書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-東營職業學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Governmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations______formallanguageisused.

問題1選項

A.inwhich

B.onwhich

C.inthat

D.atwhat

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。formallanguageisused是用來修飾situations的定語從句，并且是一個完整的句子，可知橫線上的部分充當關系副詞，根據短語inthesituation可知橫線部分表示地點，所以答案選A選項inwhich，B選項onwhich錯誤。inwhat用法錯誤，故C選項inwhat錯誤。atwhat用法錯誤，D選項atwhat錯誤。句意：政府報告、考試作文、法律文件和大多數商務信函是使用正式語言的主要情況。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Thereisnotthewomanbornwhodesirestoeatthebreadofdependence,nomatter(

)fromthehandoffather,husband,orbrother;foranyonewhodoessoeatherbreadplacesherselfinthepoweroftheperson（）shetakesit.

問題1選項

A.whethertheybe....fromwhich

B.whetheritbe...fromwhom

C.wouldtheybe....fromwhom

D.woulditbe…fromwhich

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法結構。句意：世上沒有生來就想靠別人吃飯的女人，無論是靠父親、丈夫還是兄弟；因為任何一個人這樣做的話，就是將自己置于施舍之人的權利之下。根據句意可知，第一空主要是需要明確from的主語應該是“thebread”，所以應該用單數形式的it來指代，由此可排除選項A和選項C；其次第二空的先行詞是theperson，關系代詞應該用whom，所以選項B正確。

3.單選題

Don’tthisnewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-ahead.

問題1選項

A.relieve

B.release

C.relate

D.inform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項relieve表示“解除，減輕”；B選項release表示“釋放，發布”；C選項relate表示“涉及，關聯，認同”；D選項inform表示“通知，告訴”。根據句意可知，在得到許可前切勿向大眾發布消息。故本題正確答案為B選項。

4.單選題

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis（）producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

問題1選項

A.absorption

B.transition

C.consumption

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:absorption“吸收”；B:transition“過渡，轉變”；C:consumption“消費”；D:interaction“相互作用”。句意：水從固體轉變為液體，吸收了周圍所有物質的熱量，這種吸收產生了周圍的人工寒冷。根據語境和句意，這里所指的是吸熱，因此A最合適。

5.單選題

Thedecreaseofhisfeverwasabenignsign.

問題1選項

A.unfavorable

B.favorable

C.harsh

D.unharsh

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項unfavorable“不宜的，令人不快的”，B項favorable“有利的，良好的”，C項harsh“嚴厲的，嚴酷的”，D項unharsh“不苛刻的”。句意：他退燒了是一個好兆頭。根據句意可知，benign在句中表示“好的”。因此，該題選擇B項。

6.填空題

Pesticides,themostcost-effective（1）ofpestandweedcontrol,allowthemaintenanceofcurrentyieldsandsocontribute（2）economicviability.Concernabouttheenvironmentalimpactofrepeatedpesticideusehaspromptedresearchintotheenvironmentalfateoftheseagents,which（3）emigratefromtreatedfieldstoair,otherlandandwaterbodies.How（4）thepesticideremainsinthesoildependsonhowstronglyitisboundbysoilcomponentsandhowreadilyitisdegraded.It（5）dependsontheenvironmentalconditionsatthetimeofapplication,e.g.oilwatercontent.Pesticideusemustensurepublicsafetyandenvironmentalprotectionwith（6）toboththechemicalitselfandtheirpotentiallyharmfulmetabolites.Thispaperreviewswhatisknownofthe（7）ofthephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilsystem,suchasmoisturecontent,organicmatterandclaycontents,andpH,onthesorption/desorptionanddegradationofpesticidesandtheiraccesstogroundwaterandsurfacewaters.Anunderstandingofthefateofpesticidesisessentialforrationaldecision-takingregardingtheirauthorization.Toreachanadequateunderstandingwillrequiretheconcourse（8）soilscience,claymineralogy,physicalchemistry,surfacechemistry,environmentalmicrobiology,plantphysiologyand,nodoubt,otherdisciplines.

（9）throughamultidisciplinaryapproachtoenvironmentalresearchwillitbepossibletoplan,manage,pursueandintegratetheresultsofthestudiesthatwillbenecessaryforthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechniquesallowingeffectiveenvironmentaldecision-making.Thereseemstobeagreatpotentialtodevelopmicrobiallyderivedpesticides,whichareeffective,reliableandhavea（10）environmentalrisk.Inaddition,newapplicationtechniques,forexampleprecisionbandspraying,canreducethedose,whichcanbeaveryeffectivewaytominimizetransportandemissionbutalsotoavoidabuild-upofresistanceintargetorganisms.Improvedformulationswillalsobeneededtoreduceoff-targetdeposition,improveretentionontarget,andenhanceuptakeandtranslocation.

【答案】（1）Means。

（2）to。

（3）can。

（4）long。

（5）also。

（6）regards。

（7）influence。

（8）of。

（9）Only。

（10）low。

【解析】1.語義連接。句意：農藥是除害蟲和雜草的最有效的（）。means：方式，手段。

2.固定搭配。contributeto：有助于。

3.語義連接。句意：農藥重復使用對環境造成污染，此現象已經引起了研究機構的注意，污染治理的范圍將不僅僅局限于土壤本身，可能轉向其他領域。

4.語義連接。howlong：多久，表示時間長度。句意：農藥在土壤中殘留多久，取決于它的強度。

5.語義連接。前句提到農藥在土壤中殘留程度取決于多方面因素，接著講述也取決于……

6.固定搭配。Withregardsto：關于，考慮到。

7.語義連接。句意：本文綜述了土壤系統的物理和化學特性（如含水量、有機質和粘土含量、pH值）對農藥的吸附/解吸和降解及其進入地下水和地表水的影響。influence：影響。

8.語義題。concourse：綜合。空格處填介詞of，此處表示各學科的綜合。

9.固定搭配。句子是部分倒裝句，狀語提前放到句首，謂語動詞放在主語前面。表示：只有通過……才……。

10.邏輯分析。微生物源農藥更effective，reliable（有效，可靠），應該對應alowenvironmentalrisk（低風險）。

7.單選題

Thetwodelegateshadanin-depthexchangeofviewsonhowtoenhancetheir（）cooperation.

問題1選項

A.ethical

B.bilateral

C.mandatory

D.subsidiary

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。ethical“倫理的，道德的”；bilateral“雙邊的”；mandatory“強制的”；subsidiary“附屬的”，由delegate“代表團”與cooperation“合作”一詞可知此處應該選擇形容詞bilateral，表示兩國之間的合作。句意：這兩個代表團就如何加強……合作進行了深入的交流。故正確答案為選項B。

8.翻譯題

人類是一個不斷自然進化過程的產物，其中包括無數次的遺傳轉化：這一不可阻擋的進程自45億年前地球形成以來就一直未曾間斷過。這一進化過程，受環境因素的影響，經過隨機突變，形成了更具適應性的系統，從而保證了其連續性。在動物世界，這導致了更高級物種的進化，并在人類身上達到了極致，因為人類已經獲得了創新思維的能力。我認為這標志著進化進入了一個非常重要的階段，使一個物種首次有能力掌握了自身命運。

Directions:InthispartyouarerequiredtotranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteitontheAnswerSheet.

【答案】Humanbeingsaretheproductofacontinuousprocessofnaturalevolution,includingnumerousgenetictransformations:aninexorableprocessthathasbeengoingonuninterruptedsincetheearthformed4.5billionyearsago.Thisevolutionaryprocess,influencedbyenvironmentalfactors,throughrandommutation,formedamoreadaptablesystem,thusensuringitscontinuity.Intheanimalworld,thishasledtotheevolutionofhigherspecies,culminatinginhumans,whohaveacquiredtheabilitytothinkcreatively,thinkthismarksaveryimportantstageinevolution,thefirsttimeaspecieshasbeenabletocontrolitsowndestiny.

9.單選題

“Oh,I’mtoosleepytostudy.”“Well,ifyou（）thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn'thavebeensosleepy.”

問題1選項

A.didn’twatch

B.haven’twatched

C.haven’twatched

D.hadn’twatched

【答案】D

【解析】語法題。考查虛擬語氣。分析題干可知ifyou（）thatlatemovielastnight是if引導的條件狀語從句，從主句部分的wouldn’thavebeen可知此句是對過去事實的虛擬，因此從句部分應用had+過去分詞形式，故選D項。句意：“哦，我太困了不能學習。”。“嗯，如果你昨晚沒有觀看那個晚場的電影的話，你不會如此困。”

10.單選題

Theabilitytofocusattentiononimportantthingsisa（）characteristicofintelligence.

問題1選項

A.declining

B.defining

C.deceiving

D.defending

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項declining“下滑的；衰退的；傾斜的”；B選項defining“最典型的；起決定性作用的”；C選項deceiving“欺騙性的”；D選項defending“防守型的”。句意：把注意力集中在重要事情上的能力是智慧的一個（）特征。根據語境，defining“最典型的”和intelligence“智慧”搭配比較合理。因此B選項正確。

11.單選題

Thehistoryoffilmreflectsthe（

）inherentinthemediumitself:filmcombinesstillphotographstorepresentcontinuousmotionand,whileseemingtopresentlifeitself,canalsoofferimpossibleanddreamlikeunrealities.

問題1選項

A.trivialities

B.biases

C.constraints

D.paradoxes

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。triviality“淺薄，輕浮，瑣事”；bias“偏見，偏愛”；constraint“約束，局促”；paradox“悖論，反論，似非而是的論點，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：電影的歷史反映了這種媒體本身具備的矛盾：電影將靜止的照片結合在一起區別表現連續的動作，而當呈現生活時，也經常提供一些不可能的和不真實的東西。選項D符合題意。

12.單選題

SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto_____wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.

問題1選項

A.pickup

B.bumpinto

C.pileup

D.bringback

【答案】A

【解析】pickup撿起,獲得,買到;bumpinto偶然碰上,猛撞,猛擊;pileup堆集,相撞;bringback拿回來,使...恢復;使...回憶起。句意：有些人喜歡在星期天購物,因為他們希望能在市場上買到物美價廉的東西。選項A符合句意。

13.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired——rentedatthelowestpossiblecost---muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral---usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy,WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,lakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisintheunitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratecostsandcreatedbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceofthetechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

問題2選項

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

問題3選項

A.theintroductionofnewtechnology

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

問題4選項

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:細節事實題。由第一段“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.獲得技能被認為是個人的責任”可知D項是對該句的同義轉述，答案D

'

第2題:細節事實題。由第二段“Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力資源主管這個職位從不被征求主要決策的意見，也沒有機會晉升為CEO。”可知在美國，人力資源主管在公司沒有太多發言權。C項正確，答案C

第3題:細節事實題。由第二段“WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.雖然美國公司經常談論在員工培訓上的巨額開支，但事實上，他們在員工技能上的投資比日本或德國公司都要少。”以及“Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.結果是，當突破性技術的到來時，美國就出現了問題。”文章第二段講了美國公司與日德公司在勞動力培訓方面的差異，美國主要培訓那些管理層，而日德重視員工技巧培訓。第三段說到了結果，美國員工學習新技術時需要花更多時間。由此可見給員工培訓技巧是非常重要的。答案B

第4題:主旨大意題。本文主要通過對比美國公司與日德國公司的人力資源策略，表明如果美國公司不培養員工技巧將導致美國公司在全球競爭中失去優勢。答案D不培養員工技巧將導致美國公司在全球競爭中失去優勢。答案D

14.單選題

Oh,whatanuisance!It（）soeasyformetobringthosephotographsIwantedtoshowyou,andIhaveleftthemonthetableathome.

問題1選項

A.wouldhavebeen

B.hadbeen

C.wouldbe

D.was

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：真討厭,

我本來很容易就能把那些我想給你看的照片帯過來,

我卻把它們落在家里的桌子上了。wouldhavedone為虛擬語氣,

表示本應該做的事但卻沒有做。

15.單選題

TheshuttleColumbiawasdoomedinpartbecauseNASAreliedonflawedcomputersimulationsandmathematicalformulasthatfailedtoaccuratelypredictdamagetotheshuttlefromflyingpiecesoffoam,documentsreleasedbythespaceagencyandthegroupinvestigatingtheaccidentshow.

NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.Instead,theexpertssay,theyshouldhaveperformedtestsonshuttlecomponentstodeterminethedamagethatfoamfromthefueltankmightdotoitswing.

Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.NASAmanagersassumeditwassafeforColumbiatoreturntoEartheventhoughfoamhadstruckthewing.

Thefoamhittheleftwing82secondsafterliftoffandbrokethroughoneofthecarbonpanelsdesignedtoprotectthewingsfromtheintenseheatofre-entry.Columbiabrokeapartasitre-enteredEarth’satmosphereonFeb.1.Allsevenastronautswerekilled.

Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.

Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

AmongtheareastobediscussedisNASA’srelianceoncomputersimulationsandmathematicalmodels.Beforethemission—andagainafterfuzzyphotosshowedthefoamhadhitColumbia’swing-simulationsandotheranalysesledtopoordecisionsbyNASAmanagers,documentsshow.ThesimulationsappeartohaveblindedthemtodangersignalsaboutfoamonearlierflightsandledthemtodramaticallyunderestimatethethreattoColumbia.Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

Inonecase,duringtheColumbiamission,atleast75shuttleexpertswithNASAanditscontractorsweresoconcernedaboutthepoorqualityofdatainananalysistheywerepreparingthattheyrecommendedtakingphotosoftheshuttleinspace,sourcessay.Thosephotoscouldhaveshownwhetherfoamhaddamagedtheleftwing.

Instead,NASAmanagerstrustedtheanalysisthattheexpertssaidwassoflawed.Theanalysiswronglyestimatedwherethefoamhitandconcludedthattheshuttlehadnotsustainedsignificantdamage.HadNASAknowntheextentofthedamage,theagencymighthavelaunchedarescuemissiontotrytosaveColumbia’screw.

EngineersconnectedtotheanalysissaytheyareangryandpuzzledthatNASAwouldnotseekphotosfromsatellitesortelescopes.NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.

Bynecessity,NASAreliesheavilyoncomputermodelsandotheranalysistoolstoprovidecluesaboutwhathappenstotheshuttlefromlaunchuntilre-entry.Itcannoteasilyrecreatetheextremetemperaturesofspaceinalab.Usedproperly,suchanalysescanimprovesafety.Indeed,analysistechniquesroutinelyhelpdesignsaferjetwingsandnuclearplants.

Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.SeveralmajoraviationcrashesandtheThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentwerecausedbypooranalyses,expertssay.

“Youneedtotakeintoaccounttheuncertainties”saysElizabethPate-Cornell,chairmanofthemanagementsciencesandengineeringdepartmentatStanfordUniversity.“It’stheoldstory:garbagein,garbageout.”

AsColumbiaorbited,engineerserroneouslyconcludedthefoamcouldnotdamagethewing’scarbonpanels.Theanalysiswasbasedonearliertestsofsmallicepelletshittingthepanels.Butthosetestscouldnotpredictwhetheralargechunkoffoamwouldcausedamage.

AcomputerprogramknownasCrater,whichengineersusedtopredictwhetherthefoamdamagedtheceramictilesbeneathColumbia’swing,hadnotbeendesignedtoaccountforimpactsfromlargepiecesoffoam.

1.Nuclearandaviationsafetyexperts（）.

2.Intheauthorsopinion,NASAmanagers（）.

3.TheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardwillissueitsfindingswithregardtothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.NASAmanagersmadepoordecisionsbecausetheydidNOT（）.

5.Safetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriesindicatethatcomputersimulations（）.

問題1選項

A.knowverywellthesortsofanalysesmadebyNASAmanagers

B.indicatethatspaceagencyofficialsreliedonthewronganalyses

C.believethatspaceagencyofficialsshouldhavemademoresimulations

D.stronglycriticizespaceagencyofficialsforbeingunscrupulous

問題2選項

A.madewronghypothesisconclusionsaboutthesafetyofColumbia

B.infactknewclearlywhatkindofdangerColumbiawouldface

C.feltitdifficulttopredictwhatmighthappentoColumbiaasitreturnedtoEarth

D.didnotrealizethattheleftwingofColumbiawashitbythefoamafterliftoff

問題3選項

A.whytheshuttlebrokeapartasitreturnedtoEarth

B.howthefoamhittingtheleftwingcausedtheaccident

C.howdecisionsbyNASAmanagersweremade

D.howNASAmanagersmisunderstooddangersignals

問題4選項

A.getallthefindingsofdataanalyses

B.knowtheshuttlehadsignificantdamage

C.getalongwellwithshuttleexpert

D.trusttheanalysisproducedbysimulation

問題5選項

A.arenotreliableatall

B.yieldedpooranalyses

C.haveseverelimitations

D.shouldbeabandoned

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。由題干可定位到文章第二段第一句話“NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全專家說，航天局官員錯誤地依賴模擬來衡量風險。）”。A選項“非常了解NASA管理人員所做的各種分析”文中沒有提到；B選項“指出太空總署官員依賴錯誤的分析”正確；C選項“認為太空總署的官員應該做更多的模擬”沒有直接在文中明說；D選項“強烈批評航天局官員的肆無忌憚”文中沒有提到，因此B選項正確。

2.作者意圖題。由題干可定位到第三段第一句話“Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.（這些模擬和公式，有些是在發射前完成的，而在任務期間所做的其他模擬和公式往往是基于對航天飛機承受損害能力的錯誤假設。）”。A選項“對哥倫比亞號的安全性做出錯誤的假設結論”正確；B選項“事實上很清楚哥倫比亞將面臨什么樣的危險”說法錯誤，管理人員低估了自己的錯誤對哥倫比亞號造成的危險；C選項“覺得很難預測哥倫比亞號返回地球時會發生什么”說法錯誤，管理人員覺得哥倫比亞號能安全返回地球；D選項“沒有意識到哥倫比亞號的左翼在升空后被泡沫擊中”說法錯誤，管理人員預測到了，只是他們錯誤地評估了航天飛機的承傷能力，因此A選項正確。

3.細節事實題。由題干定位到文中第五段“Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.（今天，哥倫比亞事故調查委員會將發布事故原因的調查結果。根據此前董事會成員公開聲明，除了詳細說明泡沫的打擊如何導致分解外，委員會還將記錄NASA管理人員如何低估哥倫比亞面臨的危險以及他們如何忽視警告。）”。A選項“為什么航天飛機在返回地球時分裂了”；B選項“泡沫是如何撞擊左翼造成事故的”；C選項“NASA管理者是如何做出決定的”都在文中提到過，只有D選項“NASA管理者如何誤解危險信號”沒有提到，因此D選項正確。

4.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中說到安全專家非常擔心他們準備的分析數據的質量太低，他們建議在太空中給航天飛機拍照，然而管理人員相信自己的實驗數據，所以引發了事故。A選項“得到所有數據分析的結果”；B選項“知道航天飛機有嚴重的損壞”；C選項“與航天飛機專家相處融洽”都不符合原文，D選項“相信模擬產生的分析”正確，因此D選項正確。

5.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第十段“NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.（美國宇航局的管理人員說，他們沒有被告知計算機模擬和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.（但高風險行業的安全專家說，他們已經學到了數學公式和計算機模擬無法完全模擬自然的艱難方法。）”。由此可知計算機模擬無法完全模擬自然危險，因此具有局限性。A選項“完全不可靠”；B選項“產生不良分析”和D選項“應該被廢棄”都不正確，C選項“有嚴重的局限性”符合題意，因此C選項正確。

16.單選題

Hardlyadaygoesby（

）Iwritetomyfamily.

問題1選項

A.when

B.since

C.but

D.before

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我幾乎每天都跟家人寫信。

語法題。But在這里為關系詞,相當于that+not。

17.單選題

Modernmanufacturers,whoneedreliablesourcesofmaterialsandtechnologicallyadvancedcomponentstooperateprofitably,faceanincreasinglydifficultchoicebetweenowningtheproducersoftheseitems(apracticeknownasbackwardintegration)andbuyingfromindependentproducers.Manufacturerswhointegratemayreapshort-termrewards,buttheyoftenrestricttheirfuturecapacityforinnovativeproductdevelopment.

Backwardintegrationremovestheneedforsomepurchasingandmarketingfunctions,centralizesoverhead,andpermitsmanufacturerstoeliminateduplicatedeffortsinresearchanddevelopment.Wherecomponentsarecommodities(ferrousmetalsorpetroleum,forexample),backwardintegrationalmostcertainlyprofits.Nevertheless,becauseproductinnovationmeansadoptingthemosttechnologicallyadvancedandcost-effectivewaysofmakingcomponents,backwardintegrationmayentailaseriousriskforatechnologicallyactivecompany—forexample,aproducerofsophisticatedconsumerelectronics.

Acompanythatdecidestomakeratherthanbuyimportantpartscanlockitselfintoanoutdatedtechnology.Independentsuppliersmaybeunwillingtoshareinnovationswithassemblerswithwhomtheyarecompeting.Moreover,whenanassemblersetsouttomasterthetechnologyofproducingadvancedcomponents,theresultingdemandsonitsresourcesmaycompromiseitsabilitytoassemblethesecomponentssuccessfullyintoendproducts.Long-termcontractswithsupplierscanachievemanyofthesamecostbenefitsasbackwardintegrationwithoutcompromisingacompany’sabilitytoinnovate.

However,movingawayfrombackwardintegrationisnotacompletesolutioneither.Developinginnovativetechnologiesrequiresindependentsuppliersofcomponentstoinvesthugesumsinresearchanddevelopment.Theresultinglowprofitmarginsonthesaleofcomponentsthreatenthelong-termfinancialstabilityofthesefirms.Becausetheabilityofend-productassemblerstorespondtomarketopportunitiesdependsheavilyonsuppliersofcomponents,assemblersareoftenforcedtointegratebypurchasingthesuppliersofcomponentsjusttokeeptheirsuppliersinbusiness.

1.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingarebenefitsassociatedwithbackwardintegrationEXCEPT（）.

2.Accordingtopassage,whenanassemblerbuysafirmthatmakessomeimportantcomponentoftheendproductthattheassemblerproduces,independentsuppliersofthesamecomponentmay（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewaythelastparagraphfunctionsinthecontextofthepassage?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingrelationshipsbetweenprofitsandinvestmentsinresearchanddevelopmentholdstrueforproducersoftechnologicallyadvancedcomponents?

問題1選項

A.improvementinthemanagementofoverheadexpenses

B.enhancementofprofitmarginsonsalesofcomponents

C.simplificationofpurchasingandmarketingoperations

D.reliabilityofasourceofnecessarycomponents

問題2選項

A.withholdtechnologicalinnovationsfromtheassembler

B.experienceimprovedprofitmarginsonsalesoftheirproducts

C.lowertheirpricestoprotectthemselvesfromcompetition

D.sufferfinancialdifficultiesandgooutofbusiness

問題3選項

A.Thelastinaseriesofargumentssupportingthecentralargumentofthepassageispresented.

B.Aviewpointispresentedwhichqualifiesonepresentedearlierinthepassage.

C.Evidenceispresentedinsupportoftheargumentdevelopedintheprecedingparagraph.

D.Questionsarisingfromtheearlierdiscussionareidentifiedaspointsofdepartureforfurtherstudyofthetopic.

問題4選項

A.Modestinvestmentsarerequiredandtheprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarelow.

B.Modestinvestmentsarerequiredbuttheprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarequitehigh.

C.Despitethehugeinvestmentsthatarerequired,theprofitmarginsoncomponentssalesarehigh.

D.Becausehugeinvestmentsarerequired,theprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarelow.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.細節題。根據文章第二段第一句“Backwardintegrationremovestheneedforsomepurchasingandmarketingfunctions,centralizesoverhead,andpermitsmanufacturerstoeliminateduplicatedeffortsinresearchanddevelopment.”，可知“向后一體化”消除了一些采購和營銷工作的需要，集中了運營費用，并允許制造商消除研究和開發中的重復工作。所以A項“改進運營費用的管理”屬于“向后一體化”帶來的好處，排除A；C項“簡化采購和運營工作”屬于好處之一，排除C；又根據文章第一段“Modernmanufacturers,whoneedreliablesourcesofmaterialsandtechnologicallyadvancedcomponentstooperateprofitably,faceanincreasinglydifficultchoicebetweenowningtheproducersoftheseitems(apracticeknownasbackwardintegration)andbuyingfromindependentproducers.”，可知當代制造商需要可靠的材料來源和先進的技術零件才能盈利，他們面臨著一個艱難的抉擇：是選擇擁有屬于自己的原材料生產者，也就是所謂的“向后一體化”，還是向獨立的生產商購買原材料。所以“向后一體化”可以保證必要元件的可靠來源，排除D；綜上，選項B符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據文章第三段第二句“Independentsuppliersmaybeunwillingtoshareinnovationswithassemblerswithwhomtheyarecompeting.”，獨立的供應商可能不愿意與他們競爭的裝配商分享創新成果。可推斷出當裝配商買下給他們提供生產最終產品的一些重要元件的公司時，此元件獨立的供應商不會與裝配商分享創新成果，從而抑制了裝配商的創新，所以選項A符合題意。

3.推斷題。根據文章最后一段第一句“However,movingawayfrombackwardintegrationisnotacompletesolutioneither.”，可知文章最后一段主要提到摒棄向后一體化的策略也不會是一個完整的解決方案，下文對這個觀點進行了詳細的說明。而作者在上文也反復提到了向后一體化的優點，比如改進運營費用的管理、簡化采購和運營工作等，所以上下文形成對應關系。最后一段提出的觀點進一步證明了上文提出的某些觀點，所以選項B符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據文章最后一段第二句和第三句“Developinginnovativetechnologiesrequiresindependentsuppliersofcomponentstoinvesthugesumsinresearchanddevelopment.Theresultinglowprofitmarginsonthesaleofcomponentsthreatenthelong-termfinancialstabilityofthesefirms.”，開發創新技術需要獨立的零部件供應商投入巨額資金進行研發。由此導致的零部件銷售的低利潤率威脅著這些公司的長期財務穩定。可推斷出對于高科技元件生產商來說，由于需要大量的投資，所以零部件銷售的利潤會降低。選項D符合題意。

18.翻譯題

Familyis,ifanything,thelinkbetweengenerations,thefocalpointofsocialreproduction,andculturaltransmission.Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligations,notjusttherighttopursueyourownhappiness.Andthemainobligationistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Theglowofburningpassionmaywellhavefaded,yourloveforyourspousemaynotbeasexcitingorsatisfyingasitoncewas,butgoingoffinsearchofan