich;which=day;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Sheforgotthenameofthestore.Atthatstore,herfatherboughtheranMP4.SheforgotthenameofthestorewhereherfatherboughtheranMP4.(where=atwhich;which=store;asanadverbialoftheclause.)Whydidhefail?312.KindsAdjectiveclausescanbedividedintotwokinds:restrictiveandnonrestrictive.Arestrictiveadjectiveclausegivesessentialinformation.Withouttheclause,thecompletemeaningofthesentencewouldnotbeexpressedclearly.Arestrictiveadjectiveclauseshouldnotbesetoffbycommas.Aclownisaperson.Hemakesyoulaugh.Aclownisapersonwhomakesyoulaugh.(Withouttheclause,“Aclownisaperson”doesn’tmakesense.)Let’sgotoacountry.Inthecountry,thesunalwaysshines.Let’sgotoacountrywherethesunalwaysshines.(Withouttheclause,“Let’sgotoacountry”doesn’tmakethemeaningofthesentenceclear.)2.Kinds32Whenanadjectiveclauseisnotabsolutelyneededinordertoexpressthecompletemeaningofasentence,itiscalledanonrestrictiveadjectiveclause.Itcanbeomittedfromasentencewithoutaffectingthebasicmeaningofthesentence.Itshouldbesetoffbycommas.Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors.Theywerenewcomerstothedistrict.Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors,whowerenewcomerstothedistrict.(As“ournearestneighbors”areclear,thesentencemakessensewithouttheclause.)Abrotherwaslostforalongtime.Peoplepresumedhimtobedead.Hewasreallyaliveallthetime.Along-lostbrother,whowaspresumeddead,wasreallyaliveallthetime.(As“brother”hasamodifier“long-lost”,itisstillclearwithouttheclause.)Whenanadjectivecl333.Introducers3.1.InrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducerestrictiveadjectiveclauses.

Person

Things

Subject

who/thatwhich/that

Objectwhom,who,that/?which,that/?

Possessive

whosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinrestrictiveadjectiveclause.

Place

Time

ReasonAdverbial

wherewhenwhy3.Introducers34who,whomandwhichcanbereplacedbythat.ThisisverycommoninspokenEnglish.thatcanbeomitted(?)whenitistheobjectoftheclause.

Itisoneoftheugliestfaces(that)

Ihaveeverseen.whoseisusedforthingsaswellasforpeople.

Themanwhosebikewasstolencalledthelocalpolice.

Thecarwhosewindowhasbeenbrokenismyneighbors.

whomisveryformalandisonlyusedinwrittenEnglish.InspokenEnglish,thatisusuallyreplacedbywho/that,ornothing(?).thatisusuallyusedafterthewordslikesomething,anything,everything,nothing,allandsuperlatives.

Thereissomething

thatwewillneverforget.

Thatwasthemostexcitingnews

thatIhaveeverheard.who,whomandwhichcanberep353.2InnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducenonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.

Person

Things

Subject

whowhich

Objectwhom,who,which

Possessive

whosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinnonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.PlaceTime

ReasonAdverbial

wherewhenwhy3.2Innonrestrictiveadjectiv36Wealwaysusecommastoseparateanonrestrictiveadjectiveclausefromtherestofthesentence.Innonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses,weneveruse“that”toreplace.Weneveromittherelativepronoun,evenwhenitistheobjectoftheverbintheadjectiveclause.4.InspokenEnglish,weusuallyputtheprepositioninnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesattheendoftheclause;whereas,inwrittenorformalEnglish,weputtheprepositionbeforethepronoun.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,forwhichHangzhouisfamousintheworld.[inwrittenEnglish]Thismachine,whichIhavelookedafterformanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.[inspokenEnglish]Wealwaysusecommastosepara37Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneadjectiveclause.

1.Thebigclockusedtostrikethehoursdayandnight.

Itwasdamagedmanyyearsago.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsago.2.Wehaveeverseenmanyshows.

Itwasunfortunate.

Theshowwasoneofthedullest.Unfortunately,theshowwasoneofthedullestthatwehaveeverseen.Amanbrokehisrightleg.

Peopletookhimtohospital.

IthappenedafewweeksbeforeChristmas.AmanwhohadbrokenhisrightlegwastakentohospitalafewweeksbeforeChristmas.Combinethesentencesineach384.Adesertislandisasortofparadise.

Therethesunalwaysshines.

Wesometimesimagineso.Wesometimesimagineadesertislandtobeasortofparadisewherethesunalwaysshines.5.Peopleworkinoffices.

Theyarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'.

Theyusuallywearacollartogotowork.

TheyusuallywearatietogotoworkPeoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'becausetheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.6.Atfirst,theywereabletotakeagreatmanyphotographs.

Thephotographswereofthemountains.

Themountainslaybelow.

Theysoonranintoserioustrouble.Though,atfirst,theywereabletotakeagreatmanyphotographsofthemountainsthatlaybelow,theysoonranintoserioustrouble.4.Adesertislandisasor39LackofSubject-VerbAgreement

Averbmustagreewithitssubjectinpersonandnumber.Asingularsubjecttakesasingularverb,whileapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb.

Katearetwelveyearsoldnow.Kateistwelveyearsoldnow.

Therearesomemilkintheglass.Thereissomemilkintheglass.LackofSubject-VerbAgreement40Twosubjectsjoinedby“and”aretreatedasplural;joinedby“or”,theyaretreatedassingular.Ifonesubjectispluralandtheothersingular,maketheverbagreewiththenearestone.

Eitheryouoryoubrother

hasreadtheletterbefore.Eitheryoubrotheroryou

havereadtheletterbefore.

NotonlyyoubutalsoIamplanningtogo.NotonlyIbutalsoyou

areplanningtogo.Twosubjectsjoinedby“a411.Donotmistaketheobjectofarepositionforthesubjectofasentence.

Thesimplesubjectisneverwithinaprepositionalphrase.Makesuretheverbagreeswiththeactualsubjectandnotwiththeobjectofapreposition.

Peopleinthetownissinginganddancingatthefestive.Peopleinthetownaresinginganddancingatthefestive.AnewcollectionofimageshavebeenissuedfromtheWhiteHousePhotoOffice.AnewcollectionofimageshasbeenissuedfromtheWhiteHousePhotoOffice.1.Donotmistaketheobjecto422.Donotbeconfusedbyapredicative.

Apredicative,alsocalledasubjectcomplement,isusedafteralinkverb,renamingordescribingthesubject.Apredictivehasnothingtodowiththeverbinpersonornumber.Onlythesubjectaffectsthenumberofthelinkingverb.

Theworld’sthickestbookare

12.5inches.Theworld’sthickestbook

is12.5inches.Recentstudiesonthebehaviorofwildanimalsis

histopicfortheday.Recentstudiesonthebehaviorofwildanimalsarehistopicfortheday.2.Donotbeconfusedbyapre433.Donotmisusecollectivenounsinnumber.Asacollectivenounismadeupofmorethanonething,itcanbeeithersingularorplural,dependingoncontext.1)acollectivenounistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoagroupasawhole.2)acollectivenounistreatedaspluralwhenitreferstoeachmemberofagroupindividually.

Theotherteamdoesnotarrive,soourteamwinsbydefault.(ateamasawhole)Ourteamwerewearingblueshorts.

(eachmemberoftheteam)Thefamilyposedoutsidethehouse.

(eachmemberofth