1、整理課件Part OneC-E Translation(漢譯英）整理課件第一章漢譯英概論整理課件第一節(jié) 漢譯英的要求：n1) 能運用漢譯英的理論和技巧，翻譯我國報刊雜志上的文章和一般文學(xué)作品。速度為每小時250-300個漢字。n2) 譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順流暢。整理課件n例1. 我們應(yīng)該搶時間趕任務(wù)。nVersion A: It is better for us to hurry in our work so as to fulfill what we are assigned to do ahead of time.nVersion B: We should work against t

2、he clock.整理課件n例2. 孩子們看電視過多會大大損壞視力。nVersion A: If children see too much TV programmes, it will do a lot of harm to their eyesight.nVersion B: Too much exposure to TV programmes will do great harm to the eyesight of children.整理課件第二節(jié) 漢譯英的特點n1. 漢譯英理解相對較易，英譯漢理解較難。n1)字面義和實質(zhì)義往往有很多的差距。n干脆又干又脆？n橫七豎八橫著七個豎著八個？

3、nTo lie this way and that/ to spread all across in confusion/ in disorder/ at randomn態(tài)度冷若冰霜nas cold as ice and frost/ icy manners整理課件n2) 漢譯英的斷句是個難點，漢語形散意連，斷句不如英語那樣嚴(yán)格。n例3. 中國的主要人口是農(nóng)民，革命靠了農(nóng)民的援助才取得了勝利，國家工業(yè)化又靠農(nóng)民的援助才能成功，所以工人階級應(yīng)當(dāng)積極幫助農(nóng)民進行土地改革，城市小資產(chǎn)階級和民族資產(chǎn)階級也應(yīng)當(dāng)贊助這種改革，各民主黨派各人們團體更應(yīng)當(dāng)采取這種態(tài)度。整理課件nThe peasants fo

4、rm the bulk of Chinas population. It was with their help that victory was won in the revolution, and it is again their help that will make the industrialization of the country possible. Therefore, the working class should actively help the peasants carry out the agrarian reform; the urban petty bour

5、geoisie and national bourgeoisie should also give their support,and still more so should all the democratic parties and peoples organizations.整理課件n3) 詞語邏輯關(guān)系n盲棋 blind chessn盲文 braillen4) 翻譯專用法需譯者運用廣博的知識，再加上對具體背景的了解。n5) 理解政治含義強的詞語也是難點。整理課件n2. 漢譯英理解較易表達較難n拼寫錯誤n時態(tài)錯誤n虛擬語氣n對稱性表達法易錯n雖然但是 (although)nBothand

6、/ either or / neither nor/ not butn譯文風(fēng)格的把握整理課件虛擬語氣的譯法n例1： 我們要求他們停止這一損害中國人民的行動。nWe demanded that they (should) stop this action that does harm to the Chinese people.n例2: 他們只得服從兩天內(nèi)剃掉胡子的命令。nThey had to obey the decree that beards (should) be shaved off within tow days.n例3: 她必須立即派人去請醫(yī)生。nIt is imperative

7、 that she (should )send for a doctor at once.整理課件n例4: 我們這么多年沒見面啦。 過一會你又要走。 你要是能多待一段時間該多好啊。nWe havent seen each other for years. Now youre leaving. How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.n例5: 我要是你，就會重新考慮要否嫁給他。nIf I were you, I would rather reconsider whether Id marry him.整理課件n例6: 要不是解放軍戰(zhàn)

8、士救了我們， 我們不是淹死，就是餓死了。nIf the soldiers hadnt come to save us, we would have been drowned or died of starvation.n例7: 現(xiàn)在的確是該停止這種毫無意義的爭論的時候了。nIt is high time that we (should) put an end to this meaningless controversy.整理課件第二章漢語基本句式的英譯整理課件第一節(jié) 漢語基本句式及英譯n1. 主謂單句n1)避免漢英主語機械對應(yīng)n例1： 南京近幾年發(fā)生了巨大的變化。nThere have be

9、en great changes in Nanjing these years.nGreat changes have taken place in Nanjing these years.nThese years have witnessed great changes in Nanjing.整理課件n2) 翻譯漢語句子的非動詞謂語時，要補加動詞。n例2：這個操作過程并不危險nThis operation process is not dangerous.n例3: 勤勞的雙手， 無窮的財富。nThe hands of the diligent makes rich.整理課件n3) 避免謂語動

10、詞的機械對應(yīng)。n搞調(diào)查研究nDo some investigation and studyn他身體搞垮了。nHe has ruined his health.n這家企業(yè)是由一個個體戶搞起來的。nThis enterprise was started by a self-employed worker.整理課件n2. 無主句n1)漢語祈使句中不出現(xiàn)主語，英譯時依法照譯。n你的車票！nYour ticket please!n請勿吸煙！nNo smoking!n此處禁止停車！nNo parking!整理課件n2) 漢語中含有號召、標(biāo)語、要求等意味的無主句，有時可譯成祈使句，有時則需要補上主語，視情而

11、定。n中華人民共和國萬歲！nLong live the Peoples Republic of China!n為建設(shè)一個偉大的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國而奮斗！nStrive to build a great modernized socialist country!整理課件n軍校每天夜里都要有一名軍官值班。nThere must be one officer on night duty in military academy.n3) 漢語中敘事或論理的無主句，譯時大都要補加主語。n認(rèn)識落后，才能去改變落后。nBackwardness must be perceived before it can b

12、e changed.整理課件n學(xué)而時習(xí)之，不亦說乎？有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？nIt is not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? It is not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?n不經(jīng)一事，不長一智。nYou cant gain knowledge without practice.nWisdom comes from experience.整理課件n4) 漢語中的有些無主句是習(xí)慣用法。 英譯時可采取“there be”結(jié)

13、構(gòu)，也可采取主謂單句或被動句式。n剩下的時間不多了。nThere is little time left.n沒有矛盾就沒有世界。nWithout contradiction nothing would exist in the world.整理課件n3. 流水句n在中國要是沒有自行車，生活是難以想像的，可是多少年以前，人們還把自行車看成是奢侈品，很多人都買不起，再說，自行車也供不應(yīng)求啊。nIt is hard to imagine what life would be like in China without the bicycle. Yet it wasnt s many years ag

14、o that a bicycle was considered a luxury, beyond the reach of many people. Moreover, it was in short supply.整理課件n4. 主題句n主題句前部分?jǐn)⑹禄蛘摾恚蟛糠肿龀隹偨Y(jié)或評論突出表明作者的觀點和意圖。n災(zāi)難深重的中華民族，一百年來，其優(yōu)秀人物奮斗犧牲，前赴后繼，摸索救國救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。nFor a hundred years, the finesse sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought

15、 and scarified their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of truth that 整理課件nWould save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.(拆句法）n能不能盡快地把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去，這是一個關(guān)系到社會主義建設(shè)的全局，關(guān)系到我們國家命運與前途的大問題。nWhether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as poss

16、ible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.整理課件n5 意合句n意合句主要指無關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的復(fù)合句。（表面無關(guān)聯(lián)，內(nèi)含關(guān)聯(lián)。譯時應(yīng)找出關(guān)聯(lián)，選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語或其它手段譯出深層含義）整理課件n最近二三十年來，科學(xué)技術(shù)日新月異的發(fā)展，專業(yè)化的分工更細，協(xié)作的規(guī)模更大。nOver the last twenty or thirty years, science and technology have

17、made new headways day by day, resulting in a more minute division of labour on the basis of specialization and in more extensive cooperation.整理課件n桂林山水甲天下，陽朔山水甲桂林。nGulins mountains and waters rank first in china while Yangshuos even top those of Guilin.整理課件n6 長句n譯法一：順著原句順序譯n（江蘇）人杰地靈、物產(chǎn)豐饒，獨具優(yōu)勢的自然、地理條件

18、，造就了江蘇的錦繡風(fēng)光：六千多年的豐厚文化底蘊，給江蘇留下了多姿多彩的民情風(fēng)俗；騰飛的江蘇，以占全國百分之一的面積、百分之六的人口，創(chuàng)造了約占全國百分之十的經(jīng)濟總量。整理課件nJiangsu, a place with galaxies of talented people and rich resources, enjoys a unique natural and geographical advantage. The civilization of more than 6000 years has nurtured many colorful folk customs and tradi

19、tions. Although the area and the population of Jiangsu are only 1% and 6% of the countrys total respectively, the GDP it has created is 10% of the countrys total.整理課件n譯法二：變換句序譯n每天下午四五點鐘喝上一杯茶，吃一點烤面包或餅干，相互之間再閑聊幾句，這種情景在英國到處可見。nThere is a scene to be witnessed everywhere in England at four or five P.M.

20、when people enjoy a cup of tea, with toast or biscuit and with a bit of conversation.整理課件n譯法三：斷句譯n需要斷句的長句往往是有多個主語的句子。n接著，他繼續(xù)設(shè)想，雞又生雞，用雞賣錢，錢買母牛，母牛繁殖， 賣牛得錢，用錢放債，這么一連串的發(fā)財計劃，當(dāng)然也不能算是生產(chǎn)的計劃。整理課件nHe went on indulging in wishful thinking. Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him more m

21、oney. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.整理課件漢語句式英譯常見問題分析n1. 無主句翻譯過程中容易出現(xiàn)的問題n黃山的服務(wù)設(shè)施已有很大

22、改善。可以找到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的飯店，吃到可口的風(fēng)味食品，坐上舒服的空調(diào)旅游車了。nVersion A: huangshans service facilities have been greatly improved. Can find standard hotel rooms, have delicious local Chinese food and take comfortable air-conditioned buses.整理課件nVersion B: the service facilities in Huangshan area have been improved greatly. To

23、urists can find standard hotel rooms, have delicious local Chinese food and take comfortable air-conditioned tour buses.整理課件n但是直到幾十年以后，才體會到云彩愈多，霞光才愈美麗。nVersion A: Until several decades later, have I realized that the more clouds there are, the more beautiful the sunglow is.整理課件n人稱主語和物稱主語錯用的問題n我們的事業(yè)將

24、從勝利走向新的勝利。nVersion A: Our cause will win one victory after another new victory.nVersion B: We will win one new victory after another for our cause.整理課件n大多數(shù)城市建立了居民最低生活保障制度。nVersion A: Most cities have established a system of minimum standard of living for city residents.nVersion B: A system to ensure

25、 a minimum standard of living for city residents has been established in most cities.整理課件Part TwoFrom English to Chinese整理課件第一章概述整理課件第一節(jié) 英譯漢的要求 1. 能運用英譯漢的理論和技巧，翻譯英美報刊雜志上的文章和文學(xué)原著。速度為每小時250-300個英文單詞。 2. 譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順、流暢。整理課件第二節(jié) 英譯漢的做題程序n1. 快速瀏覽原文一遍，了解所需翻譯文章的大意即可。遇到生詞可劃線標(biāo)出，以便過后仔細斟酌（可根據(jù)上下文判斷詞義）。n2. 邊看邊譯

26、，每次處理一個自然段。如果是一大段，每次處理四五行即可。如果有的地方暫時找不到合適的措詞或理解不了時，可先空著，但要用記號標(biāo)出。整理課件n3. 初稿寫成后即進行加工修改。n4. 從頭至尾再閱讀一遍譯文，譯文有無邏輯錯誤或字句錯誤。凡有不順之處，必定有理解問題，仔細琢磨。整理課件第二章基本英漢翻譯技巧整理課件第一節(jié) 詞義的理解與表達n人名：一般音譯，若有約定俗稱的或有定譯的則無需另行翻譯。n地名：一般音譯，較重要的查地名譯名手冊。n2. 抽象名詞的理解與翻譯n往往采用具體化的手法或增補法。nMadness= 瘋狂行為nBackwardness=落后狀態(tài)整理課件nThe least alarm o

27、f their movement would bring the enemy upon them.n只要他們在行動中露出一點驚慌失措的樣子，敵人就會向他們猛撲過來。n and it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship.n問題也不在于大學(xué)是否已取得有價值的科研成果和學(xué)術(shù)成就。整理課件n4. 英漢翻譯中的語法分析n1)詞性n名詞類別：名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)往往與名詞是否可數(shù)有關(guān)，而可數(shù)與否往往與名詞的抽象或具體含義有關(guān)。nDamage 損害 damages 賠償金nColor 顏色 color

28、s 旗幟 、水彩nForce 力量 forces 部隊整理課件n冠詞：n冠詞的使用與否有時會造成詞義理解上的不同。nThe great and good do not die even in this world.n即使在人世間，杰出的偉人也是永生不滅的。nThe patient is in hospital.n病人在住院。nHe is in the hospital.n他在醫(yī)院探視病人。整理課件n5. 英語長句的處理與翻譯n 英語長句多且長，這主要是由三個方面造成的：一是修飾語多， 二是聯(lián)合成分多，三是語言結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，層次較多。n1) 如何理解英語長句整理課件n Nevertheless,

29、 knowledge of the nature of cancers is advancing in such a way that it seems likely that some definite control may be achieved in the fairly near future; but only if research and application of research on cancer are carried out in a far more vigorous ,orderly, and scientific way than they are at pr

30、esent.整理課件n然而有關(guān)癌腫性質(zhì)的認(rèn)識，正在如此這般不斷的提高，以致在最近的將來，似能取得一定的控制辦法；但要作到這一點，對癌腫的研究工作及其應(yīng)用只有比目前更努力，更有組織，更科學(xué)地進行才行。整理課件n翻譯長句時：n1.首先弄清主句和從句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，接著弄清從句中主從部分的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住主語和謂語。n2. 一定要注意標(biāo)點符號，特別是分號，它往往表示一個個相對獨立的思想單元。n3. 注意連詞，特別是相關(guān)的連詞，如suchthat, morethan 等。整理課件n4. 注意代詞，尤其是關(guān)系代詞。要明確它的先行詞或指代的部分，而且要分析作用。n5. 注意省略部分，要能將省略部分找出來或補充出

31、來。這樣既可加深理解，又可以更好地處理譯文。n6. 了解主旨要點化整為零，按層次仔細分析最后合零為整整理課件n2) 英語長句翻譯技巧n順譯法順譯法： 若敘事順序與漢語一致，可順譯。nBut as the song surged up in increasing loudness, when thet most timid lost their fear and joined us, and all the things that King had said at the meeting in the ballroom, things that they hadnt believed or ha

32、d only half-believed, become suddenly and powerfully true.整理課件n但是當(dāng)歌聲越來越響的時候，連那些最膽小的人也沒有什么恐懼了，他們也跟著唱起來，金在舞廳里開會時所說的一切，那些他們曾經(jīng)不相信或半信半疑的話，忽然變成是千真萬確的了。n變序譯：英語的習(xí)慣是將最急于表達、概括性最強、最重要的部分置于句首，漢語則恰恰相反，習(xí)慣放于句尾。整理課件nThe time has long passed when the enemies of Communism sought comfort in the thought that our economic plans were unrealistic and unworkable.n 早年間，共產(chǎn)主義的敵人認(rèn)為我們的經(jīng)濟計劃是不現(xiàn)實、行不通的，據(jù)此聊以自慰。這樣的歲月已經(jīng)一去不返了。整理課件n拆句譯：拆句譯：n分割法：分割法：在主謂連接處、并列連接處、或從句連接處切斷整理課件第七節(jié) 否定含義的理解與翻譯n1. 否定含義的理解n部分否定：由all或every 等