1、英語應用文寫作第1頁，共145頁。 英語句子（Sentences） 英語段落（Paragraphs） 英語篇章（Essay）寫作基礎知識 (Basic Writing Skills) 第2頁，共145頁。第一節 英語句子 (Sentences)1.1.1.英語基本句型1.1.2.英語句子種類1.1.3.有效句子第3頁，共145頁。1.1.1.英語基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）英語句子的主要構成成份有：S = Subject 主語V = Verb 動詞 O = Object 賓語 C = Complement 補語 A = Adverbial 狀語第4頁，

2、共145頁。英語的七種基本句型：SV: 主謂SVO: 主謂賓SVC: 主謂補SVA: 主謂狀SVOO: 主謂（間接）賓（直接）賓SVOC: 主謂賓補SVOA: 主謂賓狀 此外還有比較常用的There be 句型， 表示“存在，有”第5頁，共145頁。SV: The sun is shining.SVO: You should also consider this. SVC: The apple tastes good.SVA: I was at college.SVOO: Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility. SVOC: T

3、hat makes me responsible for my own life. SVOA: You can put the dish on the table.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with. Samples第6頁，共145頁。Your dinner seems ready. ( )I must send my parents a Christmas card. ( )That class interested me. ( )My school is on the next street. ( )Many stu

4、dents find that book very helpful. ( )You may put your umbrella under the table. ( )She was smiling. ( )We have made her the head of our group. ( )同步練習Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC第7頁，共145頁。1.1.2.英語句子種類（Types of Sentences） 1.句子

5、按其用途可分為陳述句、疑問句、 祈使句、感嘆句2.句子按其結構可分為簡單句、并列句、復合句、并列復合句第8頁，共145頁。陳述句（Declarative Sentence): a declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilities. He is not the rival in negotiation.疑問句 (Interrogative Sentence): a interrogative sentence asks a question. Wil

6、l you please pay your prompt attention to this matter? (General Question)Example我們的倉庫設施很有限。他不是談判對手。Example對此問題，請及時加以注意。Example第9頁，共145頁。 How old are you? (Special Question) Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow? (Alternative Question) You didnt go to Shanghai, did you? (Tag Question)祈使句(Impera

7、tive Sentence): an imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. Please think over the local tax rate. Dont open the door.感嘆句( Exclamatory Sentence): an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion. What a lever boy he is! How careless she is!ExampleExampleExample第10頁，共145頁。簡單句（Sim

8、ple Sentence): a simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause. We would appreciate a prompt reply. 并列句（Compound Sentence): a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses. I have finished the work, but there is still much to do.ExampleExample第11頁，共145頁

9、。復合句（Complex Sentence): a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses. I was reading a book when he came. 并列復合句（Compound-complex Sentence): a compound- complex sentence is one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one d

10、ependent clause. In other words, it is a combination of a compound and a complex sentence She wears a red dress when she is in good mood, but she wears a blue one when she is in bad mood.ExampleExample第12頁，共145頁。1.1.3.有效句子(Effective Sentences) 什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了語法結構正確外，必須思想完整，表達準確，生動形象，才能有效地表達作

11、者的思想。那么如何寫出好句子即有效句子呢？應遵循以下幾點： 第13頁，共145頁。完整的句子 (Completeness)清晰的句子 (Clarity)簡潔的句子 (Conciseness)平行結構的句子（Parallelism) 5. 靈活多變的句子 (Variety)第14頁，共145頁。1.寫完整的句子 (Completeness) 一個完整的句子既包括結構上的完整，也包括意義上的完整。(1) 結構上的完整第15頁，共145頁。Sentence Completeness Wrong: My name Helen. 漢語句子可以不用動詞，主語也可以省略，而英語句子一般需要有主語和謂語動詞才

12、算完整。再者，與漢語不同，英語句子中及物動詞的賓語不能省略。我們還可以用that、who或because之類的詞把小句子連在一起，組成大句子。例如： Wrong: They eat rice, and we eat, too. Correct: My name is Helen.Correct: They eat rice, and we eat rice, too.Example第16頁，共145頁。Wrong: Friendly people, another thing I like about college.Correct: Friendly people, thats anothe

13、r thing I like about college. Wrong: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly. Because they know how to listen.Correct: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly because they know how to listen. 第17頁，共145頁。None of the following sentences are complete. Make ne

14、cessary corrections to make them complete.1. I dislike dogs because very smelly (氣味難聞). 2. The dogs always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit.-I dislike dogs because they are very smelly.-The dogs are always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit them.3. Ways of naming new babies

15、 different around the world. -Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步練習第18頁，共145頁。4. In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing. 5. Dogs love to play with sticks. For example, go to get a stick if you throw it.-In Guangzhou, it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogs love to play with sticks

16、. For example, they go to get a stick if you throw it.-Its too cold in this room.6. Is too cold in this room.7. Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet.8. A book that you like.- That is a book that you like. -Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet, we dont keep one.第19

17、頁，共145頁。簡單陳述句的語序（Word order in Simple Statements）第20頁，共145頁。boughta hatyesterdayThe childrenranhomeThe drivershouted at meangrilyThe carstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthe bookquietlyin hisroom allafternoon名，代，數，短語，從句謂語動詞名，代賓，數，短語，從句副詞，相當于副詞，短語和從句ITheyare sittingbehind me第21頁，共145頁。1.The film I enjoyed yeste

18、rday2. A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4. A new school built they in our village last year.Ienjoyedthe filmyesterdayHeplanteda treeIn the cornerof the garden Iborroweda bookfrom the library this morning Theybuilta new schoolin our villag

19、elast year第22頁，共145頁。exercise這家公司去年非法在我們村建立了一家化學工廠。 This company built a chemical factory illeagelly in our villiage last year. 今天早上這個小男孩在廚房里貪婪地吃了一個蘋果。The little boy ate an apple greedily in the kitchen this morning 午飯前他在辦公室里很快讀了信。He read the letter quickly in his office Before lunch.我們耐心地在機場等候了整個下午

20、就是為了能看到麥克本人.We waited patiently at the airport all the afternoon inorderto have a look at Mike簡出于她父母的意愿，來到中國探望她失散已久的舅。Jane came to China to visit her long-lost uncle because of her parentswill.第23頁，共145頁。(2)意義上的完整 意義上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一個簡單句，只能有一個中心思想。請看下列句子： a. We are going to meet Jean Harris, and she

21、is a professor of English literature.Jim is one of the fastest runners.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.Example第24頁，共145頁。 以上三個句子都不符合句子只有一個中心思想這一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a. We are going to meet Jean Harris, and she is a professor of English literatu

22、re.修改： We are going to meet Jean Harris, who is a professor of English literature. 第25頁，共145頁。Jim is one of the fastest runners.修改： Jim is one of the fastest runners of our school.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.修改： Ernest Hemingway, an Am

23、erican novelist, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. 第26頁，共145頁。2.寫清晰的句子 (Clarity) 寫作要注意句子的清晰度。以下幾種情況妨礙文章的清晰，影響讀者的理解。 (1) 缺乏必要的細節。 簡潔盡管重要，但必要細節的缺乏也會使讀者產生誤解甚至不知所云。例如：a. He loves sports much more than his sister.b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities.c. The city has ab

24、out one million.第27頁，共145頁。a句既可理解為“他比妹妹更喜歡運動”，也可以理解為“他喜愛運動勝過喜愛他妹妹”。為了使意義清晰明了，應該在該句的后半部補上相應的謂語：修改： He loves sports much more than his sister does. 或：He loves sports much more than he loves his sister.第28頁，共145頁。b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities. b句中的a person和you 指代不明。應改為

25、：When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.(泛指) 或：When you get married, you take on new responsibilities. (特指) c. The city has about one million. c句中，“one million”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的細節說明，應改為： 修改： The city has a population of one million.第29頁，共145頁。(2) 缺乏連貫性。 一個完整的意思被不必要地切割成幾個句子，這樣一連串的短句由于

26、未能體現出相互間的關系，讀起來費解，妨礙思維。 為了使句子連貫，應注意不要將聯系密切的詞分開；應圍繞一個中心意思，多用修飾語（如分詞短語、介詞短語、從句等）。例如： Some people can not distinguish between colors .they are said to be color-blinded. 此句將其中一句改成定語從句應該為：Some people who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded. 第30頁，共145頁。b. He found the kitchen w

27、indow open. He put a ladder against the window. He climbed in.此句子可改為：Finding the kitchen window open, he put a ladder against it and climbed in.第31頁，共145頁。(3) 隨意轉換。 英語句子的時態、語態、語氣等在句中必須保持一致，隨意轉換往往造成句子意思模糊不清。 時態的隨意轉換。They did not know when they will go to the Great Wall. 應改為： They did not know when th

28、ey would go to the Great Wall. 第32頁，共145頁。b. He worked late into the night yesterday but gets up early this morning. 應改為：b. He worked late into the night yesterday but got up early this morning.第33頁，共145頁。 語態和主語的隨意轉換。He was running very hard in the race and his ankle was broken. 應改為： He was running

29、very hard in the race and broke his ankle.第34頁，共145頁。b. The teacher left the classroom after the lecture was finished. 應改為： The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture. 或： Having finished the lecture, the teacher left the classroom.第35頁，共145頁。c. She reviewed the lessons and all the

30、exercises assigned by the teacher were done.應改為： She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.第36頁，共145頁。語氣隨意轉換。a. First stop the noise and then you may start discussion. 應改為： First stop the noise and then start discussion.第37頁，共145頁。b. Students should learn to solve pr

31、oblems independently. Dont rely on your parents help. 應改為：b. Students should learn to solve problems independently. They should not rely on their parents help.第38頁，共145頁。 人稱和數的隨意轉換。 a. If one has talents, we will be likely to succeed. 應改為： If one has talents, one will be likely to succeed. 或: If we

32、have talents, we will be likely to succeed.第39頁，共145頁。b. If a person is selfish, they will have few friends. 應改為：b. If a person is selfish, he will have few friends.第40頁，共145頁。 代詞指代不明。The pollution in this area is serious; they should do something about it.應改為： The pollution in this area is serious;

33、 the government should do something about it.第41頁，共145頁。同步練習:Correct the following sentences if necessary There are always a lot of good news over the radio.Each of the plans has its advantage.Either you or I are to clean the room.All those who want to go on the trip should get his equipment ready i

34、mmediately.is amtheir第42頁，共145頁。5. Paid little attention to his table manners.6.The teacher giving such a hard exam.-He paid little attention to his table manners. (add a subject)- The teacher is giving such a hard exam.(add a helping verb)第43頁，共145頁。7.When only five years old, my father took me to

35、a circus(雜技團)._ When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.8. A car drove down the street decked with ribbon. （用緞帶裝飾起來的）_ A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.(Misplaced modifier誤置修飾語）第44頁，共145頁。3.寫簡潔的句子 (C

36、onciseness) 簡潔就是用盡可能少的詞表達盡可能充分的意思。在不改變句子意義的情況下，在能用詞的地方，不用短語；在能用短語的地方不用句子。第45頁，共145頁。比較下列兩個句子：a. He expresses a number of clever expressions much to the audiences delight.He delighted the audience with his clever expressionsb. This morning I went to the classroom, when I got there, I saw many people

37、in the classroom.This morning I went to the classroom and saw many people there.第46頁，共145頁。要想使句子簡潔應注意以下幾點：(1) 避免重復意義相同的詞。a. It was blue in color.b. It was small in size.c. In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.d. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 以上劃線部分都屬于意義重復，應去掉。第47頁，共145頁。 又如： He gave man

38、y reasons for his failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.應改為： He gave many reasons for his failure, but none of them was convincing. Example第48頁，共145頁。(2) 避免使用累贅的詞。累贅的詞指的是拖泥帶水，啰啰唆唆的詞或詞組。例如：She was told of the fact that eating junk food might harm her health.b. Mrs. Smith likes to drink

39、 all kinds of wines that are produced in France.c. There are some students who cheat in exams.以上劃線部分都是累贅的詞，應去掉。第49頁，共145頁。同步練習 The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age.-The chairman will retire next year.The woman who is dressed in black over there is the person who is now in c

40、harge of our sales department.-The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department.第50頁，共145頁。4.寫平行結構的句子（Parallelism) 在一個句子中，有幾個表達相近或相對意義的并列成分時，應該使用詞性一致的排比結構，這就是寫作中的平行結構原則。兩三個詞性相同的詞連成一串，形成平行結構。這種結構能使句子顯得嚴謹，層次分明，增強感染力。例如：Example第51頁，共145頁。 a. The article is short, informative, and re

41、ading it was easy應該為：The article is short, informative, and easy to read. (three adjectives)b. Knowing what to do and to do it well will bring you success.應該為Knowing what to do and doing it well will bring you success. (two gerund phrases)第52頁，共145頁。再看下例： In summary, I do like a lot of things about

42、college, as I said beforebeing on my own, talking with friendly people, having Fridays off. (這里是3個動名詞短語并列。)第53頁，共145頁。同步練習1.She spends her free time reading, listening to music, and she works in the garden.She spends her free time reading, listening to music and working in the garden.第54頁，共145頁。2. T

43、he teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it. The teacher told us that we should read our text and write a short review of it. Or: The teacher told us to read our text and write a short review of it.第55頁，共145頁。3. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and who is

44、very popular with his co-workers. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and great popularity among his co-workers. 第56頁，共145頁。 4. Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or staying indoors? Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or stay indoors? 第57頁，共145頁。5. Please clean the kitchen, the heat

45、 must turn down, and lock the doors.Please clean the kitchen, turn down the heat, and lock the doors.第58頁，共145頁。6. The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or leaving the company.The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or to leave the company. 第

46、59頁，共145頁。7. My best friend is honest, clever, and works hard. My best friend is honest, clever, and hard-working.第60頁，共145頁。8. After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and wanted to eat.After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and hungry.第61頁，共145頁。5.寫靈活多變的句子 (Variety) 要使文章生動吸引人，寫作時要經常變

47、換句型和句子結構。(1) 句子開頭多樣化第62頁，共145頁。 分詞或分詞短語開頭。a. We reached our destination exhausted.應該為：Exhausted, we reached our destination.b. I finished my homework and began to review the lessons.應該為： Having finished my homework, I began to review the lessons.第63頁，共145頁。 形容詞開頭。He was intelligent and hard-working,

48、 and he graduated with honors.應該為： Intelligent and hard-working, he graduated with honors.第64頁，共145頁。 介詞短語開頭。a. The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help.應該為： In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help.第65頁，共145頁。 不定式短語開頭。a. He worked hard day and night to pass the exams.應該

49、為：To pass the exams, he worked hard day and night.b. He spoke slowly and emphatically to make everything clear.應該為： To make everything clear, he spoke slowly and emphatically. 第66頁，共145頁。(2) 句型多樣化。 用排比句、修辭疑問句、倒裝句等多樣化的句型能增添語言的渲染力，增加文章的藝術色彩。例如： a. The more we get together, the happier well be. b. Why

50、is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Example第67頁，共145頁。 再如: 美國黑人“民權運動”領袖馬丁路德金（Martin Luther King）著名的演說我有一個夢想（I have a dream）。這份演講氣勢如虹，感情充沛，鼓動性強。其中非常重要的原因是運用了一些比喻、排比的修辭手法和句型，增添了語言的渲染力及文章的藝術色彩。 例如 “I have a dream that one day”。Example第68頁，共145頁。 I have a dream that one d

51、ay this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.I have a dream by Martin Luther King我夢想有一天，這個國家會站立起來，真正實現其信條的真諦：“我們認為這些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。”第69頁，共145頁。I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,

52、the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.我夢想有一天，在佐治亞的紅山上，昔日奴隸的兒子將能夠和昔日奴隸主的兒子坐在一起，共敘兄弟情誼。第70頁，共145頁。I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color o

53、f their skin but by the content of their character. 我夢想有一天，我的四個孩子將在一個不是以他們的膚色，而是以他們的品格優劣來評判他們的國度里生活。第71頁，共145頁。同步練習：Use coordination or subordination to combine the groups of simple sentences into longer sentences. Omit the words where necessary.(用并列連詞或從屬連詞將下列簡單句連成長句。)第72頁，共145頁。I needed someone to

54、help me. I couldnt find anyone. I had to do it all on my own.2. These children took their naps. They unrolled their sleeping mats.3. My car is not starting on cold mornings. I think the battery needs to be replaced. I already had it recharged once. I dont think it would help to charge it again.4. Th

55、e pipes had frozen. The heat had gone off. We phoned the plumber. He couldnt come for two days. He has been swamped with emergency calls.,but,soBefore,Because,sobecause,butas第73頁，共145頁。第二節 英語段落 (Paragraphs)語段，又叫“句群”，是由句子組成的語言表達單位，它是句子和語篇之間的中間層次。我們知道，句子在一定的語境中能夠單獨地使用，能夠單獨地表達相對完整的意思。但是，要表達多方面的、比較復雜的思想

56、，往往需要把幾個句子組織起來，結成更大的言語片斷，以表達“一層”的意思。因此，語段是一個相對獨立的較大語義單位，既與上下語段相關聯，又與上下語段相區別。正是許多這樣的語段相結合，才構成了 語篇。第74頁，共145頁。一個段落既是一篇文章的組成部分，又是一個自成一體、相對獨立的整體。一個段落就是一篇微型文章，它的內容應該完整、連貫并且展開得法。內容完整就是要求段落中的各句都緊緊圍繞一個中心或主題，如有必要另辟主題則需另起一段。內容連貫則要求文字條理清晰，層次結構清楚，句與句之間有內在的邏輯關系。一個段落可長可短，視全篇的需要而定，比如要看該文章的主題是什么，本段落在全文中處于什么位置，以及它在文

57、章觀點闡述過程中有何作用等。長的段落通常用于表達比較復雜的主題，而短的段落有時是做一個過渡或進行一次概括，也有可能是用來強調某個觀點。 第75頁，共145頁。段落的組成和特征1.2.1.段落的組成 (Basic Structure of a Paragraph)一個核心的英語段落一般由一個主題句(topic sentence)、若干個支持句或擴展句(supporting sentence或developing sentence)構成, 有的還有關聯句（transitional sentence）和結論句（concluding sentence）。主題句給出談論的話題，或著段落的主旨即中心思想；

58、支持句是對主題句進行的闡釋、說明、例證或引申等；關聯句使主題句和各支持句連貫成一個整體；結論句對全段作總結，往往照應主題句，起承上的作用。這些具體細節使中心思想的表述呈現一定的層次。例如：第76頁，共145頁。Topic Sentence (general)Supporting Sentence No.1 (specific)(explanation, example, or more details) Supporting Sentence No.2 (specific)Supporting Sentence No.3 (specific)Concluding Sentence (gener

59、al)第77頁，共145頁。主題句 (Topic Sentence)主題句在英語段落中起著舉足輕重的作用。英語段落的主題句大多位于句首，但也有居于中間或末尾的。主題句位于句首，開段明義，讓讀者很快就能了解作者要說明的問題。例如：第78頁，共145頁。 Although working is good for us, as it helps train our body and mind, yet there should be a limit. Too much work will use up our energy, and we shall feel tied. We should kno

60、w that our capacity(容量) is limited. Our mind also needs relaxation, without which we could become sluggish(行動遲緩的). We should always remember that we are human beings, and that we need playing and amusements to make our life fuller. This paragraph is about the limit of working.本段的段首句是Topic Sentence .