1、2012入英試SectionUseofReadthe following text.Choosethe bestword(s) for each numbered bl on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poand mark A, B, C or Theethicaljudgments ofthe Supreme Courte an important e The court cannot its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of behave ns. Yet, in several , acted in the courts2012入英試

2、SectionUseofReadthe following text.Choosethe bestword(s) for each numbered bl on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poand mark A, B, C or Theethicaljudgments ofthe Supreme Courte an important e The court cannot its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of behave ns. Yet, in several , acted in the courts ion beinginde

3、pendentand JusticeAntoninScalia,forex it less likelyt the courts decile, appeared at political t kind of activity s will as impartial judgments. Part of the t the are by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make tothe code of tothe restof thefederal This and other similar casesthe que

4、stion of whether there is still acourt and politics.n The framers of the Constitution ed having authority apart from They gave they would be free those er have no need to 13political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closelyConstituti

5、onal law is political because it results from rooted in fundamental l15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithlpolicys,thelawinescapably politicalwhich is why decis split along ideological lines are so easilyas unjust.The doubts about the courts legitimacy by making to the code of t would make

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7、 BB B B B B Bat allC C C DDDDDDDasa C C CC in a 19.A 20.Aby allSectionReadingPartA Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40ng t whispered message, half ion and half forcing, Come onwhat most of us think of when we hear

8、 the words peer re. It usually leads to gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina t re so be itive force through what she calls the l cure, anizations and ls use er of group dynamics to help individuals theirlivessiblytheRosenberg, the recipient of a rize, offers a

9、host of les of the l cure action: In South Carolina, a s e-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promisi

10、ng, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of lameness of many pubic-ns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer re healthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretodifferent, please dont smoke!”pleads one n aimed at reducing smoking teenagers-teenagers, w

11、ho desire nothing n fitting in. Rosenberg argues dvocatesoughttotakea pagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingBut on the general effectiveness of the l cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the l biological its presented

12、here t make re erful. The most glaring flaw of the l cure t it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze once se funding was cut. Evidence limited and mixed.t the LoveLife program lasting changes Theres no t our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. emerging body of

13、research shows through networks of friends via titive health habitsas well as negative onesl communication. This is a subtle form of re: unconsciouslyethebehavior weseeevery Far less certain, however, is how sfully experts and can select our groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.

14、Its like the who breaks up troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-classmates. The tactic really works. ts the problem l cure fromthe he world,asinschool,we insistonchoosingourown 21.Accordingto paragraph,reoftenemergesBFar less certain, however, is how sfully experts and can selec

15、t our groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the who breaks up troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-classmates. The tactic really works. ts the problem l cure fromthe he world,asinschool,we insistonchoosingourown 21.Accordingto paragraph,reoftenemerge

16、sBastimulustogroupAasupplementtothel C an obstacle to lDa cause ofdvocatesRosenbergrecruitt public-heal aladvertisersB learn fromadvertisersD recognize the C stay away from l heauthorsview,RosenbergsbookfailsAyprobe landbiologicalBeffectivelyevadetheflawsofthelillustratethefunctionsofproducealong-la

17、sting efunding l effection of24.Paragraph5tour AisharmfultoournetworksofCoccurswithout ourrealizingBwillmisleadbehavioralDcanproducenegativehealth TheauthorC helast ttheeffectofre B DAdealisadealexcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorr in New England, provoked justified outrage in

18、Vermont k when it announced wasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebytheesstrictnuclearInstead, the company has done precisely what d long promised it would not: theconstitutionalityofVermontshe federal court, as part of a desperate effort to ee lantrunning.Itsastunninghas been surfacing since 2

19、002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only lant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving e approval for sale, the company agreed to seek permis the se went a step further, requiringfrom e regulators to operate past 2012. In t any of the plants license be subject Vermontlegislatur

20、esapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentEitherEntergynever endedtolive bythose commitments,oritsimplydidnt what would happen next. Astring of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions both Vermont

21、ees safety and Entergys managementlly after the company ements about pe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the ate 26to4lastyearagainstallowingan.Now the company is suddenly t the 2002 agreement is invalid because of 2006 legislation, t only the s er over nuclear The legal es in the case are obscure: wh

22、ereas the Supreme Court t es do have some regulatory authority over er, legal scholars say the ers extend. Certainly, Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far are valid concerns about the patchwork t could result if every e sets its rules. dEntergykeptitstdebatewouldThe legal es i

23、n the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court t es do have some regulatory authority over er, legal scholars say the ers extend. Certainly, Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far are valid concerns about the patchwork t could result if every e sets its rules. dEntergykeptits

24、tdebatewouldbebesidetheThe company seems to have t its ion in Vermont is already so t s nothing left to lose by going to war with the e. But there should be .to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other he es,includingPilgrimNuclear ioninPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thehas

25、d for federal to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Regulatory (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should n mind promisesfromEntergyare26.Thephrase “renegingon” (Line3,Paragraph 1)is eaning ABCD27.By othe2002agreement,endedobtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalC acquire

26、 an ofitsbusinessDget topurchase28.AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithAmanagerialBtechnicalDbusinessC l heauthorsview,theVermontcasewillEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitsthe nature of espatchworkCthefederalauthorityovernuclear Dthelimitsoferovernuclear30.It can be inferredfromthe lastA

27、EntergyssewheremightbeBtheauthorityof theNRCwillbeCEntergywillwithdrawitsionmightbeof how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to ln the idealized observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of scie

28、nce, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot esc the context of our unique experience. Prior knowledge erests influence what we experience, what we think mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for ion, andself-deceptionC

29、onsequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similarlymining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance transforma discoveryoa mature discovery.Thisis thecredibility s, through the individual researchers me, here, es the communitys anywhere,anyt

30、ime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingOnce a discovery es public, the discoverer ellectual credit. unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofppensnext.he l structure of the scientific the individual researchers me, here, es the communitys anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,n

31、otthestartingOnce a discovery es public, the discoverer ellectual credit. unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofppensnext.he l structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and gatekeepers by controlling the publication s; other scientists use the newfinding

32、 their own es; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new panyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythrough discovery and community, the scienceand eraction n shared and competing fs about technology involved transforms an individuals discovery o communityscredibleTwo

33、paradoxes exist throughout this credibility pro on some aspect of prevailing knowledget is viewed as, scientific work tends to focus plete or incorrect. Little panies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and ved. The goal new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published

34、discovery claims and t appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge potential modification or ion by future researchers. Second, novelty itself provokes f. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-yi once discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what no

35、body has thought.” thinking what nobody else has thought ling others what they have missed may not their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and , credibility “happens” to a discovery claima t corresponds to philosopher Annette Baier has described as t

36、he commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”31.Accordingto paragraph,thesofdiscovery ischaracterizedby Ayand C logicality and ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphstrictCindividual Bmisconception andess and t thecre

37、dibility sBsharedDpersistentinnovation es credible after it.33.Paragraph3tadiscoveryAhasattractedtheattentionoferalhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeer 34.AlbertSzent-yiwouldmostlikelyAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges Ceffortstomakedisc

38、overiesareDscientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificCollectiveScrutinyinScientificCEvolution ofCredibility ngDChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoIf the trade unionist Jimmy Howere alive today, he would probably represent civil servants.When

39、 Hos Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American ernment workers belonged to a union; now 36 do. In 2009 the number of unionists inAmericas public sectort of their fellow he private sector. In Britain, nhalfDChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoIf the trade unionist Jimmy Howere aliv

40、e today, he would probably represent civil servants.When Hos Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American ernment workers belonged to a union; now 36 do. In 2009 the number of unionists inAmericas public sectort of their fellow he private sector. In Britain, nhalfofpublic-sectorwo

41、rkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesare Therearethree reasonsfor thepublic-sector unions,theycanshutthingswithout suffering much in the way of . Second, they are mostly bright well-educated. Aquarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, now eft-of-centre politics. S

42、ome of their ties go back a long way. Britains Labor as its name s, has long been ted with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed owes itiontovotesfrompublic-sector At the e level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Policy Institute of California s t much of the es budg

43、et is patrolled by unions. teachersunions keep an eye on schools, the health care.ln many rich countries average OA on prisons and a variety of roups he e sector are nhe private Butthe realgainscome inbenefitsand work . nshave repeatedly public-sector pay deals, ng the pay increases modest but addin

44、g to holidays and tarealready Reform has been vigorously oped, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty t the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions foughtagainstget

45、ting ridofbad onesandpromotinggoodAs the cost to everyone else e clearer, ns have begun to down. Wisconsin the unions have d thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the ernor.Butmanyhepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,John Donahue rvards Kennedy School s t the norms of culture in civil s

46、uit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only public-sector workers who earn well above $ 250,000 a year are university sports coaches and of the United es. ersfat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but public-sector system t does not reward high achievers may be a m

47、uch bigger problem 36.Itcan be learned fromATeamstersstillhavealargebodyofBJimmyusedtoworkasacivilCunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sector Dsimproveditsrelationship 37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraphAPublic-sectorunionsareakingEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingag

48、ainstpublic-sectorDPublic-sectordomroublefor their ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphillegallyt ehe esectorBindirectly DfairlyC 39.The sivelyleoftheunionsinWisconsint oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalcanchangepeoplespoliticalmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorDare40.JohnDonahuesattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsys

49、temisoneAB C ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphillegallyt ehe esectorBindirectly DfairlyC 39.The sivelyleoftheunionsinWisconsint oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalcanchangepeoplespoliticalmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorDare40.JohnDonahuesattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneAB C DPart B he following text

50、, some suitable one fromthe list A-G to have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the o each of thenumbered s.There are two extra whichdonotfitin anyofthes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and tyouareflying,higher or yourn

51、a bird. Now think of your laptop, n a brown-r he palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those YouaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcomeThe second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs aries labour to create a fabulous t could function as a typewriter

52、and press, studio and theatre, pabrush and gallery, piano and radio, the carrier. (41)as well as The networked computer is an amazing device, media t serves as mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21 st centurys culture m

53、achine.But for all the reasons there are to rate the computer, we must also act with . I call it a secret war for two , most people do not t there are strong l agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware

54、of significanceofwhattheyAll animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams , birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create material

55、goodspaings, sculpture and architectureand superfluous experien literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all sibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in mode. Even after the advent of widespread l media, a pyramid of production remains, small number of people uploading

56、 material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying tcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume. is ay tap o our homes. The hardest asks anyone is toturn erfterhe has turned itWhat counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept “stickiness”creationsa

57、ndtowhichothersA Of course, it is precisely these superfluous t define human culture y it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, failingto beyonddownloadingistostrip lfofa definingconstituentof B Applications like tumblr, com, which allow users to ctures, words and

58、media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, and enlightening othersand engendering more of the same.C Not only did“stickiness”creationsandtowhichothersA Of course, it is precisely these superfluous t define human culture y it is to be human. Downloadi

59、ng and consuming culture requires great skills, failingto beyonddownloadingistostrip lfofa definingconstituentof B Applications like tumblr, com, which allow users to ctures, words and media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, and enlightening other

60、sand engendering more of the same.C Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had managedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemsedbybillionsofpeopleeveryD This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war ndownloading e will shn passive consumption and active