中醫基礎理論(中英文對照)中醫基礎理論(中英文對照)中醫基礎理論(中英文對照)xxx公司中醫基礎理論(中英文對照)文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度中醫基礎理論（中英文對照）One:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY

第一部分:歷史悠久的中國傳統醫學TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremotealongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162bookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions,geographicallocalitiesandindividualconstitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.

中醫有著幾千年的歷史,起源可追溯至遠古時代。在長期與疾病的斗爭中，中醫演化并形成了一套獨特且完整的理論體系。2000多年前出現的《黃帝內經》是中國現存的最早醫著。它由《素問》和《靈樞》兩部分組成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，總計162章。該書對人和自然的關系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預防和診治等方面進行了系統全面的說明。同時它運用陰陽和五行理論全面闡述了因時、因地、因人而異辯證論治的原則并且表達了整體觀念的思想即把人體看作一個整體，把人與其周圍的環境看作一個整體。這為中醫理論的形成奠定了初步的基礎。繼《黃帝內經》之后，東漢時期之前出現了《難經》。該書涉及了中醫的基礎理論如生理、病理和疾病的診治等。它補充了《黃帝內經》的不足。自此許多不同的學派及經典著作相繼出現，各抒己見。

ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothreegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chen),assistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).

《神農本草》(亦稱“本草經”或“本草”)是中國最早的藥物學專著。它出現于秦漢時期，作者不祥。它不僅羅列了365種藥物(其中草藥252種，動物類藥67種，礦物類藥46種)而且依藥物性質及功效的不同將其分為三個等級。同時，該書簡述了方劑的基本原則(君、臣、佐、使)和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。

IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled"TreatiseonFebrileDiseases",(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS(TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技術數據系統),therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.

漢朝(公元前3世紀)的張仲景是一位著名的醫家，著有《傷寒雜病論》。該書被后人分為兩部分，名為《傷寒論》和《金匱要略》。該書建立了辯證論治的原則及技術數據系統，因此，為臨床醫學的發展奠定了基礎。

IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion.

西金時期的著名醫家皇浦謐編輯的《針灸甲乙經》由12卷128章組成，包括349個穴位。它是現存最早的針灸學專著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。

TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610AD,ChaoYpiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichisthefirstpharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina,andtheearliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine".

隋唐時期形成了自己封建的經濟文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候論》對各種不同疾病的病因及癥狀進行了廣泛而詳細的描述。它是現存最早的病因及癥狀學著作。公元前657年，蘇敬和其他20名醫家學者編輯了《新修本草》。它是中國古代官方正式發起編輯的藥典，也是世界上最早的藥學著作。孫思邈(公元前581-682年)傾其一生精力撰寫了兩部著作，分別是《備急千金藥方》和《千金翼方》.書中涉及了醫理總論、中藥、婦產科、兒科、針灸、方藥飲食及養生等醫學的不同分支。兩本著作都是唐代醫學的代表作。孫思邈因此被后世譽為“方藥之祖”。

IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperialMedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers.In1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks"wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM.

宋朝更注重的是中醫教育。政府興辦了太醫局訓練和培養合格的中醫師。公元前1057年，一個特殊的組織-校正醫書局成立了，其目的是為了對從前的醫書進行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過的醫書流傳至今并仍是現今中國和全世界學習中醫的重要經典著作。

IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat"werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases,andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylatergenerations,ZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat"Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements.Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschoolwasknownasthe"schoolofnourishingyin"byfoundedZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice.

金元時期出現了四個醫學學派代表人物分別為：劉完素(公元前1120-1200)、張從正(公元前1156-1228)、李杲(公元前1180-1251)、朱震亨(公元前1281-1358)。他們中，劉完素認為火熱是導致各種疾病的病因，治療疾病應選擇性質寒涼的藥，因此被后世稱為“寒涼派”。張從正認為外邪侵犯人體是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驅邪外出，所以被稱為“攻邪派”。第三個學派以李杲為代表主張“脾胃內傷，百病由生”。因此強調臨床中最重要的應為溫養脾胃。因為脾在五行中屬土，故其被稱為“補土派”的奠基人。第四個學派為朱震亨發起的“滋陰派”。他認為“陽常有余，陰常不足。”因此在臨床上常用“滋陰瀉火”的方法。

LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).Thebookconsistsof52volumeswith1,892medicinalherbs,includingover10,000prescriptionsand1,000illustrationsofmedicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany,zoology,mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica.ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld.Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped.

李時珍(公元前1518-1593年)是漢朝著名的內科醫生及藥師，撰寫了《本草綱目》。該書共有52卷，記載了1892種藥，10000首方劑和1000條醫理注釋。另外該書還涉及了植物學、動物學、地質學、藥理學、天文學、氣象學等學科，是一部真正的藥物學不朽著作。它對中國乃至全世界藥學的發展作出了巨大的貢獻。在同一時期，針灸也達到了發展的高潮，許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結和發展。

SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM.In1986,theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine.

自從新中國成立以后，我國政府對繼承和發揚中醫藥遺產予以了高度的重視，制定了一系列利于中醫藥發展的方針政策和措施。1986年，國家中醫藥管理局成立了，它成為保證中醫藥順利發展的領導主體。中醫藥從來沒有象今天這樣繁榮過。在歷經了時代的變遷和滄桑之后，中醫藥仍然保持著其鮮活的生命力。毫無疑問，中醫藥將以嶄新的面貌聳立于世界之林。PartTwo:SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM

第二部分:中醫的獨特性與深刻意義TCM,oneofChina'ssplendidculturalheritages,isthesciencedealingwithhumanphysiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand,undertheinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics,evolvedintoaunique,integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth,theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures.

中醫是中國輝煌的傳統文化之一，它是一門涉及人體生理、病理、診斷、治療和疾病預防的科學。它是在古代樸素的唯物主義和辨證法的影響下對中國人民長期與疾病斗爭經驗的總結，并在長期的臨床實踐中演化成了一套獨特完整的醫學理論。在過去的幾千年里，中醫為中華人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁榮昌盛及世界醫學的豐富及發展做出了巨大的貢獻。中醫理論系統的形成受到古代中國的唯物主義和辯證法的極大影響。這套理論系統以臟腑經絡的生理病理為基礎，以辨證論治為其診斷特色。

TCMhasitsownspecificunderstandingbothinthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans,meridiansandTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution).

中醫在對人體的生理功能、病理改變和診治疾病方面有其獨特的見解。它把人體看作一個以臟腑和經絡相互聯系的有機整體并認為人體與其外界環境也是息息相關的。中醫高度重視內因即所謂的“七情”在疾病的發生和發展過程中所起的作用，但也決不排除外因的作用即所謂的“六淫”。在診斷方面，中醫以四診(望、聞、問、切)為技術原則、八綱辨證為指導總綱并把臟腑辨證、六經辨證、衛氣營血辨證作為其辨證論治的基礎。它強調“未病先防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、“調整陰陽”和“三因制宜”(因時、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。

Thesecharacteristicts,however,canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)

然而，對以上的中醫特點可以用“整體觀念”和“辨證論治”加以概括。

l.TheHolisticConcept1.整體觀念

By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,theunity)andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure,interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.

整體觀念的總思想是一方面認為人體是一個統一的整體，另一方面認為人體與其外界環境密切相關。人體由不同的臟腑組織組成，每個臟腑組織都有其獨特的功能并都是整個人體進行生命活動的組成部分。中醫把人體看作一個有機人體認為人體的各部分在生理上相互聯系和相互獨立，在病理上相互影響。同時，因為人類生活在自然中，自然提供給人類賴以生存的環境，所以人體就會直接或間接的受到自然環境變化的影響并產生相應的反應。中醫認為醫生在診治疾病時應該熟悉自然規律和地理環境。這便是中醫為何在診治疾病時既強調人體為一整體也重視人體與自然環境相互作用的關系。

2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes2.辨證論治

TCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient'ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns.

中醫的另一特色是辨證論治。“辨證”即綜合分析相關的癥狀，因此辨證意味著將四診收集到的癥狀加以分析和總結確定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正關系，從而確定疾病的證型。“論治”指的是根據辨證的結果選擇相應的治療。總的來說，辨證論治即在對癥狀的全面分析基礎上進行診治。

Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Takefluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-cold，wind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold,eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled"treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy",bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy.Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitbecomesobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones.

關于疾病和治療的關系，中醫在辨證論治的基礎上存在兩種治療途徑。一種是“同病異治”，即同一疾病在不同環境、不同階段下會顯示出不同的證候，因此，對同一疾病應根據患者的體質、地理環境的不同和天氣季節的變化采取不同的治療措施。例如流感可以由風寒、風熱、暑濕之邪造成，所以治療應相應的采取祛風散寒、疏散風熱和清暑化濕的方法。另一種是“異病同治”，即不同的疾病出現相同的證候可以采取相同的治療。例如瀉泄引起的脫肛和子宮下垂是兩種不同的疾病，然而，如果它們都是以中焦之氣下陷引起相同的證候為特征的話就可以采取相同的治療——升提中焦之氣。從以上，顯而易見，中醫并不是注重疾病之間的相似和不相似，而是重視證候的相同與否。總而言之，相同的證候采取相同的治療方法，不同的證候采取不同的治療方法。

Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferentcontradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS.

總之，原則是在疾病的發展過程中不同的本質矛盾應采取不同的方法，這就是辨證論治的核心。PartFour:THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY

第四部分:陰陽學說的應用Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis

陰陽理論滲透于中醫理論系統的各個方面。該理論可用于解釋人體的組織結構、生理功能和病理改變，也是指導臨床診斷的原則之一。

l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody1.解釋人體組織結構

Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Intermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangandtheabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence-qibutnotstoreit,and,forthisreason,theyareyang.Furthermore,eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories:yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangexistintheupperandlower,internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody,andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell.

人體是一個完整的整體。所有的組織結構都存在著有機聯系，并可被分為陰陽相反的兩類。這就是為什么《素問》說：人生有形，不離陰陽。就解剖位置而言，人體上部為陽，下部為陰；外為陽，內為陰；背為陽，腹為陰；四肢末端為陽，軀干為陰。就臟腑組織而言，臟藏而不泄，故為陰；而腑泄而不藏，故為陽。再者，臟腑的每一部分又可分陰陽。例如，心陰和心陽，腎陰和腎陽,胃陰和胃陽等等。就經絡系統之陰陽而言，可分為兩類：陰經和陽經，陰絡和陽絡。以上都屬于陰陽的對立兩面。以此而知，陰陽理論貫穿存在于人體的上下、內外、前后部分和內部組織之間。

2.ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody2.解釋人體的生理功能

Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresultfromtheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter.Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities.Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords,withoutfunctionalactivities,themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan'tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays:"Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell-conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence-qiexhausted."

陰陽理論認為人體的正常生命活動來自于陰陽對立統一關系的協調。以功能和物質的關系為例，功能屬陽，物質屬陰。人體的生理活動以物質為基礎。沒有物質，功能活動就無法維持。功能活動是物質形成的動力。換言之，沒有功能活動，物質形態就無法形成。因此，人體陰陽是相互依存的。如果陰陽不能相互補充而是相互分離，生命就將告終。故《素問》曰：陰平陽秘，精神乃治；陰陽離決，精氣乃絕。

3.ExplainingthePathologicalChanges3.解釋病理改變

TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenicfactors.Althoughthepathologlicalchangeswhichoccurindiseasesarecomplicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete,"yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";"yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes";"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang."

中醫認為陰陽不調是疾病的基本病理改變之一。疾病的發生和發展與正邪兩方面因素有關。盡管疾病的病理改變變幻復雜，但始終能歸結為陰陽的虛實。更具體的說就是“陽盛則熱，陰盛則寒；陽虛則寒，陰虛則熱；陽損及陰，陰損及陽”。

4.ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment4.指導診斷與治療

Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease,allclinicalmanifestations,nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin-yangtheory.SoTCMholds,"Askilleddiagnostician,firstofall,differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes,althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes,namely,yin,yang,interior,exterior,cold,heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory,exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang;whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease,TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithhot-natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin,.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes,thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled"treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation".Deficiency-coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin.ThisissaidinTCM,"restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang,"alsoknownas"treatingyangforyindiseases."TheinteriorheatsyndromeresultingfromyindeficiencybelongstoDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,"restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal腎)yin,"alsocalled"treatingyinforyangdiseases."

由于陰陽不調是疾病發生和發展的根源，所有的臨床癥狀，無論其有多么變幻復雜,都能用陰陽理論加以解釋。所以中醫認為“善醫者，必先察色按脈，以別陰陽”。在辨證中，雖然有八綱即陰陽、表里、寒熱、虛實，但總以陰陽為總綱。根據陰陽理論，表、熱、實屬于陽，里、寒、虛屬于陰。中醫治療疾病時首先確定治療原則。陽盛則產生實熱證，應投以寒性藥以抑亢陽，如熱者寒之。陰盛導致的寒證屬于實寒證，應投以熱性藥，以化實陰，如寒者熱之。以上的證候屬于實證，治療原則為“實者泄之”。陽虛導致的虛寒證應投以溫補之藥以化實陰。這在中醫稱為“益火之源，以消陰翳”，亦為“陰病治陽”。陰虛引起的內熱證屬于虛熱證，應投以滋補陰液之藥以抑亢陽，這就是中醫所說的“壯水之主，以制陽光”，亦稱為“陽病治陰”。

ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused,becauseyinandyangareinterdependent.Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem.

張景岳認為，治療陰虛或陽虛應該同時應用滋陰和扶陽的藥物，因為陰陽是相互依存的。因此，補虛瀉實適用于陰虛或陽虛之證，從而使陰陽重新建立平衡。

Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature,flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs.Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs.

陰陽理論不僅可用于診斷原則的確立，并可用于對藥物的性質、氣味和功效進行總結，從而為臨床用藥提供理論基礎。

Intermsofthemedicinalnature,herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang.Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour,bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang.Intermsofactions,herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin,whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang.

就藥物的性質而言，寒性藥屬于陰，溫熱藥屬于陽。就氣味而言，酸、苦、咸味藥屬于陰，辛辣、甜、淡味藥屬于陽。就藥物的功效而言，具有收斂、沉降功效的藥物屬陰，具有發散、升浮功效的藥物屬陽。

Tosumup,theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenrelevant(相關的)herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution(歸因)ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained.

總而言之，治療原則的確立必須以陰陽虛實為根據，相應藥物的選擇也必須依其陰陽歸屬及功效而定。所以，只有明確陰陽不調，才能最終達到治愈疾病的目的。

Specialphrases特殊詞組

treating...with...“治法+證名”＝“……者……之”

treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess實者泄之

treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，(orinvigoratingdeficiency)虛者補之

treatingcoldsyndromewithhot-natureddrugs，(orheatingthecold)寒者熱之

treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs，(orcoolingtheheat)熱者寒之PartFive:THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYINANCIENTCHINA

第五部分:五行學說-中國古代自然哲學觀Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire,earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime,wood,fire,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife.Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals(ZuoZhuan)says:"Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople.Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:"waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople."Thesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool,isusedtoexplainandexpounddifferentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations.Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory,likethetheoryofyin-yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它們的運動。五行理論來自于古代中國人民在生活和生產勞動中對自然界的觀察和學習。自古代以來，木、火、土、金、水就被認為是宇宙