書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-安徽體育運動職業技術學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

Passage1

肝臟是人體最大的腺體,它位于右上腹部。肝臟表面光滑,因血液供應豐富而呈暗紅色。大約25%的心輸出量流向肝臟。肝臟有許多重要的功能：1)營養物(蛋白質、碳水化合物和脂肪)、藥物和毒素的攝取、儲存和代謝。2)合成蛋白的產生和機體物質的代謝。

Passage2

100多年前,世界上第一輛汽車的誕生讓人們感受到速度帶來的震撼。然而,汽車在給人類社會帶來便捷的同時,消耗了大量的石油,而且每天排放大量污染物,對人類健康和生態環境造成嚴重危害。因此,研發節能與新能源汽車成為全球汽車業發展的主題。

Passage3

管理是一種社會職能,隱藏在習俗、信念等傳統里,以及政府政策和政治制度中,管理也是‘文化'。人與人的關系正代替人與自然或人與物之間的關系成為相互交往的首要方式。人文文化從科學尋找自信心、理智能意念；科學從人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、價值觀念。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

Theliveristhelargestglandinthebodyandislocatedintherightupperquadrantoftheabdomen.Itisglossyinappearanceanddarkredincolorfromtherichsupplyofbloodflowingthroughit.Approximately25%ofthecardiacoutputflowstotheliver.Itperformsmanyimportantfunctions:First,theuptake,storage,anddisposalofnutrients(protein,carbohydratesandfat),drugs,toxins.Second,theproductionofsyntheticproteinsandthemetabolismofsubstancesproducedbythebody.

Passage2

100yearsago,theworld'sfirstcarwasborntomakepeoplefeelthethrillofspeed.However,thecarbringconveniencetothehumansociety,itconsumesalotofoilatthesametime,anddischargelargequantitiesofpollutantseveryday,causingseriousharmtohumanhealthandecologicalenvironment.Therefore,thedevelopmentofenergy-savingandnewenergyautomobilehasbecomethethemeofglobalautomotiveindustrydevelopment.

Passage3

Managementisakindofsocialfunction,hiddenintraditionalcustom,faith,aswellasthegovernmentpolicyandpoliticalsystem.Managementisalsoa'culture'.Interpersonalrelationshipisreplacingtherelationshipbetweenhumanandthenatureorhumanandmaterialandbecometheprimarymodeofinteraction.Humanisticculturelookingforself-confidence,rationalideasfromscience;scienceabsorbinghumanemotionsandvaluesfromthehumanisticculture.

2.單選題

Heroinaddictiontodayisfoundchieflyamongyoungmenofminoritygroupsinghetto(貧民區)areas.Ofthemorethan60,000knownaddicts,morethanhalfliveinNewYorkState.MostofthemliveinNewYorkCity.Recentfiguresshowthatmorethanhalfoftheaddictsareunder30yearsofage.

Narcotic(麻醉的)addictionintheUnitedStatesisnotlimitedtoheroinusers.Somemiddle-agedandolderpeoplewhotakenarcoticdrugsregularlytorelievepaincanalsobecomeaddicted.Sodosomepeoplewhocangetdrugseasily,suchasdoctors,nurses,andpharmacists.Studiesshowthatthistypeofaddicthaspersonalityandemotionalproblemsverysimilartothoseofotherregularnarcoticusers.

Manyaddictsadmitthatgettingacontinuedsupplyisthemainobjectoftheirlives.Anaddict’sconcentrationongettingdrugsoftenpreventscontinuinganeducationorworkingatajob.Hishealthisoftenpoor.Hemaybesickonedayfromtheeffectsofwithdrawalandsickthenextfromanoverdose.Statisticsshowthatanaddict’slifespanmaybeshortenedby15to20years.Theaddictisusuallyintroublewithhisfamilyandalmostalwaysintroublewiththelaw.

Somestudiessuggestthatmanyoftheknownnarcoticaddictshadsometroublewiththelawbeforetheybecameaddicted.Onceaddicted,theymaybecomeevenmoreinvolvedwithcrimebecauseitcostssomuchtosupporttheheroinhabit.

Mostauthoritiesagreethattheaddict’sinvolvementwithcrimeisnotadirecteffectofthedrugitself.Turningtocrimeisusuallytheonlywaytogetthatmuchmoney.Theaddicts’crimesarenearlyalwaystheftsorothercrimesagainstproperty.

FederalpenaltiesforillegalnarcoticsusagewereestablishedundertheHarrisonActof1914.TheActprovidesthatillegalpossessionofnarcoticsispunishablebyfinesand/orimprisonment.Sentencescanrangefrom2to10yearsforthefirstoffence,5to20yearsforthesecond,and10to20yearsforfurtheroffenses.

Illegalsaleofnarcoticscanmeanafineof$20,000andasentencefrom20to40yearsforlateroffenses.Apersonwhosellsnarcoticstosomeoneunder18isrefusedparoleandprobation,evenforthefirstoffense.Ifthedrugisheroin,hecanbesentencedtolifeimprisonmentortodeath.

42.Whatisthetopicofthispassage?

43.Accordingtotheauthor,howcantheaddictsgetmoneyfordrugs?

44.Accordingtotheauthor,whocangetnarcoticeasily?

45.Apersonwhosellsherointoakidcanbe（）.

問題1選項

A.Howtocureadrugaddict.

B.Heroinandnarcotic.

C.Theharmofdrugsandtheantidrugmeasurestakenbythegovernment.

D.TheAmericanlaws.

問題2選項

A.Borrowfromtheirfamilies.

B.Byhardworking.

C.Inanillegalway.

D.Theauthordoesn’tmentionit.

問題3選項

A.Government

B.Medicalworkers

C.Theminorities

D.TheJews

問題4選項

A.fined$20,000

B.sentencedto5to20yearsinprison

C.sentencedtodeath

D.sentencedto20to40yearsinprison

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】42.主旨大意題。本文主要闡述了毒品的危害和政府應對毒品問題采取的措施。因此C選項“毒品的危害和政府采取的禁毒措施”正確，符合題意。A選項“如何治愈癮君子”在文中并未談及，可排除，B選項“海洛因和麻醉劑”只是小部分內容，不能作為文章的主旨，D選項“美國法”只說了對非法使用麻醉品的聯邦懲罰，不能作為文章主旨。故選C。

43.客觀細節題。定位在文章的第五段Turningtocrimeisusuallytheonlywaytogetthatmuchmoney.Theaddicts’crimesarenearlyalwaystheftsorothercrimesagainstproperty（犯罪往往是唯一獲得那么多錢的途徑。癮君子犯罪總是偷竊或者其他應對貧窮的犯罪。）由此可知癮君子購買毒品的錢多是通過非法途徑獲得的，因此C選項“以非法的方式”正確，符合題意。A選項“向家人借錢”，B選項“通過努力工作”，D選項“作者并未提及”均與題意不符，故選C。

44.客觀細節題。定位在第二段Sodosomepeoplewhocangetdrugseasily,suchasdoctors,nurses,andpharmacists.（一些能夠輕易獲得麻醉藥物的人，如醫生、護士和藥劑師，也容易因此而上癮。）由此可知醫務人員可以輕易的獲得麻醉藥物，因此B選項“醫務人員”正確，符合題意。A選項“政府”，C選項“少數民族”，D選項“猶太人”均與題意不符，故選B。

45.推理判斷題。定位到文章的最后一段Apersonwhosellsnarcoticstosomeoneunder18isrefusedparoleandprobation,evenforthefirstoffense.Ifthedrugisheroin,hecanbesentencedtolifeimprisonmentortodeath.（向18歲以下的人出售毒品會被拒絕假釋和緩刑，即使是初犯。如果毒品是海洛因，他可能被判無期徒刑或死刑。）由此可以推論只要是販賣海洛因不論對象是誰，最終判罪都只能是無期徒刑或者是死刑。因此C選項“判處死刑”正確，符合題意。A選項“罰款20000美元”，B選項“被判5到20年監禁”，D選項“被判20到40年監禁”均與題意不符，故選C。

3.單選題

“Doyouwanttoseemydriver’slicenseormypassport?”

“Oh,（

）."

問題1選項

A.eitherdoeswell

B.eitheronewilldo

C.eachoneisgood

D.eachwillbefine

【答案】B

【解析】考查時態。Either表示“兩者中的任何一個”，each表示“兩者中的每一個”。因此根據題干可知應該用either,時態應是將來時，所以選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

問題1選項

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項readily“容易地；樂意地；無困難地”；B選項smoothly“平穩地；平滑地；順利地；流暢地；平靜地；均勻地”；C選項inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D選項deliberately“故意地；緩慢而謹慎地”。句意：我們___要認識到有更多的人就意味著更低的生活水平。本句表達“不可避免地認識到”，因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Thepovertylineistheminimumincomethatpeopleneedforanacceptablestandardofliving.Peoplewithincomesbelowthepovertylineareconsideredpoor.Economistsstudythecausesofpovertyinordertofindsolutionstotheproblem.

Asthegeneralstandardoflivinginthecountryrises,thepovertylinedoes,too.Therefore,evenwithtoday’srelativelyhighstandardofliving,about10percentofthepeopleintheUnitedStatesarebelowthepovertyline.However,ifthesepeoplehadstablejobs,theycouldhaveanacceptablestandardofliving.Economistssuggestseveralreasonswhypoorpeopledonothavejobs.

Foronething,morethanhalfofthepoorpeopleintheUnitedStatesarenotqualifiedtowork.Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Bylaw,childrenlessthan16yearsoldcannotworkinmanyindustries.Alargenumberofpoorpeopleareold.Manycompaniesdonothirepeopleover65yearsold,thenormalretirementage.

Somepooradultsdonotlookforjobsforavarietyofpersonalreasons:theyaresick,theydonothaveanymotivation,theyhavefamilyproblems,ortheydonotbelievethattheycanfindajob.Otherpoorpeoplelookforajobbutcannotfindone.Manypooradultsneverwenttohighschool.Therefore,whentheylookforjobs,theyhavefewskillsthattheycanoffer.

Atthepresenttime,thegovernmentthinksitcanreducepovertyinthecountryinthefollowingways.

First,ifthenationaleconomygrows,businessesandindustrieshiremoreworkers.Someofthepoorwhoarequalifiedtolookforjobsmayfindemployment.Thentheywillnolongerbebelowthepovertyline.

Second,ifsocietyinvestsinthepoor,thepoorwillbecomemoreproductive.Ifthegovernmentspendsmoneyonsocialprograms,education,andtrainingforpoorpeople,thepoorwillhavetheskillstooffer.Thenitismorelikelythattheycanfindjobs.

Finally,ifthegovernmentdistributessociety’sincomedifferently,itraisessomepoorpeopleabovethepovertyline.Thegovernmentcollectstaxesfromthenon-poorandgivesmoneytothepoor.Thesepaymentstothepoorarecalledwelfare.In1975over18millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesreceivedwelfare.

Someeconomistsarelookingforbettersolutionstothepovertyproblem.However,atthepresenttime,manypeopledependonwelfareforaminimallyacceptablestandardofliving.

1.Theauthor’smainpurposetowritethisarticleis____________.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Morethan40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Thisismainlybecause____________.

4.MostoftheAmericanpoorpeoplearenotqualifiedforemploymentbecause____________.

5.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat____________.

問題1選項

A.todefinewhatthepovertylineis

B.toexplainwhyyoungpeoplelivebelowthepovertyline

C.tofindsolutionstotheproblemofpoverty

D.toshowsympathyforthosepoorpeople

問題2選項

A.TenpercentoftheAmericansliveapoorlife.

B.Poorpeoplearethosewholivebelowthepovertyline.

C.Thepovertylinerisesasthegeneralstandardoflivingrises.

D.Thepovertylinetendstobeatthesamelevel.

問題3選項

A.theydonothaveenoughmotivation

B.theyaresoyoungthattheyaredeprivedofchancestowork

C.theyfailtogetenougheducation

D.theyareverypoorinhealth

問題4選項

A.theydonothaveanymotivationtowork

B.theyarenotveryself-confident

C.theyaretooyoungortoooldtowork

D.theyhavephysicalandfamilyproblems

問題5選項

A.bettersolutionstothepovertyproblemarenotyetfound

B.welfarewillenablepeopletoberich

C.poorpeopleareboundtogooutofthepovertylineiftheyhavechancestodobusiness

D.employmentisthebestsolutiontothepovertyproblem

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.作者意圖題。根據第一段最后一句Economistsstudythecausesofpovertyinordertofindsolutionstotheproblem.（經濟學家研究貧困的原因是為了找到解決問題的辦法。），結合后文提到貧困的原因以及解決的方法，可知本文主要在尋找解決貧困的方法，故C選項“尋找解決貧困問題的方法”正確。A選項“定義貧困線”：在文章第一句提出，后面沒有進一步再解釋，故錯誤。B選項“解釋為什么年輕人生活在貧困線以下”：文章有提到，但這只是文章內容的一部分，故錯誤。D選項“對窮人表示同情”：不是文章主要表達的內容，故錯誤。沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據，A選項“百分之十的美國人過著貧困的生活”：根據第二段第二句about10percentofthepeopleintheUnitedStatesarebelowthepovertyline（10%的美國人生活在貧困線以下），可知A選項錯誤。B選項“窮人是那些生活在貧困線以下的人”：Peoplewithincomesbelowthepovertylineareconsideredpoor.（收入在貧困線以下的人被認為是窮人。），可知B選項錯誤。C選項“貧困線隨著總體生活水平的提高而提高”：根據第二段第一句Asthegeneralstandardoflivinginthecountryrises,thepovertylinedoes,too.（隨著國家總體生活水平的提高，貧困線也在提高。），可知貧困線不會一成不變，故D選項“貧困線往往在同一水平”正確，B選項錯誤。因此D選項正確。

3.事實細節題。根據第三段第二、三句Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Bylaw,childrenlessthan16yearsoldcannotworkinmanyindustries.（超過40%的窮人是兒童。根據法律規定，16歲以下的兒童不能在許多行業工作。），可知兒童沒有錢的原因是不能工作，故B選項“他們太年輕了，還不能工作”正確。A選項“他們沒有足夠的積極性”和D選項“他們的健康狀況很差”是一些成年人找不到工作的原因，故錯誤。C選項“他們沒有得到足夠的教育”：這是窮人普遍找不到工作的原因，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

4.事實細節題。根據第三段第二句Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.（超過40%的窮人是兒童。）和第四句Alargenumberofpoorpeopleareold.（大量的窮人是老人），可知年齡太小或太大而不能工作的兒童和老人是窮人中沒有就業資格的主要人群，故C選項“他們太年輕或太老而不能工作”正確。A選項“他們沒有工作的動力”，B選項“他們不是很自信”和D選項“他們有身體和家庭問題”：這些是少部分貧困成年人沒有工作的原因。因此C選項正確。

5.觀點態度題。根據第九段第一句Someeconomistsarelookingforbettersolutionstothepovertyproblem.（一些經濟學家正在尋找解決貧困問題的更好辦法），可知A選項“還沒有找到更好的解決貧困問題的辦法”正確。B選項“福利將使人們變得富有”：In1975over18millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesreceivedwelfare.（1975年，美國有超過1800萬人得到了社會福利），得到福利的人這么多，依然那么多人處于貧困，故錯誤。C選項“如果窮人有機會做生意，他們一定會走出貧困線”：根據第七段ifsocietyinvestsinthepoor…Thenitismorelikelythattheycanfindjobs.（如果社會對窮人進行投資……這樣他們就更有可能找到工作），可知窮人有機會做生意不代表一定會脫離貧困，故錯誤。D選項“就業是解決貧困問題的最好辦法”：根據上文，兒童和老人是貧困的主要人群，而他們沒有工作能力，所以就業不是解決貧困的最好方法，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Thefacultyofthecollegehesitatesaboutabolishingthephysicaleducationrequirement.

問題1選項

A.improving

B.canceling

C.concluding

D.reporting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項improving“提高”；B選項canceling“取消”；C選項concluding“結束”；D選項reporting“報告”。句意：那所大學的教員對取消體育課的要求猶豫不決。劃線部分abolishing是取消的意思。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Somepeoplecomplaindoctorsfor

toomanymedicinesforminorillnesses.

問題1選項

A.advising

B.delivering

C.ordering

D.prescribing

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。Advise“建議”；deliver“交付；遞送”；order“命令”；prescribe“開藥方”。句意：一些人抱怨醫生總是給小病開很多藥。選項D符合題意。

8.單選題

Dr.HowardMartingavefataldosesofpainkillerstoterminallyillpatientsoutof（

）andactedintheirbestinterests.

問題1選項

A.suspicion

B.curiosity

C.compassion

D.prejudice

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。suspicion“懷疑，猜疑”；curiosity“好奇”；compassion“同情，憐憫”；prejudice“偏見，損害”。句意：霍華德?馬丁醫生給絕癥晚期的病人服用致命劑量的止痛劑是出于同情，是為病人最佳利益考慮而采取的行動。選項C符合句意。

9.單選題

Itissometimesdifficultto（）ahappymediuminlife.

問題1選項

A.adopt

B.make

C.reach

D.strike

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。A選項adopt“采取；接受；收養；正式通過”；B選項make“使得；進行；布置，準備，整理；制造；認為；獲得；形成”；C選項reach“達到；延伸；伸出手；傳開；范圍；延伸；河段；橫風行駛”；D選項strike“撞擊；打；踢（球等）；突擊；罷工；使打動；侵襲；罷工；抗拒；襲擊；毆打”。根據固定搭配strikeahappymedium“采取折中的辦法；采取中庸之道”可知該題選strike。句意：生活中有時很難找到折中的辦法。因此D選項正確。

10.單選題

Theidealcompanionmachine-thecomputer-wouldnotonlylook,feel,andsoundfriendlybutwouldalsobeprogrammedtobehaveinapleasantmanner.Thosequalitiesthatmakeinteractioncomfortable,andyetthemachinewouldremainslightlyunpredictableandthereforeinteresting.Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitant,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamorerelaxedandintimatestyle.Themachinewouldnotbeapassiveparticipantbutwouldadditsownsuggestions,information,andopinions;itwouldsometimestaketheinitiativeindevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown.

Friendshipsarenotmadeinaday,andthecomputerwouldbemoreacceptableasafriendifitimitatedthegradualchangesthatoccurwhenonepersonisgettingtoknowanother.Atanappropriatetimeitmightalsoexpressthekindofaffectionthatstimulatesattachmentandintimacy.Thewholeprocesswouldbeaccomplishedinasubtlewaytoavoidgivinganimpressionofover-familiaritythatwouldbelikelytoproduceirritation.Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.

Anartificialrelationshipofthistypewouldprovidemanyofthebenefitsthatcouldcontinuefrompreviousdiscussions.Itwouldhaveafamiliaritywiththeuser'slifeasrevealedinearliercontact,anditwouldbeunderstandingandgood-humored.Thecomputer’sownpersonalitywouldbelivelyandimpressive,anditwoulddevelopinresponsetothatoftheuser.Withfeaturessuchasthese,themachinemightindeedbecomeaveryattractivesocialpartner.

1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureoftheidealcompanionmachine?

2.Thecomputerwoulddevelopfriendshipswithhumansina(n)-way（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingaspectsisnotmentionedwhenthepassagediscussesthebenefitsofartificialrelationships?

4.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorisinhisattitudetowardthecomputer（

）.

5.Whichmightbethemostappropriatetitleofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Activeincommunication

B.Attractiveinpersonality.

C.enjoyableinperformance

D.unpredictableinbehavior

問題2選項

A.Quick

B.unpredictable

C.productive

D.inconspicuous.

問題3選項

A.Beingabletopickupaninterestingconversation.

B.Beingsensitivetoearliercontact.

C.Beingreadytolearnabouttheperson'slife

D.Havingapleasantandadaptablepersonality.

問題4選項

A.favorable

B.critical

C.vague

D.hesitant

問題5選項

A.Artificialrelationships.

B.Howtoformintimaterelationships

C.Theaffectionatemachine

D.Humansandcomputers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節題。第一段指出:machinewouldremainslightlyunpredictable(機器有一點不可預測),因此D項與原文不符。

2.細節題。第二段:Thewholeprocesswouldbeaccomplishedinasubtlewaytoavoidgivinganimpressionofover-familiaritythatwouldbelikelytoproduceirritation(整個過程將以一種微妙的方式完成，以避免給人一種過于熟悉的印象，這可能會引起不安)。表明這種電腦與人類建立關系的過程是'inasubtleway,故選D項(不顯眼的，不引人注意的)。

3.細節題。第一段:itwouldsometimestaketheinitiativeindevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown(它有時會主動發展或改變話題，并擁有自己的個性),可以看出A跟D項有提到,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamorerelaxedandintimatestyle(但當它逐漸了解用戶時，它會發展成一種更輕松、更貼心的風格),可以看出C項有提到。而B選項(對早起的接觸很敏感)與"Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitant"不符,故選B。

4.態度方向。形容這種電腦作者用到的詞匯有:comfortable、interesting等,不難看出作者對這種電腦的態度是"favorable"贊賞的。

5.主旨大意題。作者介紹了這種“仿真交際”電腦與人類如何建立關系，并圍繞這種電腦的各項特點來介紹它是具有人情味、人性化的,因此C項作標題最合適。

11.單選題

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckdifferentpopulationsmakesthisoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave“density-independent”growthparameters,withvital,ratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronethingnopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproduce“noise”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

58.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

59.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedinparagraph2tobe______.

60.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsexcept______.

問題1選項

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizesandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswers

問題2選項

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.useful,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

問題3選項

A.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,doublingthenumberofobservationsmadewillprobablyresultintheisolationofdensity-dependenteffects.

B.Density-dependenteffectsonpopulationdynamicsdonotoccurasfrequentlyasdodensity-independenteffects.

C.Atpresent,ecologistsdonotunderstandanyoftheunderlyingcausesofthedensity-dependenteffectstheyobserveinpopulationdynamics.

D.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-dependentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

問題4選項

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.increasefromrelativelyhighvalues

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】58.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】中心主旨題。題干意思是“在這篇文章中，作者主要關注……”。文章首先提出物種增長的現象，隨即提出二分法并對其進行討論，最后對這個二分法進行評估，因此在這篇文章中，作者主要關注的是討論控制人口增長的兩類因素以及他們的重要性，所以A項“討論控制人口增長的兩類因素，并評估它們的相對重要性”符合題意。B項“描述自然種群的增長率如何隨時間波動，并解釋這些變化發生的原因”、C項“提出關于人口規模的假設，并提出檢驗它的方法”和D項“提出一個關于人口增長中環境因素的基本問題，并提出一些目前公認的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不夠全面。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

59.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，作者認為第2段討論的二分法是……”。第二段提到二分法，即therelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters（相對穩定的種群具有“密度依賴”的生長參數），并解釋了“密度依賴”和“密度獨立”，接著第三段闡述了二分法的局限性，倒數第二句和第三句提到Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.（換句話說，一個種群中99%的死亡可能是由密度獨立的原因造成的，只有1%是由隨密度變化的因素造成的。構成這百分之一的因素可能看起來不重要，它們的原因可能相應地很難確定。），最后第三段總結所有的種群都受到不同比例的密度依賴和密度獨立的交叉影響，所以可以推斷，作者認為第二段中討論的二分法有局限性，但是仍然是有用的，所以B項“有用的，但只有當它的局限性被承認的時候”符合題意，也可知D項“一個完整和充分的方法來解釋觀察到的現象”錯誤。A項“只適用于不穩定的人口”和C項“在大多數情況下是危險的誤導”沒提到。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

60.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“下面哪個陳述可以從最后一段推斷出來？”。根據題干定位到文章最后一段，由倒數第三句Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.（對于那些保持相對恒定的種群，或者那些在重復周期中振蕩的種群，即使引起生物學機制的原因可能仍然未知，也可以相當容易地描述信號的特征和它的影響。）可知，即使在不了解機制原因的情況下，信號的特征和它的影響也很容易描述，而這個信號就是密度依賴對生長參數的影響，所以D項“在不了解其成因機制的情況下，有時可能推斷出控制人口增長的密度依賴因素的存在”正確。倒數第二句提到Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.（對于不規則波動的種群，我們可能由于觀測結果太少而難以從大量噪聲中提取信號。）可知，對于不規則波動的種群，因為觀測結果太少所以沒有辦法提取信號，文中沒有提到這個結果和觀測次數有直接關系，A項“對于不規則波動的種群，將觀測次數翻倍可能會導致密度依賴效應的隔離”不正確。B項“密度依賴效應對種群動態的影響不像密度獨立效應那樣頻繁發生”和C項“目前，生態學家們還不了解他們在種群動態中觀察到的密度依賴效應的任何潛在原因”在最后一段中沒有相關信息能夠推理。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

61.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節事實題。題干意思是“根據文章，除了……以外，以下所有行為都在不同的人群中表現出來了”。文章第一段指出somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.（一些種群年復一年保持大致不變；其他表現出豐富和匱乏的規律周期；其他的情況差別很大，疾病的爆發和交通事故在某些情況下與天氣明顯相關，而在另一些情況下則不是。），由此可知，對于不同的種群，數量的變化不是一直不變的，或者是有增加或減少的規律，而且有些種群會受到天氣相關因素的影響，而有些則不會，所以A項“每年大致不變的人口水平”、B項“在數量上增加和減少的規律循環”和C項“與天氣相關的不規則增長”均排除。在第一段第一句提到allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.（所有的物種似乎都有一種與生俱來的能力，可以一代又一代地增加它們的數量），可知D項“從相對較高的值增加”是符合題意的。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

12.單選題

Despiterepeated（

）byeducationalauthoritiesforconcretemeasurestoreducestudents’burdens，littlehaschanged.

問題1選項

A.directions

B.recommendations

C.advice

D.calls

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管教務部再三呼吁減輕學生負擔，但是幾乎沒有改變。direction“指示”；recommendation“推薦；建議”；advice“建議”；calls“呼吁”。根據句意，選項D符合題意。

13.單選題

I’msureyourresearchhas______thisdisease.

問題1選項

A.contributedtounderstandingof

B.contributedtounderstandof

C.beencontributedtounderstandof

D.beencontributedtounderstandingof

【答案】A

【解析】考查賓語從句。句意：我相信你的研究有助于了解這種疾病。I’msure(that)+賓語從句，根據contribute的動作發生在過去、對現在有影響，確定用現在完成時；根據contribute的動作是主動發生，確定用主動語態；根據of所屬結構確定用名詞性的understanding，A選項contributedtounderstandingof符合題意。B選項understand是動詞詞性，C選項和D選項中hasbeendone是被動語態。因此A選項正確。

14.單選題

strophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,“two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.

AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalin