第I部分個體生態學(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage第一頁，共四十九頁。Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes第二頁，共四十九頁。Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate第三頁，共四十九頁。第四頁，共四十九頁。WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround第五頁，共四十九頁。PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones第六頁，共四十九頁。AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:淺灘reed：蘆葦第七頁，共四十九頁。Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(親和力）乙酰膽堿酯酶鮭魚第八頁，共四十九頁。(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis第九頁，共四十九頁。（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle第十頁，共四十九頁。Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－積溫常數(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold發育起點（閾值）溫度(℃);

有效積溫法則－變溫動物完成一定發育時期所需熱量是一個常數第十一頁，共四十九頁。公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms第十二頁，共四十九頁。Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize第十三頁，共四十九頁。Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃第十四頁，共四十九頁。（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳溫度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插條)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis第十五頁，共四十九頁。TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南極）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黃石公園溫泉）（Brock(1978)第十六頁，共四十九頁。CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage總熱量；Hm－metabolic新陳代謝；Hcd－conduct傳導；Hcv－convection對流；Hr－radiation輻射；He－evaporation蒸發

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature第十七頁，共四十九頁。生物與環境的熱交換傳導對流代謝輻射輻射蒸發第十八頁，共四十九頁。(B)植物的溫度調節

沙漠植物-如何降溫？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He第十九頁，共四十九頁。北極和高山墊狀植物的熱交換北極和高山植物——如何保溫？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He第二十頁，共四十九頁。第二十一頁，共四十九頁。斯堪蒂納維亞植物體熱收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)第二十二頁，共四十九頁。TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(蓮座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(絨毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山第二十三頁，共四十九頁。(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.第二十四頁，共四十九頁。蝗蟲Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains第二十五頁，共四十九頁。Currathurs’sstudy（續）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.第二十六頁，共四十九頁。Currathurs’sstudy（續）溫度與蟲霉菌種群增長真菌數量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli第二十七頁，共四十九頁。Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

第二十八頁，共四十九頁。(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中溫區（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒溫）animaldoesnotchange.指恒溫動物代謝速率保持恒定時的溫度范圍。第二十九頁，共四十九頁。溫度與北極和熱帶哺乳動物的中溫區Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange第三十頁，共四十九頁。AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鳥和水生哺乳動物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交換系統)

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.第三十一頁，共四十九頁。Countercurrentheatexchanger第三十二頁，共四十九頁。金槍魚體側肌肉中的逆流交換器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish動脈靜脈第三十三頁，共四十九頁。Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna第三十四頁，共四十九頁。WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆蟲飛行肌加熱機制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)第三十五頁，共四十九頁。HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

第三十六頁，共四十九頁。煙草天蛾的體溫調節和血液循環第三十七頁，共四十九頁。思考題1蝴蝶是變溫動物，白天活動，從赤道雨林到北極都有分布，它們以曬太陽的方式提高體溫。那么，隨緯度的不同，它們用于曬太陽和飛行的時間比例會如何變化？蝴蝶曬太陽的時間會隨著每天溫度的變化而改變嗎？2有人在新疆塔城的嚴冬雪地里發現一種會飛的蛾子，你分析它的體色是什么顏色？為什么？為什么能在零下20多度的冬天飛翔？第三十八頁，共四十九頁。東方臭甘藍－恒溫植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants產熱植物

第三十九頁，共四十九頁。氣溫與東方臭甘藍的代謝速率代謝率（用耗氧率表示）第四十頁，共四十九頁。ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle第四十一頁，共四十九頁。（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蟄伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird第四十二頁，共四十九頁。Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鳥窩),andthenagainintheearlymorning.第四十三頁，共四十九頁。花蜜食物量與蟄伏狀態的關系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foo