11Lawyer’sCaseStudyonPRCNewbuildingContracts–LessonsLearnedandEmergingTrendsinthePost-GFCWorld

律師對(duì)中國(guó)新造船合同的案例研究–吸取教訓(xùn)和世界金融危機(jī)后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

PeterMurray

Partner,

Ince&Co,Shanghai

馬瑞

英士律師事務(wù)所上海代表處合伙人

1stChinaMaritimeCongress

Friday26June2009

Shangri-LaHotel,Shanghai

第一屆中國(guó)航運(yùn)大會(huì)

2009年6月26日，星期五

上海浦東香格里拉大酒店

2Lawyer’sCaseStudyonPRCNewShipbuildingContractsPresentChallengesEvenintheMostStableofTimes

即使在最穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期，造船合同也面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)Agreeingtermsforconstructionofvesselatsomefuturepointintime

雙方對(duì)于某些未來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的船舶建造條款進(jìn)行約定Pricefixedwithcommoditiesandmaterialsfromvarioussourcessubjecttopriceandcurrencyfluctuations

合同價(jià)格預(yù)先確定，但商品、原料及各種其他資源卻可能受價(jià)格和匯率波動(dòng)的影響Futurevesselmarketvalueestimatedbothinrelationtohullvalueandearningcapacity

船舶未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值：從船體本身及其盈利能力兩方面預(yù)估3ShipbuildingContractsPresentBuildingaShipinChinaGaveRisetoSpecialChallenges

在中國(guó)造船產(chǎn)生的特殊挑戰(zhàn)Evergrowingnumberofyards

不斷增長(zhǎng)的船廠數(shù)量Greenfieldyardswithnotrackrecord

沒(méi)有歷史記錄的新建船廠Supervision

監(jiān)理Qualityissues

質(zhì)量問(wèn)題Delaysandtheoccasionalcancellation

推遲和時(shí)有發(fā)生的解除Butinthemaintheproblemswereovercome

但是主要的問(wèn)題都已經(jīng)克服了4BuildingaShipinChinaGaveCommonThemesApplicabletoMostShipbuildingContractsinChina

對(duì)中國(guó)絕大多數(shù)造船合同都適用的一般原則Contracttermswhichweretriedandtestedwithadhocamendmentsfromtimetotime

被試用且經(jīng)受過(guò)考驗(yàn)的合同條款及其不時(shí)的修改Rigidintermsofperformanceobligationsbothastopriceandotherobligationstoperform

嚴(yán)格的義務(wù)履行條款，包括價(jià)格和其他義務(wù)履行條款Englishlawstilltheprevailinglawputtingthepartiesintoastraitjacketofobligations

英國(guó)法仍然是常用法律，迫使當(dāng)事人受義務(wù)的約束Forcemajeureclausesbutoflimitedapplication

不可抗力條款，但適用受限Ifthetermsdidnotsuit,theonlywaytorenegotiatewastoriskgoingintodefault

若條款不合適，重新協(xié)商的唯一方法是冒違約的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)5CommonThemesApplicabletoMoAswelookbackandforward……fourstages

我們回顧并展望……四個(gè)階段1st-Pre-GFCandpre-06/08bubble

第一階段-世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前2nd-Inthemiddleofthe06/08bubble

第二階段-06/08年泡沫期中期3rd–GFCandtheimmediatefallout

第三階段-世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)及其直接后果4th–NewContractsandlookingforwardto2015

第四階段–新合同并展望2015年6Aswelookbackandforward……1stStage-

TheGeneralOperationofShipbuildingContractsPre-GFC&the06/08Bubble

第一階段-

金融危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前對(duì)造船合同的一般操作Priceadjustmentclauseshardlyexisted

幾乎不存在價(jià)格調(diào)整條款Currencyfluctuationclauseswerebeingusedsparingly

很少適用匯率波動(dòng)條款Butveryrarelywasthereasteelpriceadjustmentclause

但是在極少數(shù)情況下會(huì)有鋼材價(jià)格調(diào)整條款Theresultinarisingmarket….

行情上漲的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下….Numerousrenegotiationsonpriceanddelivery

就價(jià)格和交船重新展開的眾多談判71stStage-

TheGeneralOperat1stStage-

TheGeneralOperationofShipbuildingContractsPre-GFC&the06/08Bubble

第一階段-

金融危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前對(duì)造船合同的一般操作Generallytheresultwasanamicablesettlement

一般都能獲得友好解決WiththeYardreceivingmoremoneyandtheOwnerstakingdeliverysoonerratherthanmuchlater

船廠獲得更多價(jià)款，船東盡快接船Giventhenumberofshipsbuiltanddelivered,veryfewarbitrations鑒于建造和交付船舶的數(shù)量，仲裁案件很少Ofthearbitrationscommenced,veryfewtakentoafinalaward已經(jīng)開始的仲裁，很少進(jìn)行到最終裁決階段81stStage-

TheGeneralOperat2ndStage–

Pre-GFCbutinthemidstofthe06/08Bubble

第二階段–

經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)前，但處于06/08年泡沫期中期Contractsconcludedatanyprice

以任何價(jià)格締結(jié)合同Buyersnotbuyingashipbutacontract

買方不是買船而是合同Contractualtermsnotalwaysgivenverymuchattention

合同條款不是很受關(guān)注Shipbuildingcontractsbecamefinancialinstruments造船合同成為融資工具92ndStage–

Pre-GFCbutintheResalesbecamethesecondarymarketofshipbuilding轉(zhuǎn)售成為船舶建造的二級(jí)市場(chǎng)Aswithderivatives,legalproblemsabounded隨著衍生物的出現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)大量法律問(wèn)題Prospecttoonsellornovatebecamethemainobjective

出售或整體轉(zhuǎn)讓合同成為主要目標(biāo)AtendencyofBuyerstoconcludemorecontractsthanneeded

出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)趨勢(shì)：買方簽訂數(shù)量超出其需求的合同2ndStage–

Pre-GFCbutinthemidstofthe06/08Bubble

第二階段–

經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)前，但處于06/08年泡沫期中期10Resalesbecamethesecondarym

3rdStage–FalloutfromtheGFC

第三階段-由全球金融危機(jī)引起的滑落AsuddendesirebyBuyersnottotakedelivery

買方突然不愿意接船ThelongtermC/Pdisappeared

難覓長(zhǎng)期租約的蹤跡Andfinancenolongerpossible

融資變得不再可能Foranoverpricedandmarketlessasset

船舶成了毫無(wú)市場(chǎng)但卻價(jià)格昂貴的資產(chǎn)Lockedintothecontractbyapaymentguarantee因付款保函而被合同禁錮StraitjacketofEnglishlawunlessloopholescouldbefound英國(guó)法對(duì)合同義務(wù)的嚴(yán)格態(tài)度（除非可以發(fā)現(xiàn)合同的漏洞）113rdStage–FalloutfromtheFalloutfromtheGFC

由全球金融危機(jī)引起的滑落

Bettertofindgroundstocancel

希望找到理由解除合同Butcancellationunderthetermsofthecontract但必須根據(jù)合同條款解除合同Recoveryofinstalmentsundertherefundguaranteeparamount首要考慮是依據(jù)還款保函收回預(yù)付款DelaybySellersnolongertoleratedandeverydaycounted不再容忍賣方的延遲交船，每天的遲延都計(jì)算違約金Ifnodelaythenlookforothergroundstocancel如果賣方?jīng)]有遲延，尋找其他理由解除合同Technicaldefects技術(shù)缺陷Legaldefects法律缺陷12FalloutfromtheGFC

由全球金融危機(jī)引起FalloutfromtheGFC

由全球金融危機(jī)引起的滑落

Desperatetodeliverontime賣方盡力按時(shí)交付船舶Keepingacloseeyeonthepaymentguarantee密切留意付款保函Havingtomeetallthedemandsofover-demandingsuperintendents賣方不得不滿足船舶監(jiān)理苛刻的要求13FalloutfromtheGFC

由全球金融危機(jī)引起4thStage–

HasEnglishlawandLondonarbitrationperformedwellpost-GFC?

第四階段-后全球金融危機(jī)時(shí)期英國(guó)法和倫敦仲裁的表現(xiàn)Torepeattheproblem……

重復(fù)以前出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題……Contractagreedfordeliveryoflowvalueassetathighfixedpricewithnoroomtomove

訂立的造船價(jià)格高于實(shí)際船舶的價(jià)值，但卻無(wú)法改變Englishlawwelldevelopedinidentifyingbreachesofcontractsanddamagesthatmustbepayable

英國(guó)法在合同違約的認(rèn)定和須支付的損害賠償金額方面發(fā)展得較完善Alsoforconsideringnoveldefensessomeofwhicharebelowthebelt–loopholesbeyondthecontemplationoftheparties

一些新提出的抗辯欠缺公平性-因?yàn)椴皇橇⒓s各方所能預(yù)見(jiàn)的Futureeconomiccircumstancesofnorelevance

無(wú)關(guān)未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境144thStage–

HasEnglishlawa4thStage–

HasEnglishlawandLondonarbitrationperformedwellpost-GFC?

第四階段-后全球金融危機(jī)時(shí)期英國(guó)法和倫敦仲裁的表現(xiàn)Therehavebeenremediesbuttheyallgotopunishingbreach

已有的救濟(jì)都主要是懲罰違約行為ObtainingsecurityforpotentialarbitrationawardsnowkeepingNewYorklawyersbusyapplyingforRuleBattachments

為將來(lái)的仲裁裁決獲取擔(dān)保使得美國(guó)律師忙于申請(qǐng)RuleB扣押令Butenforcementofverylargearbitrationawardsgoingtobeproblematic

但是金額高的仲裁裁決的執(zhí)行很成問(wèn)題Liquidationorreconstructionmaybetheonlywayoutforsomecompanies

清算或重組可能是有些公司的唯一出路154thStage–

HasEnglishlawaAswelookforward……AretherealternativestoEnglishlawandLondonarbitration?

展望未來(lái)…英國(guó)法和倫敦仲裁以外的選擇？Wearecurrentlysittinginthelargestmaritimejurisdictionintheworld

我們處于全球最大的海商海事法域TheMaritimeCodeadoptedin19931993年施行的《中華人民共和國(guó)海商法》Nowinterpretedbynolessthan48maritimecourtsinChina

中國(guó)有多達(dá)48個(gè)海事法院對(duì)海商法的具體適用有自由裁量權(quán)WithChinaMaritimeArbitrationCommissioninBeijing

在北京的中國(guó)海事仲裁委員會(huì)AndthenewShanghaiArbitrationCourtofInternationalShippingoftheShanghaiArbitrationCommission上海仲裁委下新成立的國(guó)際航運(yùn)仲裁院16Aswelookforward……ArethereShanghaiMaritimeCourt

上海海事法院17ShanghaiMaritimeCourt

上海海事法院Butwhatlawwouldbeapplied?

適用何種法律？

Chinesemaritimelawiscivillawwithsomecommonlawcharacteristics

中國(guó)海商法屬于大陸法但具備一些普通法特色Couldberegardedasthebestofbothworlds

可以被認(rèn)為是兩種法律體系中最好部分的結(jié)合ManyoftheprinciplesareuniversalincludingForceMajeure

許多原則相通，比如不可抗力AsyetnodefenseofeconomicinsanityunderEnglishlawor

ChineseLaw!

目前英國(guó)法和中國(guó)法下沒(méi)有基于經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境異常變化的抗辯Civillawoffersmoreflexibility,notjustpunitivebutproblemsolving

大陸法更靈活，更有利于解決問(wèn)題而非僅僅是懲罰性的18Butwhatlawwouldbeapplied?Hardshipclause

艱難情勢(shì)條款Theso-called“hardshipclause”usedincivillaw

所謂“艱難情勢(shì)條款”在大陸法中的運(yùn)用Whereeconomic,fiscalormonetaryeventscauseunfairgaintoonepartyandheavylosstoanother………

當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、財(cái)政或貨幣情況使一方不公正獲益，使另一方遭受巨大損失……Thepartiesaresupposedtositdownandseekanappropriatesolution

當(dāng)事人應(yīng)坐下來(lái)尋求一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q辦法Theconceptoffrustrationisnotknownincivillawandso….

合同落空的概念不存在于大陸法中，所以……19Hardshipclause

艱難情勢(shì)條款Theso-cHardshipclause

艱難情勢(shì)條款Failingasatisfactorysolution,themattermustbereferredtoacourtorarbitratorfordetermination

在不能達(dá)成滿意解決方案的情況下，爭(zhēng)議必須交由法院或仲裁庭裁判Thisisknownasthecontractualfunctionofathirdparty,i.e.thejudgeorthearbitrator

這就是第三方即法官或仲裁員在合同關(guān)系中的功能Apowertorewritetheagreement

重寫合同的權(quán)利Isthatabetterresultthanabandonmentofthecontract?

這是否是比放棄合同更好的解決方案呢？20Hardshipclause

艱難情勢(shì)條款FailingDoesChineselawhaveasimilarprovision?

中國(guó)法下有相似的規(guī)定嗎？Chinadidconsiderincludingahardshipprovisioninthe1999ContractLawbutitwasnotincluded

中國(guó)曾考慮在1999年合同法中加入有關(guān)艱難情勢(shì)的規(guī)定但最終未被訂入Thedraftprovisionparaphrased:Ifthereareexceptionalunforeseenchangesresultinginsignificantdamagetoonepartyifperformanceofthecontractiscontinued,thecontractcanberenegotiatedoffailingagreement,thePeople’sCourtorarbitrationtribunalcanmodifyorterminatethecontract.

草案中的規(guī)定大意如下：當(dāng)有異常的不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的變化造成在一方當(dāng)事人繼續(xù)履行合同的情況下將受到重大損害時(shí)，當(dāng)事人可以重新協(xié)商，協(xié)商不成可申請(qǐng)人民法院或仲裁庭變更或者解除合同。Andthefinalsentence:Thisarticledoesnotapplytocommercialrisks

最后一句：商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不適用前款規(guī)定。21DoesChineselawhaveasimilaRecentChangeinCircumstancesPrincipleinChina

中國(guó)情勢(shì)變更原則的最新發(fā)展InterpretationsIIoftheSupremeCourtonSeveralIssuesConcerningtheApplicationoftheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaeffective13May2009《最高人民法院關(guān)于適用〈中華人民共和國(guó)合同法〉若干問(wèn)題的解釋（二）》自2009年5月13日起施行Significantchanges

重大變化Notforeseeableattimeofcontracting

在訂立合同時(shí)無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)的Notforcemajeureandnot“commercialrisks”

非不可抗力造成的且不屬于商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的Furtherperformancewillcauseobvioushardshiptooneparty

繼續(xù)履行合同會(huì)對(duì)于一方當(dāng)事人明顯不公平22RecentChangeinCircumstancesFreeTranslationoftheTextoftheInterpretations

《解釋》條文非官方譯文 Intheeventofsignificantchangesafterconclusionofacontract,whicharenotforeseeablebythecontractingpartiesatthetimeofenteringintothecontract,notattributabletoforcemajeureandnotconsideredascommercialrisks,andfurtherperformanceofthecontractwillcauseobviousunfairnesstoonepartyorwillcausethepurposeofthecontracttobeimpracticable,thecourtsareentitled,ifonepartysorequests,toruleonchangingorterminatingthecontractbasedonprinciplesoffairnessandtheactualcircumstancesofthecase. 合同成立以后客觀情況發(fā)生了當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)的、非不可抗力造成的不屬于商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重大變化，繼續(xù)履行合同對(duì)于一方當(dāng)事人明顯不公平或者不能實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的，當(dāng)事人請(qǐng)求人民法院變更或者解除合同的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)公平原則，并結(jié)合案件的實(shí)際情況確定是否變更或者解除。23FreeTranslationoftheTextoWillChineseLaweverbecometheprevailinggoverninglawofPRCnewbuildingcontracts?

中國(guó)法律能否成為中國(guó)新造船合同的主要管轄法律？

Choiceoflawtendstofolloweconomicpower-Chinaisnowa

creditornation法律選擇往往取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力-

中國(guó)如今是一個(gè)債權(quán)國(guó)

Thatchoicemadeeasierwhenyourememberthatmorethan50%ofEnglishlawsaremadeinBrusselsnotinLondon當(dāng)你牢記超過(guò)

50%的英國(guó)法律是在布魯塞爾而非倫敦制定的，就更容易作出選擇DevelopmentofEnglishcommerciallawlimitedbystrictrulesofappealfromarbitration

tribunal

tothecourt英國(guó)對(duì)仲裁庭裁決上訴至法院有著嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則，該規(guī)則限制了英國(guó)商事法律的發(fā)展Inanyevent,EnglishandChinesecommerciallawsnotworldsapart無(wú)論如何，英國(guó)和中國(guó)商事法律并非截然不同

24WillChineseLaweverbecometWillChineseLaweverbecometheprevailinggoverninglawofPRCnewbuildingcontracts?

中國(guó)法律能否成為中國(guó)新造船合同的主要管轄法律？

Chineselawisalreadyrelevantinmanyrespects中國(guó)法律已在諸多方面相關(guān)聯(lián)

theexecutionbyandcapacityoftheSeller賣方對(duì)合同的簽署及其行為能力

continuedfinancialstandingoftheSeller賣方連續(xù)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況

localperformanceissuesand當(dāng)?shù)芈男袉?wèn)題，及

ultimateenforcementofanyLondonaward任何倫敦仲裁裁決的最終執(zhí)行

WhygotoLondontoobtainanawardtoenforceintheChinesecourts?為何去倫敦獲得裁決，而后由中國(guó)法院執(zhí)行？

25WillChineseLaweverbecometWhattoexpectaswemoveintothe4thstageleadingupto2015andbeyond

對(duì)從第四階段開始至2015年及更長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的未來(lái)的展望

TheChallenge

挑戰(zhàn)

ChineselawcouldquietlyslipintothegoverninglawclausewitharbitrationinShanghai中國(guó)法可能會(huì)被訂入適用法條款，而仲裁地則為上海Nogreatchangeswillberequiredtotherestofcontract合同的其他部分不太會(huì)有重大的變化Shouldoverseasbuyersbeconcernedaboutthisdevelopment?國(guó)外買方會(huì)對(duì)這種變化產(chǎn)生憂慮？26WhattoexpectaswemoveintoTheanswershouldbe“no”provided:答案應(yīng)該是否定的，前提是：

Chinahasinplacemodernandcomprehensivelaws中國(guó)擁有現(xiàn)代化且完善的法律規(guī)定Theruleoflawisrespectedatalllevels-achallengewhichBeijingaccepts各層面都尊重法治

-

北京方面接受這一挑戰(zhàn)

TheChineselegalsystemgainsareputationoverseasforproperimplementationofthelaw海外普遍認(rèn)為在中國(guó)的法律體系下法律能夠得到妥善執(zhí)行27Theanswershouldbe“no”provShanghaiMaritimeUniversity

上海海事大學(xué)28ShanghaiMaritimeUniversity

上CanthisbeachievedasChinaaimstobeno.1shipbuilderby2015andShanghaiaimstobeashippinghubandfinancialandarbitrationcentreby2020?

當(dāng)中國(guó)致力在2015年成為世界第一造船國(guó)，上海致力在2020年成為國(guó)際海運(yùn)與金融中心的背景下，這有可能達(dá)成嗎？ManyofthelawsarealreadyinplacewithlegislativereforminChinathefastestintheworld諸多法律已然存在且中國(guó)是世界上法律改革最快的國(guó)家

Themaritimecourtstructurenowhandlinghugenumberofcasesrelatingtoallaspectsofmaritimelaw海事法院現(xiàn)處理與海商法律所有方面相關(guān)的大量案件Thosedecisionsfeedingthearbitrationsystemwithnewlawatapracticallevel這些判決為仲裁體系在實(shí)務(wù)層面上提供了幫助

29CanthisbeachievedasChinaCanthisbeachievedasChinaaimstobeno.1shipbuilderby2015andShanghaiaimstobeashippinghubandfinancialandarbitrationcentreby2020?

當(dāng)中國(guó)致力在2015年成為世界第一造船國(guó)，上海致力在2020年成為國(guó)際海運(yùn)與金融中心的背景下，這有可能達(dá)成嗎？AlreadyChineseLawhavinganimpactoninternationaltransactions中國(guó)法已對(duì)國(guó)際交易產(chǎn)生著不斷影響

The2008Anti-MonopolyLawandthelatestBHP/RioTintotieup2008年反壟斷法的出臺(tái)以及最近必和必拓/力拓的合并NotonlydoesChinaexportgoodshipsbutonedayitwillexportgoodlaw中國(guó)不僅出口好船有一天也將出口好法InthelongertermChineseMaritimeLawcouldhaveaninternationalreputationasEnglishLawdoestoday從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看中國(guó)海商法將會(huì)像今天的英國(guó)法一樣享有國(guó)際性的聲譽(yù)30CanthisbeachievedasChinaThankyou31Thankyou313232331Lawyer’sCaseStudyonPRCNewbuildingContracts–LessonsLearnedandEmergingTrendsinthePost-GFCWorld

律師對(duì)中國(guó)新造船合同的案例研究–吸取教訓(xùn)和世界金融危機(jī)后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

PeterMurray

Partner,

Ince&Co,Shanghai

馬瑞

英士律師事務(wù)所上海代表處合伙人

1stChinaMaritimeCongress

Friday26June2009

Shangri-LaHotel,Shanghai

第一屆中國(guó)航運(yùn)大會(huì)

2009年6月26日，星期五

上海浦東香格里拉大酒店

34Lawyer’sCaseStudyonPRCNewShipbuildingContractsPresentChallengesEvenintheMostStableofTimes

即使在最穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期，造船合同也面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)Agreeingtermsforconstructionofvesselatsomefuturepointintime

雙方對(duì)于某些未來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的船舶建造條款進(jìn)行約定Pricefixedwithcommoditiesandmaterialsfromvarioussourcessubjecttopriceandcurrencyfluctuations

合同價(jià)格預(yù)先確定，但商品、原料及各種其他資源卻可能受價(jià)格和匯率波動(dòng)的影響Futurevesselmarketvalueestimatedbothinrelationtohullvalueandearningcapacity

船舶未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值：從船體本身及其盈利能力兩方面預(yù)估35ShipbuildingContractsPresentBuildingaShipinChinaGaveRisetoSpecialChallenges

在中國(guó)造船產(chǎn)生的特殊挑戰(zhàn)Evergrowingnumberofyards

不斷增長(zhǎng)的船廠數(shù)量Greenfieldyardswithnotrackrecord

沒(méi)有歷史記錄的新建船廠Supervision

監(jiān)理Qualityissues

質(zhì)量問(wèn)題Delaysandtheoccasionalcancellation

推遲和時(shí)有發(fā)生的解除Butinthemaintheproblemswereovercome

但是主要的問(wèn)題都已經(jīng)克服了36BuildingaShipinChinaGaveCommonThemesApplicabletoMostShipbuildingContractsinChina

對(duì)中國(guó)絕大多數(shù)造船合同都適用的一般原則Contracttermswhichweretriedandtestedwithadhocamendmentsfromtimetotime

被試用且經(jīng)受過(guò)考驗(yàn)的合同條款及其不時(shí)的修改Rigidintermsofperformanceobligationsbothastopriceandotherobligationstoperform

嚴(yán)格的義務(wù)履行條款，包括價(jià)格和其他義務(wù)履行條款Englishlawstilltheprevailinglawputtingthepartiesintoastraitjacketofobligations

英國(guó)法仍然是常用法律，迫使當(dāng)事人受義務(wù)的約束Forcemajeureclausesbutoflimitedapplication

不可抗力條款，但適用受限Ifthetermsdidnotsuit,theonlywaytorenegotiatewastoriskgoingintodefault

若條款不合適，重新協(xié)商的唯一方法是冒違約的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)37CommonThemesApplicabletoMoAswelookbackandforward……fourstages

我們回顧并展望……四個(gè)階段1st-Pre-GFCandpre-06/08bubble

第一階段-世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前2nd-Inthemiddleofthe06/08bubble

第二階段-06/08年泡沫期中期3rd–GFCandtheimmediatefallout

第三階段-世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)及其直接后果4th–NewContractsandlookingforwardto2015

第四階段–新合同并展望2015年38Aswelookbackandforward……1stStage-

TheGeneralOperationofShipbuildingContractsPre-GFC&the06/08Bubble

第一階段-

金融危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前對(duì)造船合同的一般操作Priceadjustmentclauseshardlyexisted

幾乎不存在價(jià)格調(diào)整條款Currencyfluctuationclauseswerebeingusedsparingly

很少適用匯率波動(dòng)條款Butveryrarelywasthereasteelpriceadjustmentclause

但是在極少數(shù)情況下會(huì)有鋼材價(jià)格調(diào)整條款Theresultinarisingmarket….

行情上漲的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下….Numerousrenegotiationsonpriceanddelivery

就價(jià)格和交船重新展開的眾多談判391stStage-

TheGeneralOperat1stStage-

TheGeneralOperationofShipbuildingContractsPre-GFC&the06/08Bubble

第一階段-

金融危機(jī)前和06/08年泡沫期之前對(duì)造船合同的一般操作Generallytheresultwasanamicablesettlement

一般都能獲得友好解決WiththeYardreceivingmoremoneyandtheOwnerstakingdeliverysoonerratherthanmuchlater

船廠獲得更多價(jià)款，船東盡快接船Giventhenumberofshipsbuiltanddelivered,veryfewarbitrations鑒于建造和交付船舶的數(shù)量，仲裁案件很少Ofthearbitrationscommenced,veryfewtakentoafinalaward已經(jīng)開始的仲裁，很少進(jìn)行到最終裁決階段401stStage-

TheGeneralOperat2ndStage–

Pre-GFCbutinthemidstofthe06/08Bubble

第二階段–

經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)前，但處于06/08年泡沫期中期Contractsconcludedatanyprice

以任何價(jià)格締結(jié)合同Buyersnotbuyingashipbutacontract

買方不是買船而是合同Contractualtermsnotalwaysgivenverymuchattention