書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-南昌航空大學科技學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Theschoolshootingtriggeredabarrageoftransparentlyirrelevantproposedsolutions,tossedoutwithoutregardtotheirrelevancetotheeventsthatsupposedly______theproposals.

問題1選項

A.occasioned

B.concerned

C.illuminated

D.ensued

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。occasion“引起，惹起”；concern“涉及；使擔心”；illuminate“闡明；照亮”；ensue“追求”。句意：學校槍擊事件引發了一連串明顯不相干的解決方案，而這些方案與引發這些方案的事件毫無關聯。選項A符合題意。

2.單選題

Byafternoon,itwasimpossibleto（）theheat,sowestoppedworkingandwent

inside.

問題1選項

A.mask

B.endure

C.defeat

D.shelter

【答案】B

【解析】句意:到下午了，我們不可能忍受炎熱，因此，我們要停止工作，回到室內。

考查動詞辨析。mask掩藏；endure忍耐，容忍；defeat戰勝，擊敗；shelter保護，庇護。根據賓語theheat熱度可知，B項正確。

3.單選題

Evenwhentextbooksare（）throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.

問題1選項

A.commonplace

B.standardized

C.competitive

D.generalized

【答案】B

【解析】commonplace陳腐的,平凡的;standardized標準化的;competitive有競爭力的,競爭的;generalized廣泛的,普遍的。句意：即使是通過學校的系統把教科書規范化,教學的方法也會有很大的不同。

4.單選題

Heisamanyoucanrelyon.Henevergoesbackonhis（

）.

問題1選項

A.word

B.words

C.permission

D.saying

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他是一個值得信賴的人。他從不食言。

考查固定搭配。gobackonone’swords食言。

5.單選題

Thefilmwasgiventheabsent（）.

問題1選項

A.treatment

B.board

C.applause

D.comment

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項treatment“治療，療法，處理，對待”；B選項board“董事會，木板，甲板，膳食”；C選項applause“歡呼，喝彩，鼓掌歡迎，掌聲”；D選項comment“評論，意見，批評，描述”。begiventheabsenttreatment指被冷落。句意：這部影片受到了觀眾冷落。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Theresultmeansthatthe______worldchampionhasextendedhisleadinthisseason’schampionship.

問題1選項

A.tramping

B.loitering

C.reigning

D.strolling

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項tramping為動詞tramp的現在分詞，表示“踩，步行”，B項loitering為動詞loiter的現在分詞，表示“閑蕩，虛度，盤旋”，C項reigning為形容詞，表示“統治的，在位的，本屆的”，D項strolling為形容詞，表示“巡回演出的，消閑散步的”。空格處缺少一個定語修飾worldchampion“世界冠軍”，由此可知，四個選項中只有C項符合語境。句意：這一結果意味著這位衛冕世界冠軍在本賽季的錦標賽中擴大了領先優勢。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

7.單選題

Ithasoftenbeenmyfate—perhapstheexpatriate'sfateingeneral,perhapsmerelytheself-hater’s—tobeagainstthings.AsanAmerican,Ihavefrequentlyseemedanti-American;asaneducatedperson,I'moftenanti-intellectual.WhenItaughtatHarvard,Iwasanti-Harvard.Allofthosemakeme,Isuppose,arathergoodEuropean,sinceEuropeansare,atheart,suspiciousofeveryformbelonging,andgreatbelieversinthenon-conformistlife.

Thesedaysmorethanever,Europeansseemtoharborimmensesuspicious,ifnotdisdain,towardtheUSasformerRussianPresidentMikhailGorbachevputitrecentlyintheWashingtonPost,“Theworlddoesn'twanttobeAmerican.”Indeed,hereinEurope,manycitizenstrembleattheverythought.Why?Aside,ofcourse,fromthefacileandone-dimensionalexplanationofjealousy,isn'ttherestofthefreeandnot-so-freeworldburstingattheseamstobelikethecitizensofthecountrythatbroughtuslife,libertyand—thatanthemofthemodemage—thepursuit

ofhappiness?

Onereason,itoccurstome,issimpleandyetprofound;Americalackscharm.Mysister-in-law,asingleFrenchwelfaremotherwholivesinabeautifulprovincialvillagewithfourboysbetween4and18,allathome,seemstome,despiteherdifficulties,tohavemorecharminherlife—theweeklytripstothemarket,theoccasionalglassofredwine,thetiltedroofsandstonewallsofthevillageitself—thanmanyamillionaireinmygreathomestateofTexas.(Howhorrible!ThePuritanmindclaims,awelfaremotherwithaglassofwine!InFrance,however,evenwelfaremothersareentitledtotheoccasionalredwine.)Andmyimpoverishedsister-in-law,unlikesomanyofthosemillionaires,knows,inthewordsofGuydeMaupassant,how"tobecharmingwithnothingatall".

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Fromthepassage,whatkindofpersoncanweassumetheauthoris?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,howaretheattitudeschangingtowardsAmerica?

4.Whichofthefollowingopinionscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.WhatdoestheauthorfindmostcharmingintheFrenchvillage?

問題1選項

A.TheCharmingandSuspiciousEuropeans

B.ACharmingFrenchWelfareMother

C.TheCharmingLifeinaFrenchVillage

D.AmericaLosestheCharmWar

問題2選項

A.Jealous

B.Profound

C.Non-conformist

D.Traditional

問題3選項

A.Europeanshavealwaysseemedanti-American.

B.EuropeansarelessagreeabletotheUnitedStates.

C.EuropeansincreasinglytrytoemulateAmericanideas.

D.Europeanshavetheirownstyle,sonothinghaschanged.

問題4選項

A.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"shouldneverdrinkredwine.

B.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"shouldoccasionallydrinkredwine.

C.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"havetherighttodrinkredwine.

D.Theauthorthinksonlyrichmothershavetherighttodrinkredwine.

問題5選項

A.Simplethingsbutnotextravagant.

B.Thepursuitofhappiness.

C.Thebeautifulvillagescenery.

D.Thevillagers',senseofbelonging.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章反映出美國現在面臨的問題并且在討論美國現在越來越失去它的影響力和吸引力,因此D最適合作文章標題。

2.細節事實題。第一段最后一句指出:Allofthosemakeme,Isuppose,arathergoodEuropean,sinceEuropeansare,atheart,suspiciousofeveryformbelonging,andgreatbelieversinthenon-conformistlife(所有這些都使我更像歐洲人，因為從本質上講，歐洲人對每一種形式的歸屬都持懷疑態度，也支持非墨守成規的生活)。故選C。

3.細節事實題。第二段開頭指出:Europeansseemtoharborimmensesuspicious,ifnotdisdaintowardstheUSasformerRussianPresidentMikhailGorbachevputitrecentlyintheWashingtonPost,“Theworlddoesn'twanttobeAmerican(歐洲人似乎對美國保持著一種如果不能說是不屑的那就是非常懷疑的態度，正如前俄羅斯總統MikhailGorbachev最近在《華盛頓郵報》中指出的‘世界并不想成為美國人”),因此歐洲人現在對美國持有的是懷疑的態度,故選B。

4.判斷推理題。根據題干關鍵詞welfaremothers定位至最后一段:InFrance,however,evenwelfaremothersareentitledtotheoccasionalredwine(然而，在法國就算是接受福利救濟的母親也有資格偶爾喝點紅酒)。故選C“作者認為接受福利救濟的母親是有權利喝紅酒的”。

5.判斷推理題。最后一句指出:Andmyimpoverishedsister-in-law,unlikesomanyofthosemillionaires,knows,inthewordsofGuydeMaupassant,how"tobecharmingwithnothingatall(和很多的百萬富翁不同，我那貧窮的嫂子懂得莫泊桑作品中的一句話:簡單才是最大的魅力)。由此可知作者認為法國的村莊最有魅力的地方就是簡單而不奢華。

8.單選題

Inspiteofyourlivingsofarawaywebothhopeverymuch（）.

問題1選項

A.yourcoming

B.youtocome

C.thatyoucame

D.thatyoucome

【答案】D

【解析】考查語法結構。hope后面一般不接賓語sb.，而是直接接todosth.或that從句，由此可首先排除選項A和選項B；再根據句意“盡管你住得很遠，但我們都希望你能來”。這里使用一般現在時即可，不用過去時，所以選項D正確。

9.單選題

InItaly,itisgoodmannersforaman[A]togreetanothermanwithanembraceandakiss[B]oneverycheek.[C]NotsoinSouthTexas,wheremenstand3feetapartand[D]at90degreeanglestoconversewithoneanother.Allcultureshaverulesandifyouviolatethem,youwillbeexcluded.

問題1選項

A.greetanotherman

B.oneverycheek

C.NotsoinSouthTexas

D.at90degreeangles

【答案】B

【解析】考查代詞用法。B選項中的every指三個或以上的人或事物的全體，而一個人的臉頰只有兩邊，應將every改為each。

10.單選題

WhenRobertShiller,aYaleeconomistandbestsellingauthor,toldacrowdoffinanceprofessorsandeconomicsstudentslastspringthatonly10percentofhismoneywasinvestedinstocks,theygasped.

Managersmightsuggestanywherefrom50to90percent.But10percent?Thiswasheresy.

Howabout0percent?

That’sthesharethatinvestorsshouldplowintodomesticstocks,accordingtoBenInker,directorofassetallocationforGrantham,Mayo,andVanOtterloo&,Co.(GMO),amoney-managementfirmwithsome$85billioninassets.

Welcometoacontrarianviewoftoday'sequitymarkets.Asmallbutvocalbandofhereticsiscallingintoquestionnotonlytheprofitpotentialofstocksbutalsothefoundationforconventionalwisdomaboutinvesting.Evenforthosewhodisagreewiththem,theirargumentsserveasarealitycheckforthemarket.

Areconventionalportfoliosreallyassafeasexpertssay?

“Don’tbesurprisedthattheWallStreetbrokeragefirmsspendmostoftheirtimetellingyouthatstocksarecheap,”warnsMr.Inker.“WallStreetlikesthemarket.Itlikestrading.WallStreetmakesalotmoremoneyoffoftradingstocksthantradingbonds.”

Thetrickistodetermineyourportfolio’sexposuretorisk,analystssay.Andthatdepends——toasurprisinglylargedegreeonhowdiversifieditisandhowlongyou’repreparedtostaythecourse.Thesearekeyelementsof“modemportfoliotheory,”whichcameintobeinginthe1950sandeventuallywonitscreator,HarryMarkowitz,aNobelPrize

Essentially,portfoliotheoryholdsthatinvestorsreapthegreatestreturnwiththeleastriskwhentheyallocatetheirmoneyamongdiverseclassesofassets,holdthemforthelongterm,andrebalancetheportfoliowhenthevariousclassesofassetsstraytoofarfromtheiroriginalallocation.

Tomakeitwork,youneedtoownassetclassesthatdon'tmoveinlockstep,makeaccurateestimatesoftheirfuturereturns,anduseaverylongtimehorizon.Amiscalculationinevenoneofthesesteps,however,canseriouslyhurltheprospectsforreachingyourultimategoal.

“Thelong-termnatureisthedrivingforceoftheportfolio,”saysJerryKorabilk,vicepresidentofIbbotsonAssociates,aChicago-basedassetallocationadviser.“Allofourclientsareinstitutions,andwedevelopportfolioswith10-,20-,even30-yeartimehorizons.”

Ridingtherollercoaster

Thus,investorsshouldnevertrytogetinandoutofthemarketatspecifictimes,thetheoryholds.Instead,theyshouldridetheinevitableebbandflowofprices.Iftheyhaveallocatedtheirmoneycorrectly,someportionoftheirportfoliowillalmostalwaysbemakingmoney.Byrebalancingtheirportfoliosperiodically——sellingoffsomeofthewinningassetclassesandbuyingmoreofthelosers—theyarecontinuallybuyinglowandsellinghigh,atleastinarelativesense.

Thisbuy-and-holdstrategyhaswonoverhordesofinvestors.TheaverageFidelityretirementaccounthasnearly60percentofitsmoneyinstocks,arecentstudyfound.Theoverallaverageforretirementaccounts:61percent,accordingtotheEmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.Evenequityallocationsforcollegeanduniversityendowmentshoveraround57.1percent,saystheNationalAssociationofCollegeandUniversityBusinessOfficers.

Theproblemisthatinvestorssometimeshavetobeextraordinarilypatientforthestrategytopayoff.In1981,forexample,theS&P500indexstoodatthesamelevelitfirstachievedin1965.Todaytheindexisabout30percentlowerthanitspeakin2000.Doinvestorsreallyhavetoputupwithsuchlongperiodsoflosses?

Profitsofimpatience

No,sayasmallcontingentofmoneymanagers.Byavoidingthestockmarketastheirprimaryengineforprofitduringthepastfiveyears,severalofthesemanagershavepostedgoodreturns.

TakethePermanentPortfolioFund.Unlikemanybalancedfunds,whichdiversifyprimarilybetweenstocksandbonds.Itencompassesamuchwidervarietyofassets:20percentgoldbullionandcoins,5percentsilverbullionandcoins,10percentSwissfrancdenominatedassets(typicallySwissgovernmentbonds),15percentUSandforeignrealestateandnatural-resourcecompanystocks,15percentaggressive-growthstocks,and35percentindollarassets(Treasurysecuritiesinvaryingmaturitiesandalsoshort-term,high-gradebonds).

Overthepastfiveyears,whiletheS&P500hasslippedbackward,thePermanentPortfolioFundhasaveragedastartling10.1percentgrowthperyear.

“Wedon’tcorrelatetoanyindexbecauseweowndifferentassets,”saysthefund'smanager,MichaelGuggino.“Inmarketswherestocksandequitiesaregoingsidewaysordown,weperformverywellbecauseourdiversificationismuchbroader.Ifequitiesgogangbusterslikeinthe90s,clearlywearegoingtounderperformbecausewewon’tbetotallyinstocks.”

Indeed,thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsofthe1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints.

1.Accordingto“modemportfoliotheory,”weshould（）.

2.Inthelastparagraph,“Thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsof1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints.”Weseefromthissentencethat（

）.

3.Whatattitudedoestheauthorhavetowardsconventionalportfolios?

4.Inthelast2ndparagraph,“Ifequitiesgogangbusterslikeinthe1990s,clearlywearegoingtounder-performbecausewewon’tbetotallyinstocks.”Weknowfromthissentenceallofthefollowingexceptthat（）.

問題1選項

A.buyonesinglykindofstocks

B.neversellourstocks

C.sellstockswhosepricesgorelativelytoohighinourportfolio

D.buystockswhosepricesfluctuatesatthesamepace

問題2選項

A.thefund'sprofitswerenotgoodenough

B.thefund'sperformanceduringthe1990sisverypoor

C.thefundlostmoneyduringthe1990s

D.thefunddidexceedinglywellduringthe1990s

問題3選項

A.Skeptical

B.Scathing

C.Detached

D.Boastful

問題4選項

A.the1990ssawaboomingstockmarket

B.“we”underperformedduringthe1990s

C.“we”willchangeourcourseofaction

D.“we”arenottotallyinstocks

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。題目問的是“根據現代資產組合理論，我們應該……”。文章第八段提到“這在很大程度上取決于資產的分散性和你打算持有多久。這些是現在資產組合理論的關鍵部分”（Andthatdepends——toasurprisinglylargedegree——onhowdiversifieditisandhowlongyou'repreparedtostaythecourse.Thesearekeyelementsof“modernportfoliotheory”…），可知強調的是多樣性，而不是“單個”，因此選項A可以排除；文章第十段提到“為了讓它（投資組合）起作用，你需要擁有不同類型且不同步變化的資產，并且你還需要對資產進行預估”（Tomakeitwork,youneedtoownassetclassesthatdon’tmoveinlockstep,makeaccurateestimatesoftheirfuturereturns,anduseaverylongtimehorizon），因此選項D中的atthesamepace錯誤，可以排除；文章第九段rebalancetheportfolio,第十二段提到“平衡投資組合包括出售一些盈利的資產，買入更多虧損的資產類別”（Byrebalancingtheirportfoliosperiodicallysellingoffsomeofthewinningassetclassesandbuyingmoreofthelosers），因此選項B錯誤。綜上，選項C符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“我們從最后一段的這句話中了解到了什么？”文章最后一句提到“實際上，在上世紀90年代的繁榮時期，該基金表現明顯滯后，導致這十年的平均年回報率落后于標準普爾500指數4個百分點”（Indeed,thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsofthe1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints），由此可以推斷在90年代股市暴漲在基金中不明顯，因此選項A符合題意。

3.觀點態度題。題目問的是“對于傳統資產組合，作者是何種態度？”文章第六段提問道“傳統的資產組合真的像專家們所說的那樣安全嗎？”下文對此進行解答，因此選項C“客觀的”符合題意。skeptical“懷疑的”；scathing“嚴厲的”；boastful“自夸的，自負的”。

4.推理判斷題。題目問的是“我們從倒數第二段的這句話中了解到以下信息，除了……”該句出現在倒數第二段最后一句話，意思是“如果股票像90年代那樣行情火爆，那么很明顯，我們的運作將會差于一般市場價格，因為我們不會完全投資于股市”，“90年代股票市場繁榮”“‘我們’在90年代運作不佳”“‘我們’沒有完全投資于股市”均在句子中體現了，只有C選項沒有體現，因此該選項符合題意。

11.單選題

Intheolddays,childrenwerefamiliarwithbirthanddeathaspartoflife.ThisisperhapsthefirstgenerationofAmericanyoungsterswhohaveneverbeenclosebyduringthebirthofababyandhaveneverexperiencedthedeathofafamilymember.

Nowadayswhenpeoplegrowold,weoftensendthemtonursinghomes.Whentheygetsickwetransferthemtoahospital,wherechildrenareforbiddentovisitterminallyillpatientsevenwhenthosepatientsaretheirparents.Thisdeprivesthedyingpatientofsignificantfamilymembersduringthelastfewdaysofhislifeanditdeprivesthechildrenofanexperienceofdeath,whichisanimportantlearningexperience.

SomeofmycolleaguesandIonceinterviewedandfollowedapproximately500terminallyillpatientsinordertofindoutwhattheycouldteachusandhowwecouldbeofmorebenefit,notjusttothembuttothemembersoftheirfamiliesaswell.Weweremostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheirseriousillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.

Itisimportantforfamilymembers,anddoctorsandnursestounderstandthesepatients’communicationsinordertotrulyunderstandtheirneeds,fears,andfantasies.Mostofourpatientswelcomedanotherhumanbeingwithwhomtheycouldtalkopenly,honestly,andfranklyabouttheirtrouble.Manyofthemsharedwithustheirtremendousneedtobeinformed,tobekeptup-to-dateontheirmedicalconditionandtobetoldwhentheendwasnear.Wefoundoutthatpatientswhohadbeendealtwithopenlyandfranklywerebetterabletocopewiththeapproachofdeathandfinallytoreachatruestageofacceptancepriortodeath.

1.TheeldersofcontemporaryAmericans（）.

2.ChildreninAmericatodayaredeniedthechance（）.

3.Fivehundredcriticallyillpatientswereinvestigatedwiththemainpurposeof（）.

4.Theneedofadyingpatientforcompanyshows（）.

5.Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項

A.wereoftenabsentwhenafamilymemberwasbornordying

B.werequiteunfamiliarwithbirthanddeath

C.usuallywitnessedthebirthordeathofafamilymember

D.hadoftenexperiencedthefearofdeathaspartoflife

問題2選項

A.tolearnhowtofacedeath

B.tovisitdyingpatients

C.toattendtopatients

D.tohaveaccesstoahospital

問題3選項

A.observinghowtheyreactedtothecrisisofdeath

B.helpingthemandtheirfamiliesovercomethefearofdeath

C.findingouttheirattitudetowardstheapproachofdeath

D.learninghowtobesthelpthemandtheirfamilies

問題4選項

A.Iiisdesireforcommunicationwithotherpeople

B.hisfearofapproachingdeath

C.hispessimisticattitudetowardshiscondition

D.hisreluctancetopartwithhisfamily

問題5選項

A.dyingpatientsareafraidofbeingtoldoftheapproachofdeath

B.mostdoctorsandnursesunderstandwhatdyingpatientsneed

C.dyingpatientsshouldbetruthfullyinformedoftheircondition

D.mostpatientsareunabletoacceptdeathuntilitisobviouslyinevitable

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。第一段指出:Intheolddays,childrenwerefamiliarwithbirthanddeathaspartoflife(在過去,孩子們對出生和死亡非常熟悉,是他們生活的—部分),以及:ThisisperhapsthefirstgenerationofAmericanyoungsterswhohaveneverbeenclosebyduringthebirthofababyandhaveneverexperiencedthedeathofafamilymember(現在的孩子可能是從未目睹要兒的降生和親人的死亡的第一代美國人)。由此推斷C項“(當代美國老年人)常目擊家庭成員的出生或死亡”正確。

2.判斷推理題。第二段指出:Whentheygetsickwetransferthemtoahospital,wherechildrenareforbiddentovisitterminallyillpatients—evenwhenthosepatientsaretheirparents(當他們生病時候就被轉移到醫院,而小孩卻被禁止去看望甚至是自己父母的臨終病人)。由此推斷B項“探望臨終父母”正確。

3.細節事實題。第三段指出:...inordertofindoutwhattheycouldteachusandhowwecouldbeofmorebenefit,notjusttothembuttothemembersoftheirfamiliesaswell(為了發現他們（即臨終的病人）能讓我們明白什么,和我們怎樣能幫助他們和他們的家人),由此可知D項“學習如何最好地幫助他們和他們的家人”正確。

4.判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Mostofourpatientswelcomedanotherhumanbeingwithwhomtheycouldtalkopenly,honestly,andfranklyabouttheirtrouble(我們采訪的大多數病人歡迎另一個他們能與之坦率、真誠且坦白地談及自己疾病的人),因此A項“他渴望與他人交流”正確。

5.判斷推理題。A:臨終的病人害怕被告知死亡的來臨,C:臨終病人應該被誠實地告知自己的病情,最后一段指出:Manyofthemsharedwithustheirtremendousneedtobeinformed,tobekeptup-to-dateontheirmedicalconditionandtobetoldwhentheendwasnear(他們（即我們采訪的臨終病人）中的很多人都表現出希望被告知自己的病情,希望能夠了解自己病情的最新情況,并且希望知道死亡什么時候來臨),由此可知A項不正確,C項正確。B:大多數醫生和護士了解臨終病人的需求,第四段指出:Itisimportantforfamilymembers,anddoctorsandnursestounderstandthesepatients’communicationsinordertotrulyunderstandtheirneeds,fears,andfantasies(為了真正懂得他們的需求、恐懼和夢想,了解這些病人的信息對家庭成員、醫生和護士而言是重要的),因此B項不正確。D:大多數病人直到死亡己然成定局吋才接受,最后一段指出:Wefoundoutthatpatientswhohadbeendealtwithopenlyandfranklywerebetterabletocopewiththeapproachofdeathandfinallytoreachatruestageofacceptancepriortodeath(我們發現那些被公開坦誠地對待的病人在對待死亡的臨近和接受死亡的問題上處理得更好),因此D項不正確。故選C。

12.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻礙)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

問題1選項

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題4選項

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

問題5選項

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇主要討論不同的領導者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社會群體中所充當的角色和發揮的功能，所以D選項“領導在社會群體中的作用”符合題意。A選項“領導者面臨的問題”和B選項“領導能力在小群體和大群體中的區別”以及C選項“社會群體如何決定誰將領導他們”文章都沒有提及。因此D選項正確。

2.細節事實題。根據題干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，傳統的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領導地位）”由此可知D選項“傳統的文化模式”說法正確；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在較大的群體中，領導人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的。）”，由此可知A選項“招聘”；B選項“正式的選舉程序”文中也有提到；只有C選項“具體的領導力培訓”與該題無關，因此C選項正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據題干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意為：領導者沒有一個固定的特點，只是符合了一個特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領導者。A選項“某一特定群體的有效領導者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領導者”符合題意；B選項“很少有人能成功地與他人分享領導角色”和C選項“一個人通過學習領導力的研究能更好的學習如何成為一個有效的領導者”文章第二段均未提到；D選項“許多人想成為領導者，但卻很少能拿出證據來證明他們具有這樣的資格”曲解了文章意思，不符合題意，因此A選項正確。

4.細節事實題。根據題干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（數十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據來證明哪些人可以成為天生領導者）”，所以B選項“沒有證據表明天生的領導者存在”符合題意。A選項“很少有人稱得上是天生的領導者”；C選項“天生的領導者很容易被群體成員接受”；D選項“天生的領導者有一組相似的特征”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項正確。

5.細節事實題。根據題干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型領導是一種強調社會群體完成任務的領導方式）”，由此可知工具型領導通常關注的是實現目標，所以D選項“實現目標”符合題意。A選項“確保和諧關系”；B選項“與小組成員分享責任”；C選項“確定新的領導者”說法都不正確。因此D選項正確。

13.單選題

ManystatesinAmericahavepassedlawsthatsaychildrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycareunlesstheyhavebeen______againsttetanus,diphtheria,measles,mumpsandwhoppingcough.

問題1選項

A.diagnosed

B.concurred

C.immunized

D.infected

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項diagnose表示“診斷，斷定”，B項concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C項immunize表示“賦予免疫性，（尤指通過注射疫苗）使免疫”，D項infect表示“感染，傳染”。根據unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示條件，結合前面的句子childrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycare（兒童不能上學或上托兒所）以及后面的tetanus（破傷風）、diphtheria（白喉）等詞，可知“使免疫”符合語境。句意：美國許多州都通過了法律，規定兒童不能上學或上托兒所，除非他們已經接種了預防破傷風、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

14.單選題

Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcan（1）thejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisreallyimportanttoyou!Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyou

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toyou.

Aresearchpaper,（7）inacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor;（8）

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（11）whichyoucanmakeexcitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Theresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,to

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Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.

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（19）,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.

（20）consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachandyouwillfindgreatpleasureinit.

問題1選項

A.exterminate

B.disparage

C.overwhelm

D.exceed

問題2選項

A.confrontwith

B.conformto

C.comeacross

D.concentrateon

問題3選項

A