1、1Human parasitologyFoundations of parasitology, 9th Ed.,Gerald D.S. & Larry S.R.Panikers Textbook of medical parasitology, 7th Ed. Sougata GhoshClinical Parasitology A Practical Approach, 2nd Ed. Elizabeth A. Z.2Do you know?Parasites ? Parasitic diseases ?Parasitology ? Human Parasitology Medical Pa

2、rasitology deals with parasites, which cause human infections and the diseases they produce.3Advanced Schistosomiasis 晚期血吸蟲病患者4lymphatic filariasis淋巴絲蟲病引起的陰囊象皮腫和象皮腿5Leishmaniasis Scabies (黑熱病) (疥螨)6Toxoplasmosis(弓形蟲病)7Echinococcosis or Hydatidosis （包蟲病）8Parasite in the organParagonimiasis腦肺吸蟲Cystice

3、rcosis腦囊蟲Clonorchiasis（華支睪吸蟲寄生的肝臟） 9Mosquito and fly10Worm world! 11Worm world! According to WHO statistics , parasites are the cause of more human deaths than anything else apart from HIV/AIDS and TB, one living person in ten suffers from one or more of eight major tropical diseases: malaria, schis

4、tosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, leprosy, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease,and leishmaniasis Diseases causing high mortality:Malaria (400M, 1M)Sleeping Sickness (0.5 M)Chagass disease (18M) Visceral Leishmaniasis (4M)Diseases causing morbidity & QL losses:Geohelminths (2B)Water & F

5、ood borne Protozoans (1.5B)Schistosomiasis (200M)Lymphatic filariasis (120 M)Cysticercosis (?50M)Onchocerciasis (18M)Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (8M)Guinea worm (4M, now 60K)Number of people infected/affected by parasitic diseases12傷殘調整生命年 Tropical diseasesThe disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a m

6、easure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. 13Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs) 被忽視的熱帶病 Buruli ulcer布魯里潰瘍病 Chagas disease恰加斯病 Cholera/Epidemic diarrhoeal diseases霍亂/流行性腹瀉病 Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever登革熱/登革出血熱 Dracunculias

7、is (guinea-worm disease)麥地那龍線蟲病（幾內亞線蟲） Endemic Treponematoses (yaws, pinta, endemic syphilis)地區流行性密螺旋體病（雅司病、品他病、地區流行性梅毒） Human African trypanosomiasis非洲人類錐蟲病（昏睡病） Leishmaniasis利什曼病 Leprosy麻風 Lymphatic filariasis淋巴絲蟲病 Onchocerciasis盤尾絲蟲病 Schistosomiasis血吸蟲病 Soil-transmitted helminthiasis土壤傳播的蠕蟲病（蛔蟲、鉤

8、蟲和鞭蟲） Trachoma沙眼An estimated 1.2 billion people are affected by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), according to World Health Statistics 2009. 14$0-70 $1941-2580 0 3 GNP per capita (1995) Malaria Index Affect underprivileged15Major parasitic diseases in ChinaSchistosomiasis 血吸蟲病 2億(50萬-100萬/年) 82萬Ma

9、laria瘧疾 5億（250萬）2.9萬Filariasis絲蟲病 1.28億 10萬Kala-azar黑熱病 200萬（5.9萬）Hookworm diseases鉤蟲病10億Amebiasis 阿米巴病1%（10萬）Ascariasis蛔蟲病13億（6萬）Trichuriasis鞭蟲病9億Clonorchiasis肝吸蟲病1350萬Paragonimiasis 肺吸蟲病2000萬Taeniasis絳蟲病 6500萬Trichinosis旋毛蟲病Toxoplasmosis弓形蟲病Hydatidosis包蟲病Giardiasis 賈第蟲病250萬 Soil-borne parasite inf

10、ections accounted 30% of the total population infected WHOCDCIn end of 2000, number of species of human parasites reported in China : 229Nematodes 35 species Trematodes 47 speciesCestodes 16 species Protozoa 41 speciesOther parasitic animals 90 species 16Why should we study Parasitology?To be a doct

11、or , basic subject of medicine: relation to immunology and pathologyParasites provide unique examples of biological phenomena not found in free-living organisms17Parasitism - a way of lifeParasite and Parasitism are terms that define a way of life rather than a coherent and evolutionary related grou

12、p of organismsSymbiosis(共生): living together Any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other, are symbiotic, as contrasted with free living. Symbiosis Commensalism(共棲) (共生) Mutualism(互利共生) Parasitism(寄生)18Parasitism - a way of lifeCommensalism (共棲):

13、Eating at the same table. One partner benefits but the other is not hurt. facultativePilot fish and remoras (Naucrates spp), suckerfishEntamoeba gingivalis (in human mouth)Mutualism(互利共生): Both partners benefit from the association. obligatoryTermite and their intestinal flagellate (cellulase ) Para

14、sitism(寄生): One partner (the parasite) harms or lives on the expense of the other (host). This is the subject of the book 19鮣魚 remora20海葵actinia與寄居蟹soldier crab21Is a lion parasite?The benefit in the relationship lion and wildebeest seems highly skewed in favor of the lion.Predation: predator and pr

15、ey22Is a mosquito a parasite?The border between parasitism and micropredation is blurryParasites are usually much smaller than their hosts, they also do not kill before eatingParasites usually live in a very intimate relationship with their host depending on more than food from it The host is food s

16、ource and more or less permanent habitat at the same time23Parasites are found in all groups of organisms24 Life cycle of parasitelife cycle of Ascaris lumbricoidesThe whole life or a complete generation of the parasite is known as its life history or life cycle. Life cycle is the key to understand

17、parasite and its pathogenesisDirect life cycle（直接型生活史）Indirect life cycle （間接型生活史）25Kinds of hostsDefinitive host（終宿主） The host in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity (adult stage) and reproductionIntermediate host（中間宿主） A host in which the parasite undergoes juvenile development (larval stage)

18、 or asexual reproduction occurs. Reservoir host （保蟲宿主，貯存宿主） The definitive host is a vertebrate other than human which harbors /maintains and transmits the pathogens of human diseases (zoonosis人獸共患寄生蟲病)Transport host （ Paratenic host 轉續宿主） A host in which parasite does not develop or multiply but co

19、ntinues to be alive and be infective to a definitive host 26Types of parasitemicroparoasite（小型寄生蟲） macroparasite （大型寄生蟲） ectoparasite （體外寄生蟲）on the surface of the host endoparasite （體內寄生蟲）internal permanent parasite（永久性寄生蟲） temporary parasite （暫時性寄生蟲）obligatory parasite（專性寄生蟲） must spending at least

20、 part of the time in a host facultative parasite（兼性寄生蟲）accidentally but fatalaccidental parasite（偶然寄生蟲）opportunistic parasite（機會致病寄生蟲） Toxoplasma gonddi （剛地弓形蟲） Pneumocystis carinii （肺孢子蟲）Cryptoporidium sp. （隱孢子蟲）27How to name the parasite?Parasites are concentrated in 7 phyla of kingdom animal(動物界)

21、 原生動物亞界：肉足鞭毛門（Phylum Sarcomastigophora）Subkingdom Protozoa 頂復門（Phylum Apicomplexa） 纖毛門（Phlum Ciliophora） 無脊椎動物：扁形動物門（Phylum Platyhelmonthes）invertebrate 線形動物門（Phylum Nemathelminthes） 棘頭動物門（Phylum Acanthocephala） 節肢動物門（Phylum Arthopoda）Phylum(門) Class(綱) Order(目) Family(科) Genus(屬) Species(種)Binomina

22、l system(二名制): a Genus(屬名) and a Species name(種名) Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada, 1904 屬名 種名 命名人 年份28In this course we will concentrate on 3 major groups of parasites1. Medical protozoology- flagellates, amebae, malarial organisms2. Medical helminthology- parasitic worms such as the flukes, tapeworms,and roundworms3. Medical arthropodology- insects and arachnid