1、Combining FormMeaningExample Definitionaden/oglandadenopathy gland diseasecarcin/o cancer carcinoma cancerous tumor cardi/o heart cardiac pertaining to the heart chem/o chemical chemotherapy treatment with chemicals cis/o to cut incision process of cutting into dermat/o skin dermatology study of the

2、 skin enter/o small intestines pertaining to the small intestines gastr/o stomach gastric pertaining to the stomach gynec/o female gynecology study of females hemat/o blood pertaining to the blood hydr/o water hydrocele protrusion of water immune/o immune immunology study of immunity laryng/o voice

3、box laryngeal pertaining to the voice box morph/o shape morphology study of shape nephr/o kidney nephromegaly enlarged kidney neur/o nerve neural pertaining to a nerve ophthalm/o eye ophthalmic pertaining to the eye ot/o ear otic pertaining to the ear path/o disease pathology study of disease pulmon

4、/o lung pulmonary pertaining to the lungs rhin/o nose rhinoplasty surgical repair of the nose ur/o urine, urinary tract urology study of the urinary tract Common Prefixes PrefixMeaningExample Definitions own bodya- without, away from aphasia without speech an- without anoxia without oxygen ante befo

5、re, in front of antepartum before birth anti- against antibiotic against life auto- self autograft a graft from onebrady- slow bradycardia slow heartbeat dys- painful, difficult dyspnea painful breathing s bodyendo- within, inner endoscope instrument to view within epi- upon, over epigastric upon or

6、 over the stomach eu- normal, good eupnea normal breathing hetero- different heterograft a graft from another personhomo- same homozygous having two identical genes hydro- water hydrotherapy water therapy hyper- over, above hypertrophy overdevelopment hypo- under, below hypoglossal under the tongue

7、infra- under, beneath, below infraorbital below, under the eye socket inter- among, between intervertebral between the vertebrae intra- within, inside intravenous inside, within a vein macro- large macrocephalic having a large head micro- small microcephalic having a small head neo- new neonate newb

8、orn pan- all pancarditis inflammation of all the heart para- beside, beyond, near paranasal near or alongside the nose per- through percutaneous through the skin peri- around pericardial around the heart post- after postpartum after birth pre- before, in front of prefrontal in front of the frontal b

9、one pseudo- false pseudocyesis false pregnancy retro- backward, behind retrograde movement in a backwards direction sub- below, under subcutaneous under, below the skin super- above, excess supernumerary above the normal number supra- above suprapubic above the pubic bone tachy- rapid, fast tachycar

10、dia fast heartbeat trans- through, across transurethral across the urethra ultra- beyond, excess ultrasound high-frequency sound waves Number PrefixesPrefixMeaningExample Definitionbi- two bilateral two sides di- two diplegic paralysis of two extremities hemi- half hemiplegia paralysis of one side o

11、f the body mono- one monoplegia paralysis of one extremity multi- many multigravida woman pregnant more than once nulli- none nulligravida woman with no pregnancies poly- many polyuria large amounts of urine quad- four quadriplegia paralysis of all four extremities semi- partial, half semiconscious

12、partially conscious tri- three triceps muscle with three heads uni- one unilateral one side Common SuffixesSuffixMeaningExample Definition-algia pain gastralgia stomach pain -cele hernia, protrusion cystocele protrusion of the bladder -cise cut excise to cut out -dynia pain cardiodynia heart pain -e

13、ctasis dilatation bronchiectasis dilated bronchi -ectopia displacement corectopia pupil of the eye not centered -gen that which produces mutagen that which produces mutations -genesis produces, generates osteogenesis produces bone -genic producing carcinogenic producing cancer -ia state, condition h

14、emiplegia condition of being half paralyzed -iasis abnormal condition lithiasis abnormal condition of stones -ism state of hypothyroidism state of low thyroid -itis imflammation cellulitis inflammation of cells -logist one who studies cardiologist one who studies the heart -logy study of cardiology

15、study of the heart -lysis -malacia -megaly -oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -ptosis -rrhage -rrhea -rrhexis -sclerosis -stenosis -therapy -trophy -uria destruction osteolysis bone destruction abnormal softening chondromalacia abnormal cartilage softening enlargement, large cardiomegaly enlarged hear

16、t tumor, mass carcinoma cancerous tumor abnormal condition cyanosis abnormal condition of being blue disease myopathy muscle disease development, growth dysplasia abnormal development formation, development neoplasm new formation drooping proctoptosis drooping rectum excessive, abnormal flow hemorrh

17、age excessive bleeding discharge, flow rhinorrhea discharge from the nose rupture hysterorrhexis ruptured uterus hardening arteriosclerosis hardening of an artery narrowing angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel treatment chemotherapy treatment with chemicals nourishment, development hypertrophy excess

18、ive development condition of the urine hematuria blood in the urine Surgical SuffixesSuffixMeaningExample Definition-centesis puncture to withdraw arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid from fluid a joint -ectomy surgical removal gastrectomy surgically remove the stomach -ostomy surgically create

19、 an colostomy surgically create an opening for the opening colon through the abdominal wall -otomy cutting into thoracotomy cutting into the chest -pexy surgical fixation nephropexy surgical fixation of a kidney -plasty surgical repair dermatoplasty surgical repair of the skin -rrhaphy suture myorrh

20、aphy suture together muscle Procedural SuffixesSuffixMeaningExample Definitions -gram record or picture electrocardiogram record of heart electricity -graph instrument for recording electrocardiograph instrument for recording the heartelectrical activity -graphy process of recording electrocardiogra

21、phy process of recording the hearts electrical activity-meter instrument for measuring audiometer instrument to measure hearing -metry process of measuring audiometry process of measuring hearing -scope instrument for viewing gastroscope instrument to view stomach -scopy process of visually gastrosc

22、opy process of visually examining examining the stomach Combining Forms Commonly Used in Integumentary System Combining form Meaning Example adipose albinism causalgia subcutaneous epidermis dermatitis diaphoresis anhidrosis ichthyosis keratosis leukoplakia lipoma melanocyte dermatomycosis onycholys

23、is pilosebaceous rhytidoplasty seborrhea trichomycosis xanthoma Example adip/o fat albin/o white caus/o burn, burning cutane/o skin derm/o skin dermat/o skin disphor/o profuse sweating hidr/o sweat ichthy/o scaly, dry kerat/o hard, horny tissue leuk/o white lip/o fat melan/o black myc/o fungus onych

24、/o nail pil/o hair rhytid/o wrinkle seb/o oil trich/o hair xanth/o yellow Suffixes Commonly Used in This System Suffix Meaning -derma skin scleroderma -opsy view of biopsy -plakia a plate leukoplakia -tome instrument used to cut dermatome Combining Forms Commonly Used in Musculoskeletal System Combi

25、ning form Meaning Example arthr/o joint arthrocentesis articul/o joint articulation burs/o sac bursitis chondr/o cartilage chondroplasty cost/o rib costectomy crani/o skull craniotomy myel/o bone marrow myelitis orth/o straight orthopedics oste/o bone osteoporosis spondyl/o vertebra,backbone spondyl

26、arthritis thorac/o chest thoracic vertebr/o vertebra,backbone intervertebral fasci/o fascia fasciorrhaphy my/o muscle electromyogram ten/o tendon tenodynia tend/o tendon tendotomy tendin/o tendon tendinitis Suffixes Commonly Used in This System Suffix -kinesia -porosis -trophy -malacia Combining for

27、m angi/o aort/o arter/o, arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o cholesterol/o Meaning Example movement dyskinesia porous osteoporosis development hypertrophy abnormal softening osteomalacia MeaningExamplevessel angioplasty aorta aortic stenosis artery arteriosclerosis yellowish plaque, fatty substance athe

28、rosclerosis atrium, upper heart chamber atrioventricular heart cardiomyopathy cholesterol hypercholesterolemia corn/o heart coronary arteries cyan/o blue cyanosis ox/o oxygen hypoxia pericardi/o pericardium pericardiocentesis phleb/o vein phlebotomy rrhythm/o rhythm arrhythmia sphygm/o pulse sphygmo

29、manometer steth/o chest stethoscope thromb/o clot thrombolysis valvul/o, valv/o valve valvuloplasty vas/o vessel vasoconstriction vascul/o vessel vascular ven/o vein venous ventricul/o ventricle, lower heart chamber ventriculotomy Prefixes Relating to the Cardiovascular System Meaning ExamplePrefix

30、brady- slow bradycardia tachy- fast tachycardia Suffixes Relating to the Cardiovascular System Meaning ExampleSuffix -manometer Instrument to measure pressure sphygmomanometer -ole small arteriole -sclerosis hardening arteriosclerosis -stenosis narrowing angiostenosis -tension pressure hypotension -

31、ule small venule Combining Forms Commonly Used in This System Combining form Meaning Example adenoid/o adenoids adenoidectomy alveol/o alveolus; air sac alveolar bronch/o bronchus bronchoscope bronchi/o bronchus bronchiectasis bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchiolitis Bronchus capn/o carbon dioxid

32、e acapnia epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis laryng/o larynx, voice box laryngospasm lob/o lobe lobectomy muc/o mucus mucus nas/o nose nasopharynx ox/o oxygen anoxia pharyng/o pharynx pharyngeal tonsils pleur/o pleura pleurocentesis pneum/o air, lung pneumothorax pneumon/o pulmon/o lung pulmonology

33、rhin/o nose rhinorrhagia sinus/o sinus, cavity pansinusitis spir/o breathing spirometer tonsill/o tonsils tonsillectomy trache/o trachea, windpipe tracheotomy thorac/o chest thoracalgia Suffixes Commonly Used in This System Suffixes Meaning Example -capnia carbon dioxide hypercapnia -ectasis stretch

34、ing out, dilatation, bronchiectasis -emia expansion hypoxemia blood condition -oxia oxygen anoxia -pnea breathing dyspnea Chapter 7 Digestive system Combining forms relating to the digestive system Combining forms Meaning Example an/o anus anus append/o, appendic/o appendix appendectomy bucc/o cheek

35、 buccolabial cec/o cecum ileocecal cheil/o, labi/o lip cheilorrhaphy chol/e bile, gall cholelithiasis cholangi/o bile duct cholangiotomy cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecystogram choledoch/o common bile duct choledochectomy col/o, colon/o colon colectomy dent/o, odont/o tooth orthodontics enter/o small

36、 intestine enteritis gastr/o stomach gastrodynia gingiv/o gums gingivectomy gloss/o tongue hypoglossal hepat/o liver hepatitis lapar/o abdomen laparotomy lingu/o tongue sublingual lith/o stone lithotripsy or/o mouth oropharynx palat/o palate palatine pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis pharyng/o pharyn

37、x pharyngodynia proct/o anus and rectum proctoptosis rect/o rectum rectalgia sial/o salivary gland sialolith stomat/o mouth stomatology Suffixes relating to the digestive system Suffix Meaning Example -emisis vomit hematemesis -lithiasis condition of stones cholelithiasis -orexia appetite anorexia -

38、ostomy surgically creating an opening colostomy -pepsia digestion dyspepsia -phagia eat, swallow polyphagia -prandial pertaing to a meal postprandial -tripsy surgical crushing lithotripsy Chapter 8 Urinary System Example Combining form Meaning albumin/o albumin albuminuria azot/o nitrogen azotemia c

39、yst/o bladder cystitis glomerul/o glomerulus glomerulonephritis glycos/o sugar, glucose glycosuria lith/o stone lithotripsy meat/o meatus meatorrhaphy nephr/o kidney nephromalacia noct/i night nocturia pyel/o renal pelvis pyelogram ren/o kidney renal transplant ur/o urine uremia ureter/o ureter, uri

40、nary tube ureterectasia urethr/o urethra urethrostenosis urin/o urine urinalysis vesic/obladdervesicorectalSuffix Meaning Example -lith -ptosis -tripsy -uria stone drooping surgical crushing urine, urination nephrolith nephroptosis lithotripsy hematuria Chapter 9 Reproductive System Combining Forms

41、Relating to the Reproductive SystemCombining Meaning Combining form Meaning form amni/o amnion metr/o uterus andr/o male nat/o birth balan/o glans penis o/o egg cervic/o neck, cervix omphal/o navel, umbilicus chori/o chorion oophor/o ovary colp/o vagina orchi/o, orchid/o testes crypt/o hidden ov/o e

42、gg culd/o cul-de-sacembry ovari/o ovary embry/o embryo part/o childbirth epididym/o epididymis perine/o perineum episi/o vulva prostat/o prostate fet/o fetus salping/o fallopian tubes, uterine tubes gynec/o woman, female spermat/o sperm hydr/o water, fluid test/o, testicul/o testes hymen/o hymen ute

43、r/o uterus hyster/o uterus vagin/o vagina lact/o milk varic/o varicose veins mamm/o breast vas/o vas deferens mast/o breast vesicul/o seminal vesicle men/o menses, vulv/o vulva menstruation Suffixes Relating to the Reproductive System Prefix Meaning Example -arche beginning menarche -cyesis state of

44、 pregnancy pseudocyesis -genesis produces, generates spermatogenesis -gravida pregnancy multigravida -para to bear offspring nullipara -salpinx fallopian tube pyosalpinx -spermia condition of sperm oligospermia -tocia labor, childbirth dystocia Chapter 10 Endocrine System Word Building Relating to t

45、he Endocrine SystemCombining Formaden/o Meaning Example gland adenoma adren/o adrenal gland adrenomegaly adrenopathy adrenal/o adrenal gland adrenalectomy adrenalitis calc/o calcium hypercalcemia crin/o secrete hypocalcemia endocrinology endocrinopathy andr/o male androgen estr/o female estrogen gly

46、c/o sugar hyperglycemia hypoglycemia kal/i potassium hyperkalemia natr/o sodium hyponatremia thyr/o thyroid thyromegaly thyrotoxicosis thyroid/o thyroid thyroidectomy hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism parathyroid/o parathyroid gland parathyroidectomy parathyroidoma Suffix Meaning Example -dipsia thirst

47、 polydipsia -uria urine polyuria glycosuria Chapter 11 Nervous System Combining Forms Commonly Used in Nervous System Combining Form Meaning Example cephal/o head cephalalgia cerebell/o cerebellum cerebellar cerebellitiis cerebr/o cerebrum cerebral cerebrospinal encephal/o brain encephalomalacia gli

48、/o glue glioneuroma medull/o medulla medulloadrenal mening/o meninges meningitis myelomeningocele meningi/o meninges meningioma myel/o spinal cord poliomyelitis narc/o stupor narcohypnosis neur/o nerve neurectomy neuroma phas/o speech aphasia poli/o gray matter polioencephalopathy pont/o pons pontocerebellar radicul/o nerve root radiculoneuritis thalam/o thalamus thalamocortical ventricul/o ventricle ventriculography Suffixes Commonly Used in Nervous System Suffix -algesia -esthesia -