1、英語四級閱讀練習及答案PassageOne:Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpended,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist,theother,appliedscientist.Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofthenaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopractice

2、problems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheothers,however,forthegroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe“problems”fothetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloysthatperformsatisfactorilyinca

3、rcannotbeusedinajet-propelled（噴氣推進式）plane,Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheel（渦輪）inaturbojet（渦輪噴氣發(fā)動機）mustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershavetoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopme

4、ntofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.Divingscientistsintotwogroups-pureandapplied-isonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfiel

5、ds.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnobranchisentirelyindependentoftheothers.Manynewspecialties-geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample-haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormorescienee.1. Theap

6、pliedscientistA) doesoriginalresearchtothebasiclawsofnatureB) appliedtheresultofresearchtopracticalproblemsC) providesthebasicknowledgeforthepurescientistD) isnotinterestedinpracticalproblems2. TheexamplegiveninthethirdparagraphillustrateshowA) purescieneeoperatesindependentlyofappliedscieneeB) thea

7、ppliedscientistdiscoverthebasiclawsofnatureC) appliedscieneedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD) appliedscieneesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist3. FinerandfinersubdivisioninthefieldofscieneehasresultedinA) thelossoftheneedforspecialistsB) greaterinterdependenceofeachscieneeC) greaterdep

8、endenceofeachscieneeD) theneedforonlyoneclassificationifscientists4. Geophysicsandbiochemistryare.A) examplesofnewspecialtiesresultingfromcombingsciencesB) totallydependentsciencesC) amongtheoldestsciencesknowntomanD) bothB)andC)5. “Thehorizonsofscieneehaveexpanded,”(para1)_meansthatA) scientistscan

9、seefurtheroutintospaceB) scieneehasdevelopedmorefieldofhumanendeavorC) thehorizonchangessizefromyeartoyearD) scientistshavemadeamachineforenlargingthehorizonPassageTwo:Friendsplayanimportantpartinourlives,andalthoughwemaytakethefriendshipforgranted,weoftendon'tclearlyunderstandhowwemakefriends.W

10、hilewegetonwellwithonlyanumberofpeople,weareusuallyfriendswithonlyaveryfew.Forexample,theaverageamongstudentsisabout6perperson.Inallthecasesoffriendlyrelationship,twopeoplelikeoneanotherandenjoybeingtogether,butbeyondthat,thedegreeofintimacybetweenthemandthereasonsfortheirsharedinterestvaryenormousl

11、y.Aswegettoknowpeoplewetakeintoaccountthingslikeages,race,economiccondition,socialposition,andintelligence.Althoughthesefactorsarenotofprimeimportance,itismoredifficulttogetonwithpeoplewhenthereisamarkeddifferenceinageandbackground.Somefriendlyrelationshipscanbekeptonargumentanddiscussion,butitisusu

12、allyforclosefriendstohavesimilarideasandbeliefs,tohaveattitudeandinterestsincommontheyoftentalkabout“beingonthesamewavelength”.Itgenerallytakestimetoreachthispoint.Andthemoreintimatelyinvolvedpeoplebecome,themoretheyrelyononeanother.Peoplewanttodofriendsfavorsandhatetobreakanpromise.Equally,friendsh

13、avetolearntoputupwithannoyinghabitsandtotolerantdifferencesofopinion.Incontrastwithmarriage,therearenofriendshipceremoniestostrengthentheassociationbetweentwopeople.Butthesupportingandunderstandingofeachotherthatresultsfromsharedexperiencesandemotionsdoesseemtocreateapowerfulbond,whichcanovercomedif

14、ferencesinbackgroundandbreakdownofage,classandrace.6. Accordingtotheauthor,.A) allthosewhogetonwellwitheachotherarefriendsB) friendsarecloserthanpeoplewhojustgetonwellwitheachotherC) everyoneunderstandclearlyhowtomakefriendsD) everystudentshas6friends7. Whenwemakefriends,weconsidersuchthingsasage,ra

15、ceandbackgroundbecauseA) itisnoteasytohaveafriendlyrelationshipwithpeoplewhenthereisamarkeddiffereneeinageandbackgroundB) thedegreedoffriendshipbetweenpeopleandthereasonfortheirsharedinterestscanvarygreatlyC) friendsneedtoknowallthesethingsmeansD) thesearethemostimportantfactorstomakefriends8. Inpar

16、agraph2,“beingonthesamewavelength”A) usingthesamefrequencywhiletalkingB) keepingthesamefriendlyrelationshipasotherpeopledoC) havingsimilarideas,beliefs,attitudesandinterestsD) havingthesamebackground9. Whichofthefollowingisnotimpliedordirectlystatedinthepassage?A) Evenfriendsmayhavedifferencesofopin

17、ionsB) FriendsneverarguewitheachotherC) Itgenerallytakestimeforpeopletobecomeclosefriends.D) Someoneshabitsmayannoyhisfriends.10. Tostrengthenfriendlyrelationship,peopleA) mustholdfriendshipceremoniesB) havetoeliminatedifferencesinbackgroundC) shouldmakefriendswiththosewhoareofthesameageandthesamera

18、ceD) shouldsupportandunderstandeachotherthroughsharedexperiencesandemotionsPassageThree:Themovementtowardcentralizationofauthorityinstatedepartmentsofeducationhasinsomecasescreatedfrictionwithcommunities,whichregardthismodernpolicyasusurpation(篡奪,奪取)oftheirrights.Constitutionally,therecanbenodoubtth

19、atthestatehasarighttoprescribe(扌旨示)tothelocaldistrictsinanydegreewhichitwill.Legislatures(立法機構)havebeengivenpowerbyStateConstitutionswhichmakethemthemostimportantpolicy-makingagentforeducationinastate.Legislaturesestablishtheframework(機構)foreducation;theymakedirectappropriationsforeducation;theycrea

20、teeducationalinstitutions;andtheydeterminewhetherofnotcertaineducationalprogramsaretobeauthorized,expanded,decreased,oreliminated(廢除).TheLegislatureusuallyauthorizesaStateeducationdepartmenttoadministeritspolicies.Itmay,however,provideforastateboardofeducationtoadviseitregardingpolicyandtoadminister

21、theeducationalprogram.Thecentralagencymaydefinetheextentofthelocaldistrictandmaydetermineindetailwhatshallbedonewithinthisdistrict.Whilethisistheconstitutionalrightofthestate,thepracticalfactisthatthelocaldistrictconductsitsschoolsinverylargemeasureaccordingtoitsowndesires,andlocalofficersoftentalku

22、ponstatesupervisionasindefensibleinterferenee11. Aboutthecentralizationofauthorityinstatedepartmentofeducation,somecommunitiesfeelthat.A) theirrightsareimprovedB) theirrightsareignoredC) theirrightsareviolatedD) theirrightsareprotected12. Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingrightsareNOTbelongto

23、thestate?A) Therighttoadministerentranceexamination.B) Therighttoexpandordecreaseeducationalprograms.C) TherighttobudgetschoolprogramsD) Therighttocreatededucationalinstitutions.13. WhatdoestheLegislatureusuallydoinadministeringPolicies?A) Itadministerspoliciesbyitself.B) ItauthorizesaStateeducation

24、departmentadministeritspolicies.C) ItisauthorizedbyaStateeducationdepartmenttoadministeritspolicies.D) Itauthorizesastateboardofeducationtoadministertheeducationalprogram.14. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutactualeducationalsituation?A) ThelocaldistricthasalotofcontroloveritsschoolsB) Thecentralage

25、ncymayextendtheextentofthelocaldistrictsC) Statesupervisionisnotalwayswelcometolocaldistricts.D) LocalofficersforbidStatesupervisioniftheythinkitisakindofinterference15. whichofthefollowingtitlescanbestsummarizethearticle?A) TheLegislatureAdministersitsPoliciesB) TheCentralizationofAuthorityinStateD

26、epartmentofEducationC) TheRoleoftheStateinEducationD) TheRightsoftheLocalDistrictsPassageFour:Somepeoplebelievedthatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thoseinternationalcontestsencouragefalse

27、nationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherecentincidentoftragedyinvolvingmurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscau

28、sedprincipallybymi-nornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleangerafterthehockey(曲棍球)dinal,Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theloserobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandtheiropponents'victorywasu

29、nfair.ThepresidentoftheFederation（聯(lián)合會）saidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisorder.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwonbya

30、singlepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerploppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUShadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresul

31、twouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationofOlympicsthe

32、reisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressive（行為過分的）patriotism（愛國心）.16. TheauthorthinksthatinrecentyearsOlympicgameshave.A）showedlittleinternationalfriendshipB) greatlyencouragedinternationalbrotherhoodC) createdgoodwillbetweenthenationsD) createdonlymisunderstandingandhatred17. Whatdidthemanagermeanbysayi

33、ng“Thisisn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”？A) ThisisnotastandardhockeymatchB) TheFederationwouldnotexistanyIongerafterthismatchwasoverC) HisteamwouldnotenterthegameinthreeyearsD) TheunfairdecisionsruinedbothhockeyandtheFederation.18. ThebasketballmatchshowedthatA) t

34、heRussianteamshouldnothavetakenadvantageofthelastthreeseconds.B) aggressivepatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident.C) TheappealjurywastooineffectiveinmakingadecisionD) theAmericanteamshouldhavetakenthefirstplace.19. Theauthorgives2examplesinthe2ndandthe3rdparagraphsisinordertoshowthatA) contestsoftenend

35、indisorderB) nocontestisfairinOlympicGamesC) competitiondiscouragesinternationalfriendshipD) unfairdecisionsarecommoninsports20. Whichstatementbestsummarizesthispassage?A) AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualsB) TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.C) Anyteamthathasdisrespectfulbehaviorshould

36、besuspended.D) Differentteamsoftenhavedisputeswhenfightingforthefirstplace.PassageFive:Urbanlifehasalwaysinvolvedabalancingofopportunitiesandrewardsagainstdangersandstress;itsmotivatingforceis,inthebroadestsense,money.Opportunitiestomakemoneymeancompetitionandcompetitionisstressful;itisoftenatitsmos

37、tintenseinthelargestcities,whereopportunitiesaregreatest.Thepresenceofhugenumbersofpeopleinevitablyinvolvesmoreconflict,moretraveling,theoverloadingofpublicservicesandexposuretothosedeviantsandcriminalswhoaredrawntotherichpickingsofgreatcities.Crimehasalwaysflourishedintherelativeanonymityofurbanlif

38、e,buttoday'seaseofmovementmakesitscontrolmoredifficultthanever;thereismuchevidencethatitsextenthasadirectrelationshiptothesizeofcommunities.Citydwellersmaybecometrappedintheirhomesbythetearofcrimearoundthem.Asadefenceagainstthesedevelopments,citydwellerstendtousevariousstrategiestotryandreduceth

39、epressuresuponthemselves:contactswithotherpeoplearegenerallymadebriefandimpersonal;doorsarekeptlocked;telephonenumbersmaybeex-directory;journeysoutsidethehomeareusuallyhurried,ratherthanasourceofpleasureofpleasure.Thereareotherareotherstrategies,too,whicharepositivelyharmfultotheindividual,forexampl

40、e,reducingawarenessthroughdrugsoralcohol.Furthermore,allthesedefensiveformsofbehaviorareharmfultosocietyingeneral;theycausewidespreadlonelinessanddestroythecommunity'sconcernforitsmembers.Lackofinformalsocialcontactandindifferencetothemisfortunesofothers,iftheyarenotpersonallyknowntooneself,area

41、mongstthemajorcausesofurbancrime.Innerareasofcitiestendtobeabandonedbythemoresuccessfulandlefttothosewhohavedonebadlyinthecompetitivestruggleorwhobelongtominoritygroups;thesepeoplearethengeographicallytrappedbecausesomucheconomicactivityhasmigratedtothesuburbsandbeyond.Present-dayarchitectureandplan

42、ninghaveenormouslyworsenedthehumanproblemsofurbanlife.Oldestablishedneighborhoodshavebeenruthlesslysweptaway,bybothpublicandprivateorganizations,usuallytobereplacedbyhuge,ugly,impersonalstructures,Peoplehavebeenforcedtoleavetheirfamiliarhomes,usuallytoberehousedintowerblockswhicharedrab(單調乏味的),incon

43、venient,andfailtoprovideanysettingforhumaninteractionorsupport.Thisdestructionofestablishedsocialstructuresistheworstpossibleapproachtothedifficultiesoflivinginatownorcity.Instead,everyeffortshouldbemadetoconservethehumanscaleoftheenvironment,andtoretainfamiliarIandmarks.21. Accordingtotheauthor,liv

44、inginacitycausesstressbecausetherearesomanypeoplewhoare.A) InneedofhelpB) naturallyaggressiveC) likelytocommitcrimeD) anxioustosucceed22. Theauthorthinksthatcrimeisincreasingcitiesbecause.A) criminalsaredifficulttotraceinlargepopulationsB) peopledonotcommunicatewiththeirneighborsC) peoplefeelanonymo

45、usthereD) thetrappingsofsuccessareattractivetocriminals23. Accordingtothearticle,whatistheworstproblemfacingpeoplelivingincities?A) Crime.B) Findingsomewheretolive.C) Socialisolation.D) Drugsandalcoholism.24. Themajorityofpeoplewholiveininnercitiesdosobecausethey.A) havebeenforcedbycircumstancestodo

46、soB) haveturnedagainstsocietyC) dislikehavingtotravelfartoworkD) don'tliketheideaoflivinginthesuburbs25. Architecturalchangeshaveaffectedcitylifeby.A) forcingpeopletoliveontopofeachotherB) makingpeoplemovetothesuburbsC) givingtheindividualasayinplanningD) dispersingIong-establishedcommunitiesPas

47、sageSix:Peopledonottravelforpleasureontheroadsandtrainsleadingintocitiesonweekdaymornings;theyarecommuting.CommutersrepresenttheexactoppositeofRobertLouisStevenson'sviewoftravelingthat“Formypart,Itravelnottogoanywhere,buttogo.Itravelfortravel'ssake.”Commuterstravelbecausetheyhaveto;thedestin

48、ationistheonlythingthatmatters.Commutingismodern.Upuntilthe1950'smostworkerslivedintheshadowoftheirworkplaceandwithinearshotofitswhistleorhooter;peoplewalkedorcycledtowork,evengoinghomefortheirlunch.Ascitiesgrowandasthepressureoncitycenterpropertyincreases,soevermorepeoplehavehadtomovefurtherawa

49、yfromtheirplaceofwork.Thesuburbsgrowandthisresultsintheawfulrushhours,manyofwhichtailbacktothesuburbsthemselves,Toeasethecommutercongestioncitygovernmentsbuildnewroads,especiallyringroads,butthesegeneratemoretraffic,addingtothetrafficjamsandbadhealth.SanFranciscointroducedBART(theBayAreaRapidTransit

50、)totakethepressureoffitsroads,butafteraninitialpositiveresponsetheschemewasovertakenbythesheermagnitudeofcommutergrowth.Trainsandsubwaysystemsarelittlebetter.InTokyo“pushersemployedtosqueezecommutersintocarriages,inLondonandNewYorktheundergroundsystemsarenearcapacityandunpleasanttoride.InParispettyc

51、rimeontheMetro(地鐵)iswidespread.InSowetothetrainsaresocrowdedthatcommutershangontheoutsideofthe“backonly”teraainss.ocTihatedhealthhazardsarerivaledbythosecausedbytrafficaccidentsandthestress-relateddiseasescreatedbythetensioninallformsofcommuting.Thebiggerthecity,thelargerthedailycommutingpublicandth

52、elongerthedistancestraveled.Manycommutersseeneithertheirhousenortheirchildrenindaylightforalmostsixmonthsoftheyear.InalargecitylikeLondontheaveragedailytimespentcommutingtoandfromworkisalmosttwohours.Asaworkingdayiseighthoursorless,thismeansthattheaveragecommuterreally“works”inexcessofasixdayweek.Ci

53、tieswhichtrytoalleviatethelotofthecommuterarethosewhicharemostworthlivingin,butitisahardanduphilltasktodoanythingconstructive.Special“KissandRide”metrostationssurroundWashington,butareaslittleusedasthe-On”“bRuisdes.PeopleappeartopreferthetrafficjamsontheBeltway.Althoughmostpeopledisliketheunpleasant

54、“deadtime”ofcommuting,somepeopleturnittotheiradvantage.J.M.KeyneswrotehisGeneralTheoryenroutefromLondontoCambridge,andthereareclassesinFrench,businessstudies,bridgeandchess(amongothertopics)oncommutertrainsintotheLondonmain-linestations.Otherpeople,especiallythosewhocanaffordthecomfortoffirst-classt

55、ickets,catchupontheirreading,dothepreparationfortheday'swork,usetheircomputersorthetraintelephones,orlistentomusicOtherstaketheviewthatcommutingshouldmakeyoufit.Theywalk,run,cycle,row,sail,skateandskate-boardintowork.26. SanFrancisco'sBayAreaRapidTransitscheme.A) tookalongtimetobecomesuccess

56、fulB) waseagerlyawaitedC) couldnotcopewiththenumbersofpassengersD) hasbeenabigsuccess27. Asasolutiontotheriseinthenumberofcommuters,trainsandsubwaysare.A) moreeffectivethannewroadsB) notaseffectiveasnewroadsC) rathermoreeffectivethannewroadsD) scarcelyanymoreeffectivethannewroabs28. Itismorepleasant

57、toliveincitieswhich.A) aresmallenoughforpeoplenottoneedtocommuteB) encouragecommutingC) haveefficientpublictransportsystemsD) improveconditionsforcommuters29. Washington'smetrotrainsare.A) lesspopularthanitsbusesB) morepopularthanitsbusesC) aspopularasitsbusesD) asunpopularasitsbuses30. Themajor

58、ityoftravelers.A) don'tenjoywastingtheirtimecommutingB) makethemostofthetimetheyspendcommutingC) keepfitwhilecommutingD) exercisetheirmindswhilecommutingPassageSeven:Onephaseofthebusinesscycleistheexpansionphase.Thisphaseistwo-foldone,includingrecoveryandprosperity.Duringtherecoveryperiodthereisever-growingexpansionofexistingfacilities,andnewfacilitiesforproductionarecreated.Morebusinessesarecreatedandolderonesexpanded.Improvementsofvariouskindsaremade.Thereisaneverincreasingoptimismaboutthefutureofeconomicgrowth.Muchcapitalisinv