1、Lecture 17&18AuxiliariesAs has been pointed out before, English verbs, in terms of their functions in forming verb phrases, fall into two major categories: main verbs and auxiliaries. Auxiliaries can again be divided into primary auxiliaries（基本助動詞）, modal auxiliaries（情態助動詞）, and semi-auxiliaries（半助動

2、詞）.Introduction Task 1 Primary Auxiliaries Task 2 Modals Task 3 TEM 4 & Auxiliariesprimary auxiliaries（基本助動詞）基本助動詞本身無詞義，在句中幫助構成各種時態、語態、語氣及構成否定句和疑問句。基本助動詞有三個：have / be / do。助動詞have 的用法 用于構成完成時或完成進行時I have found new friends, new societies and new worlds in books.Lee has been playing tennis for 10 year

3、s. 助動詞be 的用法1. 構成進行時I am listening to a Beethoven symphony（交響樂）.2. 構成被動語態Callesen was schooled in Denmark and London in the fields of art and architecture.助動詞do 的用法1. 構成否定句和疑問句Do you like college life?She didnt cool down for hours after the argument.2. 放在實義動詞前加強語氣I do love the smell of paper.3. 構成倒裝

4、句Never did I hear of such a thing. Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 4. 用于替代，避免重復I dont like coffee and neither does my wife. end task 114 modal auxiliaries (p 191)can / couldmay / mightwill / wouldshall / shouldmust /needdare / daredought to /used to問題：191

5、頁的情態助動詞列表中為何不包括be able to, have to等動詞？A survey of the uses of the modals I. can 和could 的用法1can 的用法 表示能力 abilityCan you lift this box？ 表示可能性（多用于否定或疑問結構） possibilityShe cant be in the train, for her bag is still there. Where can she be? 表示允許 （與may 意思相同，多用于口語）permissionCan I borrow this book? could 是ca

6、n的過去式，用來表示能力或可能性 ability & possibilityI could do it ten years ago. She asked if she could go with us.委婉提出問題或陳述看法 permissionCould you help me lift this box? 2. could 的用法用于虛擬條件句If he had worked harder, he could have finished the work.說明：表示將來能力和過去做某種具體事的能力時，一般用be able to的某種形式。You will be able to pass y

7、our driving test next time you take it.I ran after the bus, and was able to catch it.II. may 和might 的用法1. may 的用法表示許可permission，作“可以”解May I use your bike?( 用May I征求對方許可時，問題比較正式，口氣比較客氣)表示可能性possibility，作“或許，也許”解A mans ability may be great or small.It may rain and it may not.用于目的或讓步狀語從句 Whatever may h

8、appen, we are determined to do this work.He works hard in order that he may catch up with his classmate.2. might 的用法作為may的過去式表示“可以、許可”He asked if he might use the telephone.代替may表示可能性（口氣較客氣）You might as well ask him for help.用于目的、讓步狀語從句（當主句的謂語是過去時態時）They left home early so that they might catch the

9、train. III. shall 和should 的用法shall 的用法用于征求對方的意見Lets go to see the film, shall we?表示允諾、命令、堅持(用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人的強烈意愿)You shall stay with us as long as you like.你愿意和我們在一起呆多久就呆多久。It shall belong to you. 它一定會屬于你。You shall obey my order. 你要服從我的命令。2. should 的用法表示有義務或應該做某事obligationYou should do what the Party

10、 wants you to do. 表示可能性、推測或推論predictionOur guests should be home by now. 表示某種感情色彩（如驚奇、懷疑、不滿等）Im surprised that they should refuse our invitation.我很驚訝，他們竟拒絕了我們的邀請。IV. will 和 would 的用法1. will 的用法表示意愿 willingnessHe will do anything for money.表示堅持要做某事（will 要重讀）He will go swimming in dangerous waters. (

11、他堅持要在危險水域游泳)would 的用法表示意愿willingnessI asked him whether he would help me with my English.我問她是否愿意幫助我學習英語。表示習慣性On Sunday, he would come here and work with us. 星期天他總是來這里和我們一起勞動。用于請求、詢問、使語氣婉轉Would you mind closing the window?V. need和dare need 和dare 可以用作實義動詞，后面跟帶to的不定式，或情態助動詞。need表示需要（只用于否定句和疑問句）Need I g

12、o with you?He neednt be told about it.need 表示過去時，形式不變She said we need not go with her. need 可用于完成式和進行式He neednt have gone there yesterday. （neednt have done 沒有必要做某事但做了）他昨天其實不必去那里。We neednt be waiting for them here.我們沒有必要在這兒等他們。dare 的用法表示敢做某事（用于否定句和疑問句）Dare he swim across the river? Who says he dare

13、not do it?dare 可用于條件從句If the aggressors dare come, they will never be able to get away.只要侵略者敢來，管教他們有來無回。Dare 的過去式dared通常用于文學語言等正式語體：(p 202c)VI. must 的用法must的否定式must not/mustnt表示“不許”，“禁止”The magazines mustnt be taken out of the reading room. 在回答由must提出的問題時，肯定回答用must, 否定回答用neednt/need not或是dont have t

14、oA: Must I return the book today?B: Yes, you must. No, you neednt./you dont have to.情態助動詞與進行體和完成體連用：情態動詞與進行體連用，表示“應當正在” “想必正在”You should be doing your homework now.They cant be working in the field.He may have been writing the article this morning.情態動詞may/might, can/could, must與完成體連用, 表示推測prediction

15、She must have misunderstood me.( 這樣用的must,其否定形式通常是can not)He cant/couldnt have written the poem. He is only eight.He may/might have heard it. should/ could/ might 后接完成體，表示過去應做而沒有做的事。You might have fulfilled the work earlier.You should have waited for us.You could have helped me!Self-study Section To

16、pic: 1. used to的用法 (p 203 e)2. used to 與 would的區別 3. Semi-auxiliaries (p210211) end of task 2TEM 4 & Auxiliaries1. Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS? (2012, 55) A. By now she will be eating dinner. B. I shall never do that again. C. You shall get a promotion. D. My brother will

17、help you with the luggage. 1. Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS? (2012, 55) A. By now she will be eating dinner. B. I shall never do that again. C. You shall get a promotion. D. My brother will help you with the luggage. 2. Which of the following best explains the meaning of “Sh

18、all we buy the tickets first”? (2012, 60) A. He said that we were going to buy the tickets first B. He requested that we buy the tickets first. C. He suggested that we buy the tickets first. D. He advised us to buy the tickets first. 2. Which of the following best explains the meaning of “Shall we b

19、uy the tickets first”? (2012, 60) A. He said that we were going to buy the tickets first B. He requested that we buy the tickets first. C. He suggested that we buy the tickets first. D. He advised us to buy the tickets first. 3. The sentence that expresses OFFER is _. (2011, 64) A. Ill get some drin

20、ks. Whatll you have? B. Does she need to book a ticket now? C. May I know your name? D. Can you return the book next week?3. The sentence that expresses OFFER is _. (2011, 64) A. Ill get some drinks. Whatll you have? B. Does she need to book a ticket now? C. May I know your name? D. Can you return t

21、he book next week?4. Nancys gone to work but her cars still there. She _ by bus. (2010, 52) A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. could have gone4. Nancys gone to work but her cars still there. She _ by bus. (2010, 52) A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have g

22、one D. could have gone5. She _ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference. (2009, 53) A. had been B. must be C. has been D. must have been5. She _ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference. (2009, 53) A. had been B. must be C. has been D. must have been 6. Arent you tired? I _ you had d

23、one enough for today. (2009, 61) A. should have thought B. must have thought C. might have thought D. could have thought6. Arent you tired? I _ you had done enough for today. (2009, 61) A. should have thought （表示婉轉口氣，p201) B. must have thought C. might have thought D. could have thought7. “It seems

24、that she was there at the conference.” The sentence means that _. (2009, 62) A. She seems to be there at the conference. B. She seemed to be there at the conference. C. She seems to have been there at the conference. D. She seemed to being there at the conference.7. “It seems that she was there at t

25、he conference.” The sentence means that _. (2009, 62) A. She seems to be there at the conference. B. She seemed to be there at the conference. C. She seems to have been there at the conference. D. She seemed to being there at the conference.8. Which of the following sentences expresses “probability”

26、? (2008, 65) A. You must leave B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be here by eight oclock. D. You must complete the reading assignment on time.8. Which of the following sentences expresses “probability”? (2008, 65)A. You must leave B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be he

27、re by eight oclock.D. You must complete the reading assignment on time.9. “You _ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend. (2007, 53) A. could B. should C. must D. can9. “You _ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend. (2007, 53) A. could B. should C

28、. must D. can （表示給予“許可”通常用can, may，不用could, might）p19410. She _ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference. (2007, 56) A. must be B. had been C. could be D. must have been10. She _ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference. (2007, 56) A. must be B. had been C. could be D. must have been

29、 11. Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone _ an opportunity to hear the speech. (2006, 56) A. ought to have B. must have C. may have D. should have11. Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone _ an opportunity to hear the speech. (2006, 56) A. ought to have B. must have C.

30、may have D. should have 12. I am surprised _ this city is a dull place to live in. (2006, 57) A. that you should think B. by what you are thinking C. that you would think D. with what you were thinking12. I am surprised _ this city is a dull place to live in. (2006, 57)A. that you should think（竟然） B

31、. by what you are thinking C. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking13. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I _ the journey in exactly two days. (2005, 57) A. must make B. must have made C. was able to make D. could make13. I went there in 1984, and that was the onl

32、y occasion when I _ the journey in exactly two days. (2005, 57) A. must make B. must have made C. was able to make D. could make14. Since the weather is fine we _ walk for a while. (2003, 63) A. may B. must C. might as well D. will 14. Since the weather is fine we _ walk for a while. (2003, 63) A. may B. must C. might as well（不妨） D. will 15. Which of the following sentences i