1、washing machines洗衣機Lets look inside one of todays fully automatic washing machinest use swirling water toclean the clothes. There are many types of washing machines but this Fig.4.4 shows you what most of them are basically made up of.來看一下渦流式全自動洗衣機的構(gòu)造。這種洗衣機有各種各樣的型號，其基本構(gòu)造如圖4.4 所示。The reason why a was

2、hing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes atthe same time is because is a double layer drum. When washing and rinsing, the pulsator spinsand makes the water swirl. To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.洗衣機

3、之所以能兼具洗條和脫水的功能，是因為它有一個雙層水槽。在積滿水進行“洗條”和“漂洗”時，振旋轉(zhuǎn)，產(chǎn)生水流。脫水時，只有內(nèi)槽快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，將衣服中的水甩出。These days, the “centrifugal force washing machines” are quite popular. This type of machinedoes not use a pulsator. Instead, the inner wall spins really quickly. When the drum spins, the dirtyclothes get stuck to the wall. T

4、he water and detergent also try to escthrough the holes of thewall but before they do so, they are forced to escthrough the clothes. When this happens, theer of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes. Another good thing about thistype of machine ist clothes dont get tangled up so

5、you donve to worry about your clothesgetting ripped or damaged.最近漸漸流行的“離心式洗衣機”不是振旋轉(zhuǎn)，而是內(nèi)槽旋轉(zhuǎn)。當內(nèi)槽旋轉(zhuǎn)時，該作用力使衣服貼近內(nèi)層。由于水和洗條劑會從內(nèi)槽的空洞向外甩出，因此能快速從衣服中，用這種沖擊力去除污后。這種機器的另一個好處是由于在水中衣物不會纏繞，因此不必擔心衣物,變形或壞掉。Next, lets look at some different types of washing machines!下面看一看不同類型的洗衣機！Many of you probably thinkt the water

6、inside washing machines goes round and round.Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.也許很多人認為洗衣機中的水是在以同樣方式旋轉(zhuǎn)。事實上洗衣機的水流方式也有多種類型。Whirlpool type渦流式This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpoolinside the Drum. The spinning water fo

7、rthe dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Someof the newer mclothes even better!s of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean這種類型洗衣機利用振的旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生渦流，從而祛除污后。有的新型洗衣機能使渦流上下反復旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而使污后更容易祛除！Agior stirring type攪拌式This type of washing machine has somethingt looks like a propel

8、ler at the bottom of the tub.This Propeller spins around and stirs the water. The water then forthe dirt out from the clothes inthe machine. The good thing about this type of machine isclothes get evenly washed.t clothes do not get tangled up and這種洗衣機在底部有一個看起來像螺旋槳的帶有葉片的軸，它會反復地反方向轉(zhuǎn)動，將水攪動起來，然后水的作用力將衣物

9、中的污后祛除。它具有使衣服不易纏繞，并能均勻的優(yōu)點。Drum type滾筒式This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrus bumps ons. When thethe wall of the drum. As the drum turns, the clothes arcked up by the protruclothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water, the movement removes dirt f

10、rom theclothes.在開有許多小孔的圓筒中，有突出的板子。是時的沖力將污后祛除。Centrifugal force type離心力式的滾筒旋轉(zhuǎn)時，板子將衣物抬起，下落As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wallof the inner drum. Theert comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., whichis where the name comes from.

11、The water is forced through the clothes and then the holesheinner wall. After one cycle, the water is recycled backThis cycle is what cleans the clothes!o theand the pros starts again.就像前邊所說的那樣，旋轉(zhuǎn)的內(nèi)槽將水和洗條劑從內(nèi)槽壁推出。從內(nèi)槽向外甩出的力叫做“離心力”，這也是“離心力”這個名字的來源。這種洗衣機由于是內(nèi)槽旋轉(zhuǎn)，因此水會從內(nèi)槽猛地向外部噴射，然后又會回到內(nèi)槽中，不斷地循環(huán)往復。正是這種循環(huán)清潔了

12、衣物！In Japan, peoplestarted using machines in 1930. But then the price of a washing machinewas so hight most averages could not buy one for their homes.1930 年，在到一般家庭。，人們第一次開始使用洗衣機。不過，當時的售價還很高，并沒有普及Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of thevers of thewashing machine .The ma

13、chine had two rollerst were used to sandwich each shirt and otherclothes to squeeze the water out of them. The rollers were turned by hand, and in fact, you needed a lot of strength to turn those things! Still, people then thought it was a really neat invention! Thistype of water squeezer was used f

14、or almost 30 years until something new came along. The spindriert used “centrifugal force” to get most of the water out of the clothes.在以前的洗衣機中，安裝了現(xiàn)在看起來有些可笑的。機器有兩根滾軸，洗條衣物，把水擠出來。由于采用的是手動旋轉(zhuǎn)把手后滾軸轉(zhuǎn)動的構(gòu)造，所以需要相當大的力氣，不過在當時它還是非常便利，此后，這種滾軸式脫水機大約被使用了長達 30 年之久，一直到離心式脫水機出現(xiàn)為止。In 1953, the nozzle type washing mach

15、ine wasthe older brother of the swirling washing machinesold in Japan. This washing machine is liket you see today. The price of these washingmachines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. Thefully automaticwashing machine wasroduced in 1968, and aftert, washing clothes became a lo

16、t easier to do!1953 年,渦流式洗衣機的分流式洗衣機在上市銷售。這種洗衣機就像現(xiàn)在所見的渦流式洗衣機的哥哥。由于這些洗衣機的價格低廉，使用洗衣機的家庭漸漸多起來。1968 年，全自動式洗衣機登場，此后洗衣得愈加方便了。There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do youhave in your house?洗衣機有許多種類。Fully automatic:自動式家里用的洗衣機屬于哪一種類型呢？The fully automatic machine

17、has two drum layerst wash, rinse and remove water fromclothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty clothes and then washingmachine will do the rest. There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machineclothes after they have been washed.t can dry全自動式洗衣機通過雙層的水槽接連進行洗條，

18、漂洗，脫水。你需要做的就是將洗條劑和衣物放入洗衣機，之后洗衣機會自動進行。還有一種可以烘干衣物的新型的全自動洗衣機。Twub:雙缸式This washing machine has one partt dose the washing and another partt does thesqueezing. Even though its a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub, the goodthing ist you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one

19、 machine.這種洗衣機進行洗條的部分與脫水的部分分離。雖然脫水時需要將衣物取出更換地方，但卻具有洗條與脫水能同時進行的好處。Front loading:滾筒式The main feature of front loaders ist they use a lot less watern other types. This is thetype of Washing machinetype of washing machinet dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have thisheir homes too

20、.滾筒式洗衣機的特點是用水量較少，洗衣店使用的多是滾筒式的。許多歐洲家庭中也使用這種類型的洗衣機。Lets try to make the best washing machinehe world!讓制造出世界上最好的洗衣機！We should alreadynk the scientistst invented the fully automatic washing machinebecause it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.應(yīng)該很感激科學家發(fā)明出全自動洗衣機，因為它使洗衣服變成一件容易的事。Scientists are still try

21、ing really hard to find ways to make washing machines a londier touse for everyone. Some of the thingst they are trying to do are to find better ways of makingclothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer. There are washing machines with d trying function today so you dont even have to

22、 hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically! Amazing!科學家仍在努力尋找方法使洗衣機的使用更加便利。另外，科學家們還正在努力，尋找更好的洗條衣物的方法和制造更耐用的洗衣機。現(xiàn)在洗衣機具有烘干功能，所以你甚至洗后不用進行掛曬，因為它可以自動烘干衣物！太神奇了！Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machinesat present. This is becauset it

23、 is better to use less water for preserving the environment.目前科學家正在想方設(shè)法減少洗衣時們的環(huán)境。量。其原因是須珍惜水資源，保護我What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washingmachinet dries and folds your clothes after washing them, or maybe there will be onet willwash your clothes while yo

24、u are still wearing them! How handy wouldt be! Remember, if thewashing machine was like a dream to peoplewashing machines of the future may come true!he old days, all the dreams you have about你認為未來的洗衣機將會變成什么樣子呢？如果能有可以洗條，烘干，折疊衣物或是能在人穿著衣服時進行洗條的洗衣機的話，該有多方便啊！記住。，如果第一臺洗衣機對舊時代的人們是一個夢想的話，那么對未來洗衣機的種種設(shè)想就很可能會

25、變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。Now, Lets try to figure out why refrigerators get cold., we should find out whatvaporization heat is.e know this, the rest is easy!讓白它的想了。為什么冰箱會制冷呢？如果先了解一下“汽化熱”這個詞的意思，就會明When you go to the doctors to get your shots (injections), the nurse usually wipes alcohol onyour arm wicotton ball before sh

26、e puts the needleo your arm. When she doest,t partof your arm feels really cool. The reason why it feels coll ist when liquid alcohol turnsovapor (a prs called vaporization), it steals the heat away from the skin ont part of your arm.The heeaving your skin is called vaporization heat.的時候，護士會在注射前用含有的

27、棉球檫拭你腕處，這會使你腕處有冰涼的感覺。那是因為液態(tài)的故。這種熱就叫做“汽化熱”。在轉(zhuǎn)變成氣體時（汽化過程）將手腕皮膚的熱量帶走的緣The reason why sprinkling water on your yard on a really hot summer day makes you feel coolis because of vaporization heat. The sprinkled water steals the heat away from the ground and airand turnso vapor.在炎熱的夏天，往院子里灑上水就能變得涼快，也是因為汽化熱

28、作用。水帶走了地面和空氣中的熱量，變成了水蒸氣。Refrigerators also exchange vaporization heat toe cool. The main way a refrigeratorcools down is using vaporization heat to steal heat away from food and then taking it outside. How do you make (or induce) vaporization heat?冰箱制冷利用的就是這種汽化熱的交換作用。通過汽熱化將食品的熱量帶走，從而使它變冷，并將熱量排出。這就是冰

29、箱的基本原理。汽化熱是怎樣產(chǎn)生的呢？The inside of the walls of a refrigerator looks like Fig.4.5.冰箱的構(gòu)造如圖 4.5 所示。You will be able to figure out how he gas flows and where it changes from gas to liquid if youfollow the single arrows (he Fig.4.5). The arrow near the compressor and other arrows are whatare used to move t

30、he gas around arrows means.如果沿著單向的箭頭，就可以了解氣體是以怎樣的流向發(fā)生變化的。靠近壓縮機的箭頭和其它的箭頭描述了氣體循環(huán)的情況。其各自的作用如下：Compressor: Squeezes the gas and turns it壓縮機：對氣體加壓，使它變?yōu)橐后w。o liquid.Condenser: Takes the heat away from the refrigerator.冷卻器：將熱量排到冰箱外部。Evaporator: Takes the prere away to turn liquid backo gas. The vaporization

31、 heat takenheat taken away at this pois what cools the refrigerator.蒸發(fā)器：減壓，將液體還原為氣態(tài)。這時被帶走的汽化熱上冰箱冷卻。Now lets try to figure out how refrigerators exchange vaporization heat.那么，冰箱是如何進行汽化熱交換的呢？If you look closely at the back of a refrigerator, you will find a lot of tubest go up anddown. These tubes are

32、 attached to every wall, except the door of course. These tubes have gas inthem and when the gas is squeezed (or compressed), it turnso liquid. When it is released, theliquid turnso gas again. When the gas changes from liquid back to gas again, vaporization heat isremoved from the inside of the refr

33、igerator. This pros is repeated over and over all day long.如仔細觀察冰箱后部，會發(fā)現(xiàn)許多上下環(huán)繞的管子。實際上，冰箱除了門以外的部分，都遍部有充入氣體的管子。這些管子里充滿氣體，當加壓時會變成液體，減壓時又會變成氣體。在從液體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅怏w的同時，發(fā)生帶走汽化熱的交換作用。冰箱反復地進行著這種交換流程。Until the late 1990s, chlorofluoro mene carbon (CFC) gas was used inside the tubes. Butscientists found outt CFCs were a

34、ctually bad for the environment and nowadays, a different gasis being used more and more instead. Many companies are now trying to make refrigeratorst areCFC free sot they are better for the environment.直到 20 世紀 90 年代末，冷卻管內(nèi)才開始使用替代氟利昂。但是由于發(fā)現(xiàn)以前使用的“替代氟利昂”對地球環(huán)境不利，所以轉(zhuǎn)而使用其他氣體來代替。目前許多公司正在進一步開展“無氟冰箱”的制造，以更利

35、于環(huán)境保護。The microwave oven was invented in the late 1940s in the US. During World War II, microwave.Technology was used a lot in radar equipment, so the technology was advanced. Afterthe war, scientists Used the knowledget they had of microwaves to invent themicrowavehistory. Backoven. In fact, the mi

36、crowave oven was called a “radar oven” atbecause of itsthen, microwave ovens were so bigt only restaurants and other businesses used them.微波爐誕生于 20 世紀 40 年代末的。第二次期間，微波技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用在雷達設(shè)備上，因此這一技術(shù)也得到了提高。戰(zhàn)后科學家們用這些知識發(fā)明了第一臺微波爐。事實上正式由于這一歷史原因，微波爐起初被叫做“龐大，只有餐館和一些其他的行業(yè)使用。烤箱”。在那段時間，由于微波爐體積he 1960s, thehome-use microw

37、ave oven was made in Japan.hose days, only richpeople could afford it, but now a day , microwave ovens are more affordable for peoplecountries.any20 世紀 60 年代，制造出第一臺家用微波爐，但在當時只有富裕家庭才能買的起。而如今在許多國家人們都能買的起微波爐了。It is easy to heat up yesterdays leftovers wimicrowave oven. As people like you start tounders

38、tand more about how easy and convenient microwave ovens are, their popularity grow. Next, lets look at how microwave ovens have changed over time.有了微波爐，加熱剩飯菜會變的十分簡單。隨著人們越來越多的了解使用微波爐所帶來的便利，微波爐逐漸得到了推廣。接下來讓了解一下微波爐是如何發(fā)展的。Microwave ovens heat up food using electromagnetic waves called microwave (hence th

39、ename). These microwaves oscillate (go up and down like a wavebillion) times every second!he ocean) 2,400,005,000(2.4微波爐是使用一種被叫做微波的電磁波（所以稱微波爐）加熱食物的。這種微波類似海洋中的水波。可以在 1 秒鐘內(nèi)振動高達 24 億 5 千次。Most food contains water. When microwaves hit molecules of water, the molecules startvibrating really fast, whiakes

40、 the water molecules hit each other and rub against each other.Heat caused by rubbing is called “frictional heat and this what starts cooking the food. If you usefire to heat something, it starts to get hot from the outside and it takes some time before the insidegets hot. But because microwave oven

41、s use thefrom the inside right away.er of microwaves, they can start cooking food大多數(shù)食物中都含有水分。當水分子在經(jīng)微波照射后會以非常快的速度振動。因此將微波照射到食物上后，食物中的水分子會通過振動相互碰撞，相互摩擦。摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱叫摩擦熱，而它使食物變熱了。如果用火加熱食物，會從外避開始逐漸變熱，要加熱至是需要一段時間的。而微波爐通過微波可以很快從食物開始加熱。Lets take a look inside a microwave oven. Do you seet thing at the top right

42、of the Fig.4.8?t is what is called a magnetron. This device makes the microwavest heat and cook your food.The microwaves enter the oven area by traveling through a tube called a wave -guide.讓來研究一下微波爐的構(gòu)造，看到圖 4.8 中右上部的東西了嗎？它就是微波爐被稱作“磁控管”的裝置。加熱食物所用的微波，就是在這里產(chǎn)生的。發(fā)出的微波，通過波導管送入。The inner wall is made of me

43、tal wall hit your food, even if they miss it thetime. Themicrowave door has a spel oven on itt stops microwaves from escaoutside.微波爐內(nèi)壁由金屬制成。這是因為如果微波第一次沒有照到食物上，與內(nèi)壁碰撞之后也會被彈回照到食物上。在門上覆蓋有隔板，這樣微波就不會泄漏到外部。In the middle of the microwave oven is the turntable. Do you noticesomething in a microwave oven, the

44、 turntable is always turning?t when you heat位于微波爐正的是轉(zhuǎn)盤。是否注意到在用微波爐加熱時，轉(zhuǎn)盤總是會不停的旋轉(zhuǎn)？When the wave-guide tube we talked about before injects microwaveso the inside of amicrowave oven, there are always some areast get hit wilot of waves and some areastdont. If food was warmed up liket, there would be part

45、sso the food wouldnt taste too good.t were hot and partst were cold,微波通過波導管送入微波爐時，不管怎樣總會有一些地方照到微波，而有些地方很難照到，產(chǎn)生出差異來。這樣一來，即使對食物進行加熱，也會使得有些地方熱，有些地方?jīng)觥＿@樣食物就不好吃了。How do you get the microwaves to hit all parts of the food evenly? Scientists mulled over thisquestion for a very long time and realizedt moving

46、 the food was a lot easiern trying to makethe microwaves reach every corner of the oven evenly.ts why scientists started using turntablesto sphe food inside microwave ovens.怎樣才能將微波均勻地照射到食物上呢？科學家反復研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過轉(zhuǎn)動食物要比試圖改變微波以使其均勻照射更容易解決這一問題。于是就制作了轉(zhuǎn)盤，將食物擺在上面旋轉(zhuǎn)。Have you ever seen a snow crystal? Sometimes its

47、sible to see them for a short momentwhen snow lands on your hand, but most of the time it melts before you get to see the beautifulhexagon-shd (six said) crystals. Crystals are made up of particlest are arranged in a regularits crystal sh.看到過雪的結(jié)晶嗎？將雪抓到受中時，有時可瞬間地看到它的形狀，雪晶體呈現(xiàn)以六角形為基礎(chǔ)。比如雪融化成水時就不在是結(jié)晶狀態(tài)了。

48、Do you knowt there are three ses for most objects: solid, liquid and gas? Most thingsonly come in these three forms. However, some material can remain in a set is somewhatbetn a solid and a liquid,his se, the object is a liquid but still maains the regular crystallike arrangement.大家知道物體有固態(tài)、液態(tài)、氣態(tài)三種狀態(tài)

49、吧？大多數(shù)物體都只有這三種狀態(tài)。但是某些物體在轉(zhuǎn)化過程中還保持一種介于固態(tài)和液態(tài)之間的一種狀態(tài)。在這種情況下，這種物體雖然以液體的形式存在，但仍然保留著規(guī)則有序的結(jié)晶狀排列。The existence of this se has been known for a very long time. In fact, there was a researcharticle titled “the flowing crystal “t was published in 1889, over 100 years ago. It took many,many years of research and

50、development to get liquid-crystal display TVs to the poat now.t they are從很久以前，人們就了解了這一現(xiàn)象。這一現(xiàn)象得到廣泛確認后，從 1889 年在德國了叫做“晶體”的，距今已經(jīng) 100 多年了。經(jīng)過長時間的研究和，液晶電視達到了目前的水平。If you put a nailhe middle of two magnets,s of the nail try to pobut have a long narrow shtowards eachand whenmagnet. Similarly, crystals do no

51、t have a round shelectricity is passed through a crystal, it tries to align itselfhe direction of the electrical flow.將釘子放在兩塊磁鐵之間，釘子的兩端會向兩塊磁鐵的方向靠近。與此相同，液晶并非成圓形，而是成細長形狀，通電時具有與電流方向平行排列的性質(zhì)。In a Liquid crystal TV, many small compartments are left betn two pieof glass. Each ofthese Compartments holds liquid crystalst are colored red, bluereen. Even if light is shinedon the back of the screen, the screen remains black because the liquid crystals are