書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-南京醫科大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Henrywentthroughthedocumentsagaincarefullyforfearof（

）anyimportantdata.

問題1選項

A.relaying

B.overlooking

C.deleting

D.revealing

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。空格前是介詞of，后面是名詞data，結合選項可知此處需要填入動名詞。A選項relay“傳達；轉發；轉播”；B選項overlook“忽略；俯瞰；遠眺”；C選項delete“刪除”；D選項reveal“顯示；透露；泄露”。句意：亨利又仔細地檢查了一遍文件，生怕……什么重要的數據。由“檢查文件”、“數據”等關鍵詞可知，此處應表示“生怕遺漏重要數據”。B選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Televisionhasbecomesuchapopularinformationmediumthat（）.

問題1選項

A.alotofmagazinesandnewspapershavegonebroke

B.loadsofmagazinesandnewspaperscannotcompetewell

C.manymagazinesandnewspapersdonotgetreadbyverymanypeopleanymore

D.manymagazinesandnewspapershavelostmostoftheirreaders

【答案】D

【解析】考查時態。題干句意為：電視已經成為這樣一種受歡迎的信息媒介以至于……。題干用的是現在完成時，因此空格處也應該用現在完成時，表示對現在的影響。故排除B和C。而A項“許多雜志和報紙破產了”過于絕對，因此無論從句意還是從時態上來說，D項“許多雜志和報紙失去了大部分讀者”正確。

3.單選題

Bothpartiespromisedto（

）thecontracttobesignedthefollowingday.

問題1選項

A.keepwith

B.tanglewith

C.adhereto

D.devoteto

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。keepwith意為“陪伴”；tanglewith意為“與……吵架，與……爭論”；adhereto意為“遵循，依附，堅持”；devoteto意為“專用于做……，專心于做……”。

句意：雙方都承諾遵守次日將要簽署的合約。

4.單選題

Forgatheringdataaboutindividualsorgroupsatdifferentdevelopmentallevels,researcherscanusetworelatedresearchdesigns:longitudinalandcross-sectional.

Alongitudinalstudyisonethatmeasuresabehaviororacharacteristicofanindividualoveraperiodoftime,perhapsdecades.AnexampleofsuchastudyistheBerkeleyGrowthStudybegunin1928byNancyBayley.Thestudyfocusedonagroupof74white,middleclassnewborns.Astheygrewolder,extensivemeasuresoftheirintellectual,personality,andmotordevelopmentwererecorded.Thesubjectswerestudiedformorethanthirtyyears.

Thelongitudinalresearchdesignisapowerfultechniqueforseekingunderstandingsoftheeffectsofearlyexperiencesonlaterdevelopment.Also,differencesinorstabilityofbehaviorsorcharacteristicsatdifferentagescanbedetermined.Longitudinalstudies,however,areexpensivetoconduct,time-consuming,andheavilycontingent

onthepatienceandpersistenceoftheresearchers.Thefindingsofalongitudinalstudymaybejeopardizedbyrelocationofsubjectstoanotherpartofthecountryandbyboredomorirritationatrepeatedtesting.Anotherdisadvantageisthatsocietychangesfromonetimetoanotherandthesubjectsparticipatinginthestudyreflecttosomedegreesuchchanges.Themethodsofstudyorthequestionsguidingtheresearchersmayalsochangefromonetimetoanother.Ifproperlyconducted,however,longitudinalstudiescanproduceuseful,directinformationaboutdevelopment.

Across-sectionalstudyisoneinwhichsubjectsofdifferingagesareselectedandcomparedonaspecificbehaviororcharacteristic.Theyarealikewithrespecttosocioeconomicstatus,sex,oreducationallevel.Forexample,aresearchermaybeinterestedinlookingatchangesinintelligenceoverathirty-yearperiod.Threegroupsofsubjects,agesten,twenty,andthirty,maybeselectedandtested.Conclusionsaredrawnfromthetestdata.

Thecross-sectionalresearchdesignhastheclearadvantageofbeinglessexpensivetoconductandcertainlylesstime-consuming.Themajordisadvantageisthatdifferentindividualswhomakeupthestudysamplehavenotbeenobservedovertime.Noinformationaboutpastinfluencesondevelopmentoraboutage-relatedchangesissecured.Likelongitudinalstudies,thecross-sectionalmethodscannoterasethegenerationalinfluencethatexistswhensubjectsstudiedarebornatdifferenttime.Psychologistsarenowbeginningtouseanapproachthatcombineslongitudinalandcross-sectionalresearchmethods.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthedisadvantagesofalongitudinalresearch?

2.Theword"contingent"inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Oneofthedifferencesbetweencross-sectionalresearchandlongitudinalresearchisthat______.

問題1選項

A.Thesubjectsmaybecomeirritatedatrepeatedtesting.

B.Theparticipantsinthestudymaynotstayinoneplaceformanyyears.

C.Thebehaviorofasubjectinthestudymaybemeasuredcontinuouslyformanyyears.

D.Socialchangesmaybereflectedinthebehaviorsofthesubjectsparticipatinginthestudy.

問題2選項

A.dependent

B.consecutive

C.determined

D.continual

問題3選項

A.Thesubjectsinacross-sectionalresearcharenotofthesameagegroup.

B.Themethodsofstudyinlongitudinalresearchwillnotchangeovertime.

C.Longitudinalresearchisreliableonlyinseekingunderstandingsoftheeffectsofearlyexperiencesonlaterdevelopment.

D.Cross-sectionalmethodsarenotusuallyadoptedinstudying,forexample,thechangesinintelligenceoverathirty-yearperiod.

問題4選項

A.thelatterusuallyfocusesononlyonesubject,whiletheformerinvolvesgroupsofsubjects

B.theformercanbefreefromtheinfluenceofsocialchanges

C.thelattercanbefreefromtheinfluenceofsocialchanges

D.theformercostslessmoneyandtakeslesstime

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干：下列哪項不是縱向研究的缺點之一？文章第二段說到縱向研究的特點和有點，第三段說到了縱向研究的缺點。第二段第一句“Alongitudinalstudyisonethatmeasuresabehaviororacharacteristicofanindividualoveraperiodoftime,perhapsdecades”與C選項符合。因此C選項符合題意。

2.詞義題。由詞語定位到第三句，分析句子結構可知“contingent”是并列謂語之一。前半句說到縱向研究費用高、耗時長，因此要依靠耐心和毅力才能堅持下來。因此A選項符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。題干：下列哪個陳述是正確的？此類題只可通過選項定位。C選項中出現了絕對詞“only”，表示“縱向研究只有在尋求對早期經驗對后期發展的影響的理解時才是可靠的”，過于絕對化，因此排除；第三段中“themethodsofstudyorthequestionsguidingtheresearchersmayalsochangefromonetimetoanother”說明B選項錯誤；第四段中“threegroupsofsubjects,ageten,twenty,andthirty,maybeselectedandtested”說明D選項錯誤。因此A選項符合題意。

4.細節題。題干：橫向和縱向研究的區別之一是______。由題干定位到文章第四、五段，第五段第一句提到“Thecross-sectionalresearchdesignhastheclearadvantageofbeinglessexpensivetoconductandcertainlylesstime-consuming”，即與D選項的lessmoney一致。因此D選項符合題意。

5.單選題

Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項

A.Ithelpsemployeestoreducetheirstress.

B.Itpreventsemployeesfromfeelingbored.

C.Itstrengthensharmonyamongemployees.

D.Ithelpsemployeestoviewthingspositively.

問題2選項

A.Weekendsareconducivetoreducingstress.

B.Humorisvitaltointerpersonalrelationships.

C.Allworkersexperiencesomeemotionalstress.

D.Humorcanhelpworkersexcelatroutinetasks.11.

問題3選項

A.Smashthetoystoreleasetheirbottled-upresentments.

B.Takethebossdollapartaslongastheyreassembleit.

C.Designandinstallstress-reducinggadgets.

D.Strikeatthebossdollashardastheylike.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

【解析】PassageOne

“Toomanypeopleviewtheirjobsasafive-dayprisonwhichtheyareparoledeveryFriday,”saysJoelGoodman,founderoftheHumorProject,ahumorconsultinggroupinSaratogaSprings,NewYork.Humorunlockstheofficeprisonbecauseitletsadultsbringsomeoftheirchildlikespirittothejob.

AccordingtoHowardPollio,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,anofficewithhumorbreaksisanofficewithsatisfiedandproductiveemployees.[10]Pollioconductedastudythatprovedhumorcanhelpworkersexcelatroutineproductiontasks.Employeesperformbetterwhentheyhavefun.Inlargecorporationswithahierarchyofpower,thereisoftennooutletforstress.“Everycompanyneedsundergroundwaysofpokingfunattheorganization,”saysLynnM.Mark,aspeakeronworkplacehumorforSaintMary’sHealthCenterinSaintLouis.

Kodak’sRochester,NewYorkbranchdiscoveredawayforits20,000employeestouncorktheirbottled-upresentments.[9]Their1,000-square-foothumorroomfeaturesatoystore.Amongtheroom’smanystress-reducinggadgets,themainattractionisabossdollwithdetachablearmsandlegs.[11]Employeescantakethedollapartaslongastheyputitsarmsandlegsbackinplace.

SandyCohen,ownerofagraphicprintproductionbusiness,createdthequoteboardtodocumentthebizarrephrasespeoplesaywhenunderstrictdeadlines.“Whenyou’reunderstress,yousaystupidthings,”saysCohen.Nowwejustlookateachotherandsay“That’soneforthequoteboard”.

9.Whatdoesthepassagesayabouthumorintheworkplace?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問關于職場中的幽默，這篇短文說了什么？錄音提到了職場幽默的例子，其中一個是柯達紐約羅徹斯特分公司的humorroom“幽默房間”，該房間里有很多讓人減輕壓力的物件（stress-reducinggadgets），其中之一是可拆卸的“老板玩偶”。由此可知，職場的幽默可以讓人減輕壓力，A選項“它能幫助員工減輕壓力”與錄音原文表述一致，因此正確。B選項“它讓員工不再無聊”；C選項“它使員工之間的關系更和諧”和D選項“它幫助員工積極地看待事物”在錄音中均沒有信息提及，所以可排除。

10.WhatdoesthestudybyHowardPollioshow?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問HowardPollio的研究表明了什么？錄音提到HowardPollio的研究證明了幽默能幫助員工出色地完成日常的工作任務（humorcanhelpworkersexcelatroutineproductiontasks），D選項“幽默可以幫助員工在日常工作中表現出色”是錄音原文的復現，因此正確。A選項“周末有助于減輕壓力”和B選項“幽默對人際關系極其重要”在錄音中均沒有信息提及；C選項“所有的員工均遭受情緒壓力”，這并不是HowardPollio的研究結論，因此可排除。

11.WhatcanKodak’semployeesdointhehumorroom?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問柯達的員工在“幽默房間”可以做什么事？錄音提到了humorroom中有可拆卸的“老板玩偶”，員工可以把“老板玩偶”拆掉，不過拆后得把玩偶的手和腳拼回去。B選項中的reassembleit“重新組裝”對應錄音的putitsarmsandlegsbackinplace，因此B選項“把‘老板玩偶’拆掉，拆后再重新組裝”正確。A選項“把玩具砸碎以發泄滿腔怨恨”和D選項“狠狠地揍‘老板玩偶’，多狠都可以”表述過于絕對，忽略了“拆后重新組裝”這個條件，因此不正確；C選項“設計、安裝減輕壓力的物件”在錄音中沒有提及，因此可排除。

6.單選題

I.Jurisprudence

ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000,theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore:“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.”

Thousandsofotherexamplescouldbecited.TheRuleofLawisseenasafragilebutcrucialideal,andonethatisappropriatelyinvokedwhenevergovernmentstrytogettheirwaybyarbitraryandoppressiveactionorbyshort-circuitingthenormsandprocedureslaiddowninacountry’slawsorconstitution.Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.

Iwouldliketoconsidertheroleofthisidealingeneraljurisprudence,thatis,intheconceptualworkthatwedoinlegalphilosophywhenwetrytoexplainwhatlawis.Iamgoingtoarguefortwopropositions:IshallarguethatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawandourunderstandingoftheconceptoflawoughttobemuchmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareinmodernjurisprudence;IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.

Ishallargue,moreover,thatthesetwopropositionsareconnected.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.TheproceduralaspectoftheRuleofLawhelpsbringourconceptualthinkingaboutlawtolife;andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.

51.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTcorrect?

52.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTanabuseoftheRuleofLaw?

53.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

54.Whichstatementiscorrectaccordingtothe4thparagraph?

問題1選項

A.JusticeStevensdidnotagreewiththemajorityoftheJustices.

B.Theyear2000wasayearwherePresidentialelectionwasheld.

C.TheJusticesknewwhotheloserwasintheelection.

D.Ateverystageofthedebate,theRuleofLawwasinvoked.

問題2選項

A.LettingthecourtdecidethefinalresultofthePresidentialelection.

B.Arrestingsomeonewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess.

C.Agovernmentagencygivingorderstocourtsforspecificcases.

D.Puttingsomeoneintojailwithoutatrialbycourt.

問題3選項

A.thescholars’understandingoftheRuleofLawiscorrect

B.theunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizeboththesubstantiveandproceduralaspects

C.whenpeopletrytoexplainwhatlawis,theytalkabouttheRuleofLaw

D.lawsaresettled,determinaterules

問題4選項

A.OneshouldlookattheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemes.

B.TheRuleofLawshouldbeseenpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.

C.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflaw.

D.UnderstandingoflawsbothasrulesandasthoseusedincourtroomshelpstounderstandtheRuleofLaw.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節題。根據題干定位到原文第一段theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore（每一個階段，每個問題的各方都援引了《法治》，最終以大法官史蒂文斯在布什訴戈爾案中提出的著名異議告終），結合法律知識，此處的異議是指案外人對執行標的提出不同的意見，而不是大法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數人的意見，A選項“法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數法官的意見”和原文不符，同時可知D選項“辯論的每一階段都援引了《法治》”符合原文；第一段ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000…（許多讀者會記得2000年佛羅里達選舉失敗時的情形……）可知2000年正在進行總統選舉，B選項“2000年是總統選舉舉行的一年”符合原文；第一段Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.（盡管我們可能永遠無法完全確定今年總統選舉的贏家是誰，但輸家的身份是非常清楚的。這是國家對法官作為法治公正監護人的信任）可知C選項“法官們知道誰是選舉中的失敗者”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

52.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節題。根據題干關鍵詞“anabuseoftheRuleofLaw”定位到原文第二段Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.（干涉法庭、在沒有法律依據的情況下監禁某人、在沒有正當程序保障的情況下拘留人、為黨派利益操縱憲法——所有這些都被視為對法治的濫用）可知A選項“讓法院決定總統選舉的最終結果”，B選項“在沒有任何正當程序保障的情況下逮捕某人”，D選項“未經法庭審判就把某人關進監獄”屬于對《法治》的濫用，A選項屬于為黨派利益操縱憲法，法院不能直接決定總統選舉的結果。C選項“針對特定案件向法院下達命令的政府機構”不屬于原文所提到的對《法治》的濫用。因此C選項正確。

53.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據題干定位到原文第三段IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.（我還認為，我們對《法治》的理解不僅應強調既定的、確定的規則的價值和它們使之成為可能的可預測性，而且還應強調法律實踐的程序和辯論方面的重要性）可知作者認為對《法治》的理解還應該強調實體和程序兩個方面，選B選項“對法治的理解應該強調實體和程序兩個方面”，同時可知D選項“法律是既定的，確定的規則”不符合原文，原文只是說不僅應該強調既定的，確定的規則，不能過度推測出法律是既定的，確定的規則；A選項“學者們對法治的理解是正確的”和C選項“當人們試圖解釋什么是法律時，他們談論的是法治”第三段未涉及，排除。因此B選項正確。

54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據題干定位到原文第四段ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.（當我們至少部分地從程序性和辯論性的主題來理解《法治》時，要比單純地從確定性和可預見性來理解法治時，更容易理解法治與法律概念之間的聯系）可知選A選項“人們應該至少從程序和辯論主題的角度看《法治》”，同時可知B選項“法治應該純粹從確定性和可預見性的角度來看待”和原文相悖，以及C選項“更容易把握法治與法律概念之間的聯系”不完整；第四段andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.（而對法律制度的理解，既強調法庭上的辯論，也強調規則的存在和承認，為更豐富地理解法治在現代政治辯論中所包含的價值提供了基礎）可知同時強調法庭上的辯論和規則的存在能幫助對法律制度的理解，而對法律制度的理解為了豐富地理解法治在現代政治辯論中所包含的價值提供了基礎，D選項“將法律理解為規則和法庭上使用的規則有助于理解《法治》”和原文有偏差，排除。因此A選項正確。

7.單選題

Theyhavemadea（）plantobuildasuspensionbridgeovertheriver.

問題1選項

A.band

B.bound

C.bond

D.bold

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項band“用帶綁扎；給……鑲邊；樂隊”；B選項bound“被束縛了的”；C選項bond“結合的”；D選項bold“大膽的，英勇的”。句意：他們已做出了一個大膽的計劃，要在這條河上建一座吊橋。由空格后的關鍵詞“plan計劃”可知“大膽的”符合句意，因此D選項正確。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

勞動仲裁類似于中世紀手工業行會的調停話動，它是多步驟申述體制之最終結果。

盡管信托關系可以口頭創立，但卻一般是經書面文件形式確認。

破壞環境之行為可以被法律規定為犯罪。

因股東大會不夠法定人數，故該決議被認定無效。

【答案】Laborarbitration,similartothemediationactivitiesinthemedievalcraftguilds,isthefinalresultofmulti-steprepresentationsystem.

Atrustmaybecreatedorally,butusuallyissetupinawrittenform.

Anactthatisdestructivetotheenvironmentmaybecriminalizedbystatue.

Theresolutionwasinvalidbecausetheshareholder'smeetingwasnotquorate.

9.寫作題

Youarerequiredtowriteabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic“TheSignificanceoftheSpringFestivalGala”.

【答案】

TheSignificanceoftheSpringFestivalGala10.單選題

ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.

Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S).Laborunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintotobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.

Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labor-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon’tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.

Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinecontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).Thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson’seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintoplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit’sworthwhentheemployeeretires.

WhatbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees’401(k)accounts,Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany’sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.

ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid.

TheEnronemployees’retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That’swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI’ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon’tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they’reontheirown.

1.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory...’’？

2.Accordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangein（

）

3.Changesinpensionschemeswerealsopartof（

）.

4.ThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlybecause（

）.

5.WhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnrondisaster?

問題1選項

A.Becausethecompanyhasgonebankrupt.

B.Becausesucheventswouldneverhappenagain.

C.BecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementsavings.

D.becauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicsecurity.

問題2選項

A.people’soutlookonlife.

B.people’slifestyles.

C.people’slivingstandard

D.people’ssocialvalues.

問題3選項

A.thecorporatelay-offs

B.thegovernmentcutsinwelfarespending

C.theeconomicrestructuring

D.thewarningpoweroflaborsunions

問題4選項

A.the401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownfuture.

B.Enronofferedtoaddcompanystocktotheirinvestment.

C.theiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionspending.

D.Enron’sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitplan.

問題5選項

A.401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentoption.

B.Employeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforthemselves.

C.Sucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople’smind

D.Economicsecuritywon’tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungworkers.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推斷題。本文講的是安然公司員工在商業歷史上的悲慘命運是經濟安全問題的一個轉折點。

2.細節題。原文指出:Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory,由此看出,人們在對生活的觀點態度方面有了一個重大的改變。

3.細節題。由第七段看出,退休金計劃的改變是政府在福利上削減的組成部分。

4.細節題。第七段指出:Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall,由此可知,安然公司讓投資者擁有他們公司的股票,因此很多員工選擇安然作為他們投資的唯一選擇。

5.推斷題。第六段指出：Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid,由此可知,A項(401（k）項資產應置于多個投資選項中),B項(員工必須自負盈虧)正確。第一段指出:Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems,因此C項(這種情況可能會再次發生，因為改變人們的想法并不容易)正確。故選D。

11.單選題

The（）ofgiftedchildrenintoacceleratedclasseswillstartnextweekaccordingtotheiracademicperformance.

問題1選項

A.segregation

B.specification

C.spectrum

D.subscription

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。segregation“隔絕、分離'speficiation“規格、說明書”;spectrum“光譜、波段”；subscription“捐獻、訂閱、定金、簽署”。只有A項符合題意。句意：把那些有天賦的孩子們分離到加速班的舉措將會在下周根據他們的學習成績進行。

12.單選題

Manycountrieshaveadoptedsystemsof（）educationinordertopromotetheaveragelevelofeducation.

問題1選項

A.constrained

B.compulsory

C.cardinal

D.conventional

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項constrained“強迫的，過于受約束的”，例如：aconstrainedconfession（逼供、被迫招供），constrainedemotions（受壓抑的感情）；B選項compulsory“義務的，必修的”，例如：compulsorymeasures（強迫手段），compulsoryservicesystem（義務兵役制）；C選項cardinal“主要的，基本的”，例句：RespectforlifeisacardinalprincipleofEnglishlaw.（尊重生命是英國法律最重要的原則）；D選項conventional“傳統的，慣例的”，例句：Thechairmanmadeafewconventionalremarks.（主席說了幾句客套話。）。句意：為了提高平均教育水平，許多國家都采用了義務教育制度。由選項意思和句意可知，B選項符合句意。

13.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

為了成長，為了游歷新的道路，人們需樂于去冒險，去面對未知，去接受會“失敗”的可能性。當我們嘗試一種新的存在方式時，如何看待自己對我們的成長能力至關重要。我們認為自己反應敏捷又有好奇心嗎？如果那樣，那么我們會抓住更多機會，會對陌生的經歷更敞開心扉。我們認為自己害羞而優柔寡斷嗎？那么我們的膽怯感會使我們猶豫不決、行動緩慢，直到我們確信安全才會更進一步。

【答案】

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.

14.單選題

Manyyoungpeoplebelievethatwarisstupidandunnecessary.Tothem,toloseone’slifeonthebattlefieldis（

）.

問題1選項

A.glorious

B.futile

C.heroic

D.courageous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：很多年輕人認為戰爭是愚蠢且沒有必要的。對于他們來說，在戰場上丟掉性命是徒勞的。glorious“光榮的”；futile“無用的”；heroic“英雄的”；courageous“有勇氣的”。根據句意，選項B符合題意。

15.翻譯題

Forthoseplayingthegameofscience,themethodbywhichtheyascertainwhattheybelieveiscrucial.Theyhavetoevaluatedataandargumentsanddecideforthemselvesontheirvalidity.Scientistscommunicatingtoothershavethetaskofconvincingthehearersofthevalidityoftheirstatementsintermsofthedataandtheirexplanationsofthedata.Theyarenotplayingthegamecorrectlyiftheywinsupportbythestrengthoftheirpersonalityorp