CooperativeStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter9溶詫塹躬寺翅席勉要世譽答啄粟慮韭樟存棲咋凝山中箋昭峪梳咱拇頁炮屎9合作策略Chapter91?2003SouthwesternPublishingCompanyCooperativeStrategyMichaelA.StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsStrategicOutcomesChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter9CooperativeStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies茬河尺宮續盔轉瞎務捂豎玉伎滲楚艱影惱編鍍庶跺沮掠葷晨嗓藩胰歌苯鱉9合作策略Chapter92StrategyImplementationChapterCooperativeStrategyCooperativestrategyisastrategyinwhichfirmsworktogethertoachieveasharedobjectiveCooperatingwithotherfirmsisastrategythatcreatesvalueforacustomerexceedsthecostofconstructingcustomervalueinotherwaysestablishesafavorablepositionrelativetocompetition每潦福佛懂膚棋判胰慰槐慈啟夷蛆季咕憶妻暈餒栓舅爭儈宵槽豢涪泳鵝旱9合作策略Chapter93CooperativeStrategyCooperativStrategicAllianceAstrategicallianceisacooperativestrategyinwhichfirmscombinesomeoftheirresourcesandcapabilitiestocreateacompetitiveadvantage

Astrategicallianceinvolvesexchangeandsharingofresourcesandcapabilitiesco-developmentordistributionofgoodsorservices序史翼盞沒嗅氓勃著詛讀黑霸腦烏姐教合廂匙炎藐洶尋蛛徑淹餐去婦計麥9合作策略Chapter94StrategicAllianceAstrategicCombinedResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesStrategicAllianceFirmAFirmBMutualinterestsindesigning,manufacturing,ordistributinggoodsorservices饞恰眠壇叫起受咳稈逼升棕頃飯瑩芍該胞梁皋述溉調遺醋荊違唯怔冷盟幾9合作策略Chapter95CombinedResourcesResourcesStraTypesofCooperativeStrategiesJointventure:twoormorefirmscreateanindependentcompanybycombiningpartsoftheirassetsEquitystrategicalliance:partnerswhoowndifferentpercentagesofequityinanewventureNonequitystrategicalliances:contractualagreementsgiventoacompanytosupply,produce,ordistributeafirm’sgoodsorserviceswithoutequitysharing租蛻茬刀敦婿卷油除所氖談鐐噶鄉碰鉸嫉昔時具桅搖恒寄叢珍斡畢白烹慮9合作策略Chapter96TypesofCooperativeStrategieMarketReasonSlowCycleGainaccesstoarestrictedmarketEstablishafranchiseinanewmarketMaintainmarketstability(e.g.,establishingstandards)ReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType隱山扇佐寄灣握綿造導疼邪趨拔蟻洞軀漂恢吳巧棠激寄洛朽饑鷗誹啼啃稠9合作策略Chapter97MarketReasonSlowCycleGainaccMarketReasonFastCycleSpeedupdevelopmentofnewgoodsorserviceSpeedupnewmarketentryMaintainmarketleadershipFormanindustrytechnologystandardShareriskyR&DexpensesOvercomeuncertaintyReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType帝鍘憨嫂厚洗窯寒執逛趙瞧嗡德滇響蹤題嚼醚芒冪恩屹環坍肩操幣軌旨腫9合作策略Chapter98MarketReasonFastCycleSpeedupMarketReasonStandardCycleGainmarketpower(reduceindustryovercapacity)GainaccesstocomplementaryresourcesEstablisheconomiesofscaleOvercometradebarriersMeetcompetitivechallengesfromothercompetitorsPoolresourcesforverylargecapitalprojectsLearnnewbusinesstechniquesReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType贛奠翱坷彼毯隕藝容礙訟幼讕誅窯花錦墮匝慨就神己借犬磋涅典燒酷駒隆9合作策略Chapter99MarketReasonStandardCycleGainBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:ComplementaryAlliancescomplementarystrategicalliancesaredesignedtotakeadvantageofmarketopportunitiesbycombiningpartnerfirms’assetsincomplementarywaystocreatenewvaluetheseincludedistribution,supplieroroutsourcingallianceswherefirmsrelyonupstreamordownstreampartnerstobuildcompetitiveadvantageComplementaryStrategicAlliances顫傅秸憲蹄滾鏟桂且摻州酶偏暑粹瞥讒撇謄繪倆鄰暖篇慌干恭壬名實獄蘑9合作策略Chapter910Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:MarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementMarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementVerticalAllianceSupplierverticalcomplementarystrategicallianceisformedbetweenfirmsthatagreetousetheirskillsandcapabilitiesindifferentstagesofthevaluechaintocreatevalueforbothfirmsoutsourcingisoneexampleofthistypeofallianceBuyerComplementaryStrategicAlliances劃陣紛副園肥結拷抒萎捻蹄雛簧勞析握蠶幀姓迪彌草李娜郊抿和戀隙魂問9合作策略Chapter911Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:MarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementMarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementHorizontalAllianceBuyerPotentialCompetitorshorizontalcomplementarystrategicallianceisformedbetweenpartnerswhoagreetocombinetheirresourcesandskillstocreatevalueinthesamestageofthevaluechainfocusonlong-termproductdevelopmentanddistributionopportunitiesthepartnersmaybecomecompetitorsrequiresagreatdealoftrustbetweenthepartnersBuyerComplementaryStrategicAlliances抗孰撒竭硬啊籍墑仆軋滴劉鉀茬缸宦挺縫眾汾赤闌腋痘橇熟溢檻驗盲炎輛9合作策略Chapter912Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:competitionresponsestrategicalliancesoccurwhenfirmsjoinforcestorespondtoastrategicactionofanothercompetitorbecausetheycanbedifficulttoreverseandexpensivetooperate,competitionresponsestrategicalliancesareprimarilyformedtorespondtostrategicratherthantacticalactionsCompetitionResponseAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesComplementaryAlliances曼檢煉串呀煉眨局摘逆烙辮胰遼茄吁箕羅寥發笛矛窘長煤環曳削沼浴相憑9合作策略Chapter913Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:uncertaintyreducingstrategicalliancesareusedtohedgeagainstriskanduncertaintythesealliancesaremostnoticedinfast-cyclemarketsalliancemaybeformedtoreducetheuncertaintyassociatedwithdevelopingnewproductortechnologystandardsUncertaintyReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances澇柱其敵招若擯恐腳站罐堡岡條帽桿直添警瞄店劑甚英德是頭崇鑷汀岸扮9合作策略Chapter914Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:competitionreducingstrategicalliancesmaybecreatedtoavoiddestructiveorexcessivecompetitionexplicitcollusionexistswhenfirmsdirectlynegotiateproductionoutputandpricingagreementsinordertoreducecompetition(illegal)tacitcollusionexistswhenseveralfirmsinanindustryindirectlycoordinatetheirproductionandpricingdecisionsbyobservingeachother’scompetitiveactionsandresponsesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances叮噎莖碟咕硫閣糖浦陪矛筑籍嚏爪彝魄孿磺頭焊輻孺綱垢士另牛豺訓矯妝9合作策略Chapter915Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:mutualforbearanceisaformoftacitcollusioninwhichfirmsavoidcompetitiveattacksagainstthoserivalstheymeetinmultiplemarketscompetitionreducingstrategicalliancesmayrequiregovernmentstofindwaystopermitcollaborationamongrivalswithoutviolatingantitrustlawsCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances蜘艦險己亞兆彝锨搪屈憨域塊隅媽菏蒂彥喉酒貓咳南犬喉曲型銳竿娶收些9合作策略Chapter916Business-LevelCooperativeStrCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategiesCorporate-levelcooperativestrategiesaredesignedtofacilitateproductand/ormarketdiversificationdiversifyingstrategicalliancesynergisticstrategicalliancefranchisingDiversifyingalliancesandsynergisticalliancesallowfirmstogrowanddiversifytheiroperationsthroughameansotherthanamergeroracquisition暫焊誅滿瘓運朝寶陵夫醞摸喂撞窗窩供康遵兼魚旁瘍燕蛻千孔渴逗勉液勛9合作策略Chapter917Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:DiversifyingAlliancesdiversifyingstrategicallianceallowsafirmtoexpandintonewproductormarketareaswithoutcompletingamergeroranacquisitionprovidessomeofthepotentialsynergisticbenefitsofamergeroracquisition,butwithlessriskandgreaterlevelsofflexibilitypermitsa“test”ofwhetherafuturemergerbetweenthepartnerswouldbenefitbothpartiesDiversifyingAlliances婆庚晤慘率壯爭吊瀾籮漆摧貼層蕾于胰咨神增晶塞潛么蒂徽襲膨恢伙蚊瘩9合作策略Chapter918Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:synergisticstrategicalliancescreatejointeconomiesofscopebetweentwoormorefirmscreatesynergyacrossmultiplefunctionsormultiplebusinessesbetweenpartnerfirmsSynergisticAlliancesSynergisticAlliancesDiversifyingAlliances潑揭這褐恐較朝幣琉瓊季繡噎乏僻疊甄慷腰荷戒抖嘯犀蔫況暇鷗炮薯拇翱9合作策略Chapter919Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:franchisingspreadsrisksandusesresources,capabilities,andcompetencieswithoutmergingoracquiringanothercompanycontractualrelationshipconcerningthefranchisethatisdevelopedbetweentwoparties,thefranchiseeandthefranchisoranalternativetopursuinggrowththroughmergersandacquisitionsFranchisingFranchisingDiversifyingAlliancesSynergisticAlliances覽爬霧送鉗覓敦灶睛彭碩篙腐朔妓原甜形乃俱出桔樣雛祟綠食沙傣第凳董9合作策略Chapter920Corporate-LevelCooperativeStInternationalCooperativeStrategiesCross-borderstrategicallianceaninternationalcooperativestrategyinwhichfirmswithheadquartersindifferentnationscombinesomeoftheirresourcesandcapabilitiestocreateacompetitiveadvantageafirmmayformcross-borderstrategicalliancestoleveragecorecompetenciesthatarethefoundationofitsdomesticsuccesstoexpandintointernationalmarkets敵鹿喪吊撞貌燙錦舵冪犢奢作烹仿眺航虎甭拇蒜舟茲墊典銀朝皂嶼賄帕疼9合作策略Chapter921InternationalCooperativeStraInternationalCooperativeStrategiesAllowsrisksharingbyreducingfinancialinvestmentHostpartnerknowslocalmarketandcustomsInternationalalliancescanbedifficulttomanageduetodifferencesinmanagementstyles,culturesorregulatoryconstraintsMustgaugepartner’sstrategicintentsotheydonotgainaccesstoimportanttechnologyandbecomeacompetitor沽泳仙薦祟烷載瀉蹭盼咨卵粉矩肩禽緯課標泛惱物麥灰瘩魄余店用瘡插曲9合作策略Chapter922InternationalCooperativeStraNetworkCooperativeStrategiesAnetworkstrategyisacooperativestrategywhereinseveralfirmsagreetoformmultiplepartnershipstoachievesharedobjectivesstablealliancenetworkdynamicalliancenetworkEffectivesocialrelationshipsandinteractionsamongpartnersarekeystoasuccessfulnetworkcooperativestrategy酣般縛購藕濁僳部金錳釩通壁青耍擱豬橋易緘杉盂算徹緘汛宮惟靳守馱切9合作策略Chapter923NetworkCooperativeStrategiesNetworkCooperativeStrategies:

StableAllianceNetworklongtermrelationshipsthatoftenappearinmatureindustrieswheredemandisrelativelyconstantandpredictablestablenetworksarebuiltforexploitationoftheeconomiesavailablebetweenfirmsStableAllianceNetwork泊買邊絡配氧滑坷目覺浮硼蠶讒藻報堂莆茍罐績艘獲寫瓶稱封雞授性日徐9合作策略Chapter924NetworkCooperativeStrategiesNetworkCooperativeStrategies:

DynamicAllianceNetworkarrangementsthatevolveinindustrieswithrapidtechnologicalchangeleadingtoshortproductlifecyclesprimarilyusedtostimulaterapid,value-creatingproductinnovationsandsubsequentsuccessfulmarketentriespurposeisoftenexplorationofnewideasDynamicAllianceNetworkStableAllianceNetwork疏拂啟郴淬乾肌拼損舉瘦印蠶熊淚辮后乙屬蛇閨晃床瓦辟議傅耽也咬程胰9合作策略Chapter925NetworkCooperativeStrategiesCompetitiveRiskswithCooperativeStrategiesCompetitiveRisksPartnermayactopportunisticallyMisrepresentationofcompetenciesbroughttothepartnershipPartnerfailstomakecommittedresourcesandcapabilitiesavailabletoitspartnersFirmmaymakeinvestmentsthatarespecifictothealliancewhileitspartnerdoesnot暑沂丹澎羔抉狡澤萎瓊押皮惋釋閉情澤瀉技蘑播蒲一釋稽鑒應瞧侯嘆卡無9合作策略Chapter926CompetitiveRiskswithCooperaCompetitiveRiskswithCooperativeStrategiesRiskandAssetManagementApproachesCompetitiveRisksManagethebalancebetweenlearningfrompartnerswhileprotectingknowledgeandsourcesofcompetitiveadvantagesfromexcessivelearningbypartnersAssignmanagerialresponsibilityforafirm’scooperativestrategiestoahigh-levelexecutiveorteam

Specifyresourcesandcapabilitiesthatwillbesharedandthosethatwillnotbeshared

(detailedcontractsandmonitoring)Developtrustingrelationships遲脹芹鋪戎侮踏匪恫閥罐域蝗跋譴升禍欄匠愚鯉季檢碩篩擋逾朗抬釩騷憂9合作策略Chapter927CompetitiveRiskswithCooperaApproachesforManagingCooperativeStrategiescostminimizationformalcontractsspecifyhowthecooperativestrategyistobemonitoredandhowpartnerbehavioristobecontrolledopportunitymaximizationmaximizepartnership’svalue-creationopportunitiespartnerstakeadvantageofunexpectedopportunitiestolearnfromeachotherandtoexploreadditionalmarketplacepossibilitiesfewerformal,limiting,contracts倫鄖防異購滯盡視央侍碾勛客搗拆死桌登沛旗謠隧匪買墊焰爍瘁碗變粉團9合作策略Chapter928ApproachesforManagingCooperCompetitiveRiskswithCooperativeStrategiesRiskandAssetManagementApproachesCompetitiveRisksDesiredOutcomeCreatingvalueAbove-averagereturns臻攆滲貸灰勢階莆烷依彩匙獰藕頒崩矚坑剪茹當用炳船擬榴岡轎束殲匡兆9合作策略Chapter929CompetitiveRiskswithCooperaCooperativeStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter9溶詫塹躬寺翅席勉要世譽答啄粟慮韭樟存棲咋凝山中箋昭峪梳咱拇頁炮屎9合作策略Chapter930?2003SouthwesternPublishingCompanyCooperativeStrategyMichaelA.StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsStrategicOutcomesChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter9CooperativeStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies茬河尺宮續盔轉瞎務捂豎玉伎滲楚艱影惱編鍍庶跺沮掠葷晨嗓藩胰歌苯鱉9合作策略Chapter931StrategyImplementationChapterCooperativeStrategyCooperativestrategyisastrategyinwhichfirmsworktogethertoachieveasharedobjectiveCooperatingwithotherfirmsisastrategythatcreatesvalueforacustomerexceedsthecostofconstructingcustomervalueinotherwaysestablishesafavorablepositionrelativetocompetition每潦福佛懂膚棋判胰慰槐慈啟夷蛆季咕憶妻暈餒栓舅爭儈宵槽豢涪泳鵝旱9合作策略Chapter932CooperativeStrategyCooperativStrategicAllianceAstrategicallianceisacooperativestrategyinwhichfirmscombinesomeoftheirresourcesandcapabilitiestocreateacompetitiveadvantage

Astrategicallianceinvolvesexchangeandsharingofresourcesandcapabilitiesco-developmentordistributionofgoodsorservices序史翼盞沒嗅氓勃著詛讀黑霸腦烏姐教合廂匙炎藐洶尋蛛徑淹餐去婦計麥9合作策略Chapter933StrategicAllianceAstrategicCombinedResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesResourcesCapabilitiesCoreCompetenciesStrategicAllianceFirmAFirmBMutualinterestsindesigning,manufacturing,ordistributinggoodsorservices饞恰眠壇叫起受咳稈逼升棕頃飯瑩芍該胞梁皋述溉調遺醋荊違唯怔冷盟幾9合作策略Chapter934CombinedResourcesResourcesStraTypesofCooperativeStrategiesJointventure:twoormorefirmscreateanindependentcompanybycombiningpartsoftheirassetsEquitystrategicalliance:partnerswhoowndifferentpercentagesofequityinanewventureNonequitystrategicalliances:contractualagreementsgiventoacompanytosupply,produce,ordistributeafirm’sgoodsorserviceswithoutequitysharing租蛻茬刀敦婿卷油除所氖談鐐噶鄉碰鉸嫉昔時具桅搖恒寄叢珍斡畢白烹慮9合作策略Chapter935TypesofCooperativeStrategieMarketReasonSlowCycleGainaccesstoarestrictedmarketEstablishafranchiseinanewmarketMaintainmarketstability(e.g.,establishingstandards)ReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType隱山扇佐寄灣握綿造導疼邪趨拔蟻洞軀漂恢吳巧棠激寄洛朽饑鷗誹啼啃稠9合作策略Chapter936MarketReasonSlowCycleGainaccMarketReasonFastCycleSpeedupdevelopmentofnewgoodsorserviceSpeedupnewmarketentryMaintainmarketleadershipFormanindustrytechnologystandardShareriskyR&DexpensesOvercomeuncertaintyReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType帝鍘憨嫂厚洗窯寒執逛趙瞧嗡德滇響蹤題嚼醚芒冪恩屹環坍肩操幣軌旨腫9合作策略Chapter937MarketReasonFastCycleSpeedupMarketReasonStandardCycleGainmarketpower(reduceindustryovercapacity)GainaccesstocomplementaryresourcesEstablisheconomiesofscaleOvercometradebarriersMeetcompetitivechallengesfromothercompetitorsPoolresourcesforverylargecapitalprojectsLearnnewbusinesstechniquesReasonsforStrategicAlliancesbyMarketType贛奠翱坷彼毯隕藝容礙訟幼讕誅窯花錦墮匝慨就神己借犬磋涅典燒酷駒隆9合作策略Chapter938MarketReasonStandardCycleGainBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:ComplementaryAlliancescomplementarystrategicalliancesaredesignedtotakeadvantageofmarketopportunitiesbycombiningpartnerfirms’assetsincomplementarywaystocreatenewvaluetheseincludedistribution,supplieroroutsourcingallianceswherefirmsrelyonupstreamordownstreampartnerstobuildcompetitiveadvantageComplementaryStrategicAlliances顫傅秸憲蹄滾鏟桂且摻州酶偏暑粹瞥讒撇謄繪倆鄰暖篇慌干恭壬名實獄蘑9合作策略Chapter939Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:MarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementMarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementVerticalAllianceSupplierverticalcomplementarystrategicallianceisformedbetweenfirmsthatagreetousetheirskillsandcapabilitiesindifferentstagesofthevaluechaintocreatevalueforbothfirmsoutsourcingisoneexampleofthistypeofallianceBuyerComplementaryStrategicAlliances劃陣紛副園肥結拷抒萎捻蹄雛簧勞析握蠶幀姓迪彌草李娜郊抿和戀隙魂問9合作策略Chapter940Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:MarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementMarginMarginPrimaryActivitiesSupportActivitiesServiceMarketing&SalesOutboundLogisticsOperationsInboundLogisticsFirmInfrastructureHumanResourceMgmt.TechnologicalDevelopmentProcurementHorizontalAllianceBuyerPotentialCompetitorshorizontalcomplementarystrategicallianceisformedbetweenpartnerswhoagreetocombinetheirresourcesandskillstocreatevalueinthesamestageofthevaluechainfocusonlong-termproductdevelopmentanddistributionopportunitiesthepartnersmaybecomecompetitorsrequiresagreatdealoftrustbetweenthepartnersBuyerComplementaryStrategicAlliances抗孰撒竭硬啊籍墑仆軋滴劉鉀茬缸宦挺縫眾汾赤闌腋痘橇熟溢檻驗盲炎輛9合作策略Chapter941Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:competitionresponsestrategicalliancesoccurwhenfirmsjoinforcestorespondtoastrategicactionofanothercompetitorbecausetheycanbedifficulttoreverseandexpensivetooperate,competitionresponsestrategicalliancesareprimarilyformedtorespondtostrategicratherthantacticalactionsCompetitionResponseAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesComplementaryAlliances曼檢煉串呀煉眨局摘逆烙辮胰遼茄吁箕羅寥發笛矛窘長煤環曳削沼浴相憑9合作策略Chapter942Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:uncertaintyreducingstrategicalliancesareusedtohedgeagainstriskanduncertaintythesealliancesaremostnoticedinfast-cyclemarketsalliancemaybeformedtoreducetheuncertaintyassociatedwithdevelopingnewproductortechnologystandardsUncertaintyReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances澇柱其敵招若擯恐腳站罐堡岡條帽桿直添警瞄店劑甚英德是頭崇鑷汀岸扮9合作策略Chapter943Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:competitionreducingstrategicalliancesmaybecreatedtoavoiddestructiveorexcessivecompetitionexplicitcollusionexistswhenfirmsdirectlynegotiateproductionoutputandpricingagreementsinordertoreducecompetition(illegal)tacitcollusionexistswhenseveralfirmsinanindustryindirectlycoordinatetheirproductionandpricingdecisionsbyobservingeachother’scompetitiveactionsandresponsesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances叮噎莖碟咕硫閣糖浦陪矛筑籍嚏爪彝魄孿磺頭焊輻孺綱垢士另牛豺訓矯妝9合作策略Chapter944Business-LevelCooperativeStrBusiness-LevelCooperativeStrategies:mutualforbearanceisaformoftacitcollusioninwhichfirmsavoidcompetitiveattacksagainstthoserivalstheymeetinmultiplemarketscompetitionreducingstrategicalliancesmayrequiregovernmentstofindwaystopermitcollaborationamongrivalswithoutviolatingantitrustlawsCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionReducingAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReducingAlliancesComplementaryAlliances蜘艦險己亞兆彝锨搪屈憨域塊隅媽菏蒂彥喉酒貓咳南犬喉曲型銳竿娶收些9合作策略Chapter945Business-LevelCooperativeStrCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategiesCorporate-levelcooperativestrategiesaredesignedtofacilitateproductand/ormarketdiversificationdiversifyingstrategicalliancesynergisticstrategicalliancefranchisingDiversifyingalliancesandsynergisticalliancesallowfirmstogrowanddiversifytheiroperationsthroughameansotherthanamergeroracquisition暫焊誅滿瘓運朝寶陵夫醞摸喂撞窗窩供康遵兼魚旁瘍燕蛻千孔渴逗勉液勛9合作策略Chapter946Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:DiversifyingAlliancesdiversifyingstrategicallianceallowsafirmtoexpandintonewproductormarketareaswithoutcompletingamergeroranacquisitionprovidessomeofthepotentialsynergisticbenefitsofamergeroracquisition,butwithlessriskandgreaterlevelsofflexibilitypermitsa“test”ofwhetherafuturemergerbetweenthepartnerswouldbenefitbothpartiesDiversifyingAlliances婆庚晤慘率壯爭吊瀾籮漆摧貼層蕾于胰咨神增晶塞潛么蒂徽襲膨恢伙蚊瘩9合作策略Chapter947Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:synergisticstrategicalliancescreatejointeconomiesofscopebetweentwoormorefirmscreatesynergyacrossmultiplefunctionsormultiplebusinessesbetweenpartnerfirmsSynergisticAlliancesSynergisticAlliancesDiversifyingAlliances潑揭這褐恐較朝幣琉瓊季繡噎乏僻疊甄慷腰荷戒抖嘯犀蔫況暇鷗炮薯拇翱9合作策略Chapter948Corporate-LevelCooperativeStCorporate-LevelCooperativeStrategies:franchisingspreadsrisksandusesresources,capabilities,andcompetencieswithoutmergingoracquiringanothercompanycontractualrelationshipconcerningthefranchisethatisdevelopedbetweentwoparties,thefranchiseeandthefranchisoranalternativetopursuinggrowththroughmergersandacquisitionsFranchisingFranchisingDiversifyingAlliancesSynergisticAlliances覽爬霧送鉗覓敦灶睛彭碩篙腐朔妓原甜形乃俱出桔樣雛祟綠食沙傣第凳董9合作策略Chapter949Corporate-LevelCooperativeStInternationalCooperativeStrategiesCross-borderstrategicallianceaninternationalcooperativestrategyinwhichfirmswithheadquartersindifferentnationscombinesomeoftheirresourcesandcapabilitiestocreateacompetitiveadvantageafirmmayformcross-borderstrategicalliancestoleveragecorecompetenciesthatarethefoundationofitsdomesticsuccesstoexpandintointernationalmarkets敵鹿喪吊撞貌燙錦舵冪犢奢作烹仿眺航虎甭拇蒜舟茲墊典銀朝皂嶼賄帕疼9合作策略Chapter950InternationalCooperativeStraInternationalCooperativeStrategiesAllowsrisksharingbyreducingfinancialinvestmentHostpartnerknowslocalmarketandcustomsInternationalalliancescanbedifficulttomanageduetodifferencesinmanagementstyles,culturesorregulatoryconstraintsMustgaugepartner’sstrategicintentsotheydonotgainaccesstoimportanttechnologyandbecomeacompetitor沽泳仙薦祟烷載瀉蹭盼咨卵粉矩肩禽緯課標泛惱物麥灰瘩魄余店用瘡插曲9合作策略Chapter951InternationalCooperativeStraNetworkCooperativeStrategiesAnetworkstrategyisacooperativestrategywhereinseveralfirmsagreetoformmultiplepartnershipstoachievesharedobjectivesstablealliancenetworkdynamicalliancen