書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-云南警官學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Toeveryone'ssurprise,thewomancandidatefromasmallparty（

）thepollinthefirstroundofvoting.

問題1選項

A.eclipsed

B.outshined

C.topped

D.deprived

【答案】C

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。eclipse“遮住……的光”;outshine“使相形見絀”；top“超過”；deprive“剝奪，使喪失”。句意：讓每個人驚訝的是，來自一個小政黨的女候選人在第一輪投票中領先。選項C符合題意。

2.單選題

Facebook’stopexecutiveareeligiblefortwice-a-yearbonusesofupto45percentoftheirbasesalaries.

問題1選項

A.optional

B.qualified

C.desirable

D.casual

【答案】B

【解析】考查上下文語義與形容詞辨析。A選項optional“可選擇的”；B選項qualified“合格的，有資格的”；C選項desirable“值得擁有的，可取的”；D選項casual“隨便的；臨時的”。句意：Facebook的高管有資格獲得一年兩次的獎金，最高可達基本工資的45%。根據句意可排除A、D兩項。C選項desirable與B選項qualified的區別在于：desirable通常修飾“值得的或可取的東西”，在這句話中則應該是“一年兩次的獎金”，通常用于itisdesirablethat（XX是可取的。）或者itisdesirableforsbtodosth（做某事是值得的。），而劃線詞修飾的是“Facebook的高管”，兩者用法不搭，而qualified通常與介詞for連用，AbequalifiedforB（A具備完成/擁有B的資格或能力），該詞與原文areeligiblefor詞義、用法最相近。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

3.單選題

PresidentCoolidge’sstatement,"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,"stillpointstoanimportanttruthtoday——thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusinessinstitutionspossessthisgreatprestige?

OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessasbeingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.SincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymostAmericans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.

Competitionprotectsthefreedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopolyofpower.Incontrasttoone,allpowerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachotherforprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.

Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericansbelievethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughtgovernmentleadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericanbelieve,then,thatcompetitionisasimportant,orevenmoreimportant,thandemocracyinpreservingfreedom.

Competitioninbusinessisalsobelievedtostrengthentheidealofequalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.

1.Thestatement"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness"probablymeans（

）.

2.Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly

（

）.

3.Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?

4.Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentischaracterizedby

（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbeliever（

）.

問題1選項

A.ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerce.

B.BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernment.

C.BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericans

D.Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness

問題2選項

A.whengivenequalityofopportunity

B.throughdoingbusiness

C.byprotectingtheirindividualfreedom

D.bywayofcompetition

問題3選項

A.Honestbusinessmen.

B.Bothbusinessmenandtheircustomers.

C.Peoplewithidealsofequality.

D.Businessinstitutionsandgovernment.

問題4選項

A.itsabsolutecontrolofpower

B.itsfunctionpreservingpersonalfreedom

C.itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvalues

D.itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleader

問題5選項

A.Americansaremoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountries

B.Inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatus

C.Americanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthantheseinothercountries

D.BusinessesinothercountriesarenotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節事實題。由文章第一段中的thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment（在美國社會中，商業機構比任何其他類型的組織都有更高的聲譽，包括政府）可知C選項“商業是美國人最關心的問題”符合題意。

2.細節事實題。由文章第二段中的Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.（競爭本身不僅是好的，它也是美國其他基本價值觀如個人自由、機會平等和努力工作的保護手段）可知D選項“通過競爭”符合題意。

3.細節事實題。由文章第三段中的Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.（理論上，如果一個企業試圖利用其客戶的不公平優勢，它將輸給對其客戶更公平的競爭性企業。當許多企業為了顧客的錢而競爭時，他們不能像對待下級或奴隸那樣對待他們）可知是從從企業與客戶兩個角度說明商業競爭的，因此選B。

4.細節事實題。由文章倒數第二段中的Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.（人們常常將商業和政府進行對比，一個具有競爭性，另一個具有壟斷性）可知A選項“其對權力的絕對控制”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.（競爭成功通常被視為是美國人對基于家庭背景的社會等級的替代方式。因此，商業被視為是機會平等觀念的一種表達，而不是繼承特權的貴族觀念）可知B選項“在許多國家，成功往往取決于一個人的社會地位”符合題意。

4.單選題

Thegloveswerereallytoosmall,anditwasonlyby（

）themthatIcangetthemon.

問題1選項

A.stretching

B.spreading

C.extending

D.squeezing

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項stretch“拉長，撐大，伸展”，指由曲變直、由短變長的伸展，不是加長，側重“形狀的變化”.；B選項spread“伸開”，指建筑，道路和時間等的延伸；C選項extend“延伸”，指在空間或時間上延伸，一般有一個大致的延伸方向；D選項squeeze“擠壓”。根據gloves（手套）可知此處表示手套太小了，只有把它們撐大才能戴上，因此選A。句意：手套真的太小了，只有把它們伸展開來，我才能戴上。

5.單選題

Doyouthinkthisjacketandtrouserswill______asuit?

問題1選項

A.passoff

B.passover

C.passup

D.passfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。passoff“停止”；passover“忽略”；passup“升起，拒絕”；passfor“被認為，當作”。句意：你認為這件夾克和褲子可以看作是一套嗎？選項D符合題意。

6.單選題

Whatisthenatureofthescientificattitude,theattitudeofthemanorwomanwhostudiesandappliesphysics,biology,chemistry,geology,engineering,medicineoranyotherscience?

Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.Thefirstoftheseistheapplicationofthemachines,productsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnology,scienceimprovesthestructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.

Whatarethesespecialmethodsofthinkingandacting?Firstofall,itseemsthatasuccessfulscientistisfullofcuriosity—hewantstofindouthowandwhytheuniverseworks.Heusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfactoryexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected.Moreover,hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditionsandenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.

Heisagoodobserver,accurate,patientandobjectiveandapplieslogicalthoughttotheobservationshemakes.Heutilizesthefactsheobservestothefullestextent.Forexample,trainedobserversobtainaverylargeamountofinformationaboutastarmainlyfromtheaccurateanalysisofthesimplelinesthatappearinaspectrum.

Heisskeptical—hedoesnotacceptstatementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable—andthereforerejectsauthorityasthesolebasisfortruth.Scientistsalwayscheckstatementsandmakeexperimentscarefullyandobjectivelytoverifythem.

Furthermore,heisnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers,butalsoofhisown,sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbobjectiveinvestigation.

Lastly,heishighlyimaginativesinceheoftenhastolookforrelationshipsindatawhicharenotonlycomplexbutalsofrequentlyincomplete.Furthermore,heneedsimaginationifhewantstomakehypothesesofhowprocessesworkandhoweventstakeplace.Thereseemtobesomeofthewaysinwhichasuccessfulscientistortechnologistthinksandacts.

1.Manypeoplebelievethatsciencehelpssocietytoprogressthrough（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutcuriosity（

）?

3.Accordingtothepassage,asuccessfulscientistwouldnot（

）.

4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss（

）?

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthetopic（

）?

問題1選項

A.appliedknowledge

B.morethanoneaspect

C.technologyonly

D.theuseofmachines

問題2選項

A.Itgivesthescientistconfidenceandpleasureinwork.

B.Itgivesrisetointerestinproblemsthatareunexplained.

C.Itleadstoeffortstoinvestigatepotentialconnections.

D.Itencouragesthescientisttolookfornewwaysofacting.

問題3選項

A.easilybelieveinuncheckedstatements.

B.easilycriticizeothers’researchwork.

C.alwaysusehisimaginationinwork.

D.alwaysuseevidencefromobservation.

問題4選項

A.Applicationoftechnology.

B.Progressinmodernsociety.

C.Scientists’waysofthinkingandacting.

D.Howtobecomeasuccessfulscientist.

問題5選項

A.Critical.

B.Objective.

C.Biased.

D.Unclear.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實細節題。題干：很多人相信科學通過_______幫助社會進步。通過題干關鍵詞“Manypeoplebelieve”定位到第二段第二句Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience（然而，許多人認為，我們的進步取決于科學的兩個不同方面），這里明確指出社會進步要靠twodifferentaspectsofscience，因此B選項正確。A選項“應用知識”，C選項“僅靠技術”，D選項“利用機器”，A，C，D選項都不夠全面。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為B選項。

2.細節判斷題。題干：關于好奇心，以下哪個選項不正確？由題干中的“curiosity”定位至第三段。第三句和第四句對科學家的好奇心進行了詳細解釋。第三句指出Heusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfactoryexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected（他通常把注意力放在那些沒有令人滿意的解釋的問題上，他的好奇心使他尋找潛在的關系，即使可用的數據似乎是毫無關聯的），選項B對應前一個分句，選項C對應and后的第二個分句。末句Moreover,hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditionsandenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.（此外，他認為他可以改善現有的條件，并樂于嘗試解決其中涉及的問題。），表示他對自己有信心，且從這一過程獲得愉悅，即pleasure，A也符合文意。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為D選項。

3.細節判斷題。通過文章可知，一個成功的科學家不會_________。根據第六段首句的內容，選項A中的uncheckedstatements是對“statementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable”的概括，說明成功的可科學家不應該輕信沒有檢驗的結論，故選A。選項B“容易批判別人的研究工作”與第七段首句的含義一致，所以排除B選項，選項C“在工作中經常利用想象力”和最后一段第一句表達的意思重合，所以排除C選項，選項D“經常利用通過觀察得到的證據”和倒數第三段第一句表達的意思重合，所以排除D選項。故排除。從文中可知，科學家不是很容易相信沒有檢驗的結論，但是他不僅批判別人的工作，還批判自己的工作，工作時需要想象力，充分利用自己觀察所得。綜上所述，本題正確答案是A選項。

4.主旨大意題。題干：文章主要討論的是？文章開篇通過一個文句引出對科學態度的本質的思考，第二段和第三段介紹了社會進步以來與科學的兩個方面，之后第四段首句通過一個問句引出全文主題。后面的內容都是對這個主題的具體說明。末段對這一主旨進行概括，可見本文的主要內容是關注methodsofthinkingandacting，故選C。A、B、D選項均不符合題意。綜上所述，本題正確答案是C選項。

5.觀點態度題。在第四段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介紹成功科學家的思維和行為方式。文中沒有任何正面或負面評價，可見作者在文中是非常客觀地說明成功科學家的思維和行為方式，故選B“客觀的”。A選項“批評的”，C選項“有偏見的”和D選項“不清楚的”，均不是作者的觀點。綜上所述，本題正確答案是B選項。

7.單選題

Althoughwetriedtoconcentrateonthelecture,wewere（

）bythenoisefromthenextroom.

問題1選項

A.displaced

B.distracted

C.dispersed

D.discarded

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。displace“取代”；distract“分心”；disperse“分散，傳播”；discard“丟棄”。句意：盡管我們盡力將精力集中在講座上，但注意力還是被隔壁房間的噪聲給分散了。選項B符合題意。

8.單選題

Whilethereislittlesystematicworkrelatingforeignlanguagelearningstrategiestosuccess,thereareanumberofobservationswhichcanbemadeaboutindividualswhoaregoodlanguagelearners.

IhavebeenabletoisolatesomeoftheindividualsbyobservingstudentsinclassroomsinCaliforniaandHawaii,byobservingmyselfandtalkingtoothergoodlanguagelearners,byelicitingobservationsfromsomesecondlanguageteachers.AsIhavebeguntoobserveclasses,whatfascinatesmeishowoftentheteacherplowsaheadwiththelessonseeminglywithlittleawarenessofwhatisgoingonineachstudent,andoftenwithoutdirectingtheattentionofthepoorerstudentstohowthesuccessfulstudentarrivedathisanswer.Thatis,manyforeignlanguageteachersareconcernedwithfindingthebestmethodorwithgettingthecorrectanswer,yettheteachersfailtoattendtothelearningprocess.Iftheyattendedtoitmore,theymightbeabletotailortheirinputtotheirstudents'needsandmightbeabletoprovidetheirstudentswithtechniquesthatwouldenablethemtolearnontheirown.Indeed,nocoursecouldeverteachallweneedtoknowaboutalanguage,andthestudentsmustfindthemeanstohelpthemselves,whentheteacherisnotaround.

Thetaskofobservingthesestrategiesisacomplicatedonebecausethestrategiesnecessarilyinvolvecognitiveprocesseswhichneitherthelearnernortheteachermaybeabletospecify.However,whenourattentionisfocusedonobservingthesestrategies,Ithinkwemayfinditeasiertoisolatesomeofthem.Justrecently,Idiscoveredthatbyusingvideotapeswehopetohelplearnersandteachersseewhatisgoingonintheclassroom.Wehopetobeable,aswell,toabstractthelearnerstrategiesbyinterviewingthelearnerabouthisbehaviorduringaparticularclassroomwhichshowingthematapeoftheirownbehavior.

Inspiteofthefactthatweareonlybeginningtoisolatethesestrategies,Ithinkthatitisusefultolistsomeoftheonesfoundthusfar.TheyremaingeneralbutgiveanideaofthekindofstrategiesIthinkweoughttobelookingfor.

1.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

2.Theauthorformedsomeideasaboutthefeaturesofgoodforeignlanguagelearningbygettinginformationfrom（

）.

3.Theauthorbelievesthatthemostimportanttaskofagoodlanguageteacheris

（

）.

4.“Theymightbeabletotailortheirinputtotheirstudents'needs”means

（

）.

5.Observinglanguagelearningstrategiesisverycomplicatedbecause（

）.

問題1選項

A.TheSuccessfulLanguageLearner

B.RelationshipbetweenTeachingandLearning

C.LanguageLearningStrategies

D.ObservationsofLanguageClasses

問題2選項

A.languageclassrooms

B.talkswithstudents

C.lecturesonthistopic

D.foreignteachers

問題3選項

A.toteachstudentslearningstrategies

B.tousethetextbookskillfullyandflexibly

C.tolookforasuitableteachingmethodfortheclass

D.tohelpstudentsdeveloptheirownleaningmethods

問題4選項

A.theycouldprovidetechniquestofindoutthestudents'needs

B.theycouldadjusttheirteachingtotheneedsofindividualstudents

C.theycouldcutoutredundantmaterialstomeettheirstudents'needs

D.theycouldrevisethetextbooktosuittheneedsoftheirstudents

問題5選項

A.eitherthelearnerortheteacherwillfinditdifficulttospecifywhatexactlytheyare

B.neitherthelearnernortheteachermaybeabletodescribethemprecisely

C.theyarerelatedtotheprocessesoflearningwhicheventheteachercannotstateprecisely

D.theyinvolvetheleaningprocesswhichneitherthelearnernortheteachermaybeabletoisolate

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。結合全文內容可知，本文有一個關鍵詞“strategies”,所以本文主要講的是語言學習策略。選項C正確。

2.事實細節題。根據第二段第一句“...byobservingmyselfandtalkingtoothergoodlanguagelearners...”……通過觀察自己和與其他優秀的語言學習者交談……選項B符合原文。

3.事實細節題。根據第二段倒數二三句，許多外語老師關心的是找到最好的方法或得到正確的答案，然而老師沒有注意到學習的過程。如果更多地關注過程，他們可以調整教學方法來滿足學生的需求，并且能夠向學生提供使他們能夠自學的方法。也就是說，幫助學生發展自己的學習方法，選項D符合原文。

4.推理判斷題。根據上一題可知，原文表達的意思是：他們可以調整教學方法來滿足學生的需求。也就是說，他們可以根據個別學生的需要調整教學，選項B與原文表述一致，所以正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據第三段第一句“...becausethestrategiesnecessarilyinvolvecognitiveprocesseswhichneitherthelearnernortheteachermaybeabletospecify.”觀察這些策略的任務是一項復雜的任務，因為這些策略必然涉及認知過程，而學習者和教師都無法具體說明這些過程。either...or...指“不是……就是……”，neither...nor...指的是二者都不，所以選項B正確。

9.單選題

FastReading

Newspapers

Newspapersaretheoriginalformofbroadbandcommunication,adistinctionnotalwaysrecognizedintheageoftheInternet.Longbeforewehadcomputers,televisions,radios,telephonesandtelegraphs,newspaperswerethecheapestandmostefficientwaytoreachmassaudienceswithnews,commentaryandadvertising.Newspapers,fromtheirbeginningsashand-printed“broadsheets”,havebeenatruerandom-accessmedium-readerscanmoveeasilyandquicklythroughthedifferentsectionsofanewspaper,returningtothemdaysorevenweekslater.Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.

WhatDidtheGrowthofTVNewsMeantoNewspapers?

Withthegrowthoftelevisionnewsinthe1960s,newspapersconfrontedtheirfirstformidablecompetitor.Today,ABCNewsclaimsthatmoreAmericansgettheirnewsfromABCthanfromanyothersource—andit’sprobablytrue.TheUnitedStates’1,600dailynewspaperscontinuetoservemillionsofreaders,butnewspapersarenolongerthecountry’sdominantmassmedium.Howtosurviveandevenflourishinaculturemoreattunedto（吻合）electronicmediathantoprinter’sinkisthemostseriousissuefacingthenewspaperindustryasitentersthe21stcentury.

ItissafetosaythatnewspapersarenotabouttofollowtheMorsetelegraphintooblivion.Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium.Noonelugsacomputermonitortothebreakfasttabletogetthemorningnews.And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

WhatExactlyIsNewsandHowDoesItWork?

Curiously,forapublicationcalledanewspaper,noonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpart,newsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassification-theabnormal.Itishumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoften“makethenews”.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersglean（收集）informationfrommanysources,somepublic,suchaspolicerecords,andothersprivate,suchasagovernmentinformant.Occasionally,areporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

Somereportersareassignedtobeats,oranareaofcoverage,suchasthecourts,cityhall,education,business,medicineandsoforth.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporters,whichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.Inthemovies,reportershaveexciting,frenzied（狂熱的）anddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:“Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.”Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoing,newspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.

Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssize,anewspapermayhavenumerouseditors,beginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditor,thepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.Othereditors―sports,photo,state,national,featuresandobituary（訃告）,forexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.

However,thebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstones,enforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.Oftenworkingunderthestressofbreakingnews,theirdecisionstranslatedirectlyintothecontentofthenewspaper.

Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopy,thestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision,thecopydesk.Here,copyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookfor“holes”inthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Thecopydeskchiefroutesfinishedstoriestoothereditorswhofitlocalandwireservicestories,headlines（writtenbytheeditor—notthereporter!）anddigitalphotographsontopages.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthiswork,calledpagination（分頁）,withpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindows,WordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthat,thoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproduction,areeasilyadaptedforit.

WhatAretheEditorialPagesAllAbout?

Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.Thisiswhereeditorials,unsignedcommentarythatreflectsthecollectivepositionofthenewspaper’seditorialboard,appear.Editorialsarenotnews,butratherreasonedopinionbasedonfacts.Forexample,editorialsmaycriticizetheperformanceofpublicofficialssuchasthemayor,thepolicechief,orthelocalschoolboard;conversely,editorialsmaypraiseothersfortheirciviccontributions.Whateverthetopic,newspapershopetheireditorialswillraisethelevelofcommunitydiscourse.

Twowaysthisoccursarefamiliartoanynewspaperreader―letterstotheeditorandop-edarticles（acontractionofopposite-editorialpage）.Lettersarealwaysamongthebest-readsectionofanynewspaper,forthisiswherereadersexpresstheiropinions.Op-edarticlesusuallyrun850to1,000words.Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.

Theeditorialpagesareunderthedirectionofaneditoroutsidethenewsdivision.Newspaperpeoplecallthis“separationofchurchandstate”,meaningthereisalinebetweennewsandopinionthatmustnotbecrossed.Todosostripsanewspaperofitsmostvaluableasset-credibility.Forthatreason,editorialpageeditorsatsomelargenewspapersreporttothepublisher,whoisthechiefexecutiveofficerofthecompany,andnottotheexecutiveeditor.Othernewspapersmayhavetheireditorialpageeditorreportingtotheexecutiveeditor.Whatevertheorganizationalmodel,though,neitherdepartmentcantelltheotherwhattopublishinthenewspaper.

HowAreNewspapersDistributed?

Responsibilityforgettingthenewspaperfromthepresstothereaderfallstothedistributiondivision.Largenewspaperspublishtwo,threeorevenfoureditions,allofwhichmustbereadytoleavethenewspaperplantatacertaintime.Thefirstedition,sometimescalledthebulldogedition（晨版）,goestotheouterlimitsofthenewspaper’scirculationarea.

Thismaybeseveralcountiesorevenanentirestate.Latereditionscontainprogressivelyfreshernewsandgotosmallerareas.Thefinaledition,whichgoestopressaftermidnight,containsthelatestnewsbutcoversthesmallestgeographicalarea,usuallyacity.

Anysubscribertoadailynewspaperknowsthatitplops（撲通落下）ontothedrivewayintheweehoursofthemorning.Independentcontractorscalledcarriersbuycopiesofthenewspaperatdiscountanddeliverthem,usingtheirpersonalvehicles.ThefirstjobformanyAmericanyoungsterswasdeliveringtheafternoonpaperintheirneighborhood.

Thecirculationdepartmentdrawstheroutesthatcarriersfollow.Thisdepartmentisalsoresponsibleforracksales,newspapersthatgointocoin-operateddispensers（自動售貨機）.Thecirculationdepartmentmaintainssubscribers’billingrecords,stopsandstartsdeliveriesuponrequest,andusesservicerunnerstodelivermissingpapers.