1、英國文學史資料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf> 貝奧武夫 :the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Ho

2、mer s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant soun d 頭韻)Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a contr

3、olled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)1400(首創雙韻體”，英國文學史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰 德萊頓(John Dryden)稱其為英國詩歌之父 ” 。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。 )The father of English poetry.It is alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensiv

4、e ( 綜合的，廣泛的 )realisticpicture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.<The Canterbury Tales歡特伯雷故事集：first time to use

5、heroic couplet (雙韻體) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>#羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 < The House of Fame*譽之宮Medieval Ages' popular Literary form: Romance傳奇故事)Famous three： King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is

6、the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features1. a thi

7、rsting curiosity for the clasical literature2. the keen interst in the activities ofhumanity.The Renaissance marksa transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of those old

8、feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,(3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance - rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in ge

9、ography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.1 .Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙 殉賓塞 1552159

10、9(后人稱之為 詩人的詩人 ”。) The poets' poet. The first to be buried in the Poet' corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous forthe poet's poet”? ( B )A. Spenser's idealismB. his struggle for criteriaC. his love of beau

11、tyD. his exquisite melody <The Faerie Queened后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not Arms and the man"，but something more romantic Fierce wars and faithfull loves''.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight line

12、s in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar牧人日歷The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.< Amoretti>愛情小唱2. Thomas More 托馬斯？K爾 14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia>烏托邦3. Francis Bacon 弗蘭西斯？W*g 15611626(哲學家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了

13、知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主 義哲學的奠基人和近代實驗科學的先驅。)Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.Writing style: brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.(D<The Advancement of L

14、earning學術的推進®<EssaysM 筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)The theme of Of Studies uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson <Comedy of Humours> vVolpone, or the fox>狐貍5. Christopher Marlowe 柯里斯托弗 叫洛 15641595University W

15、its "，the pioneer of English drama (完善了無韻體詩。)Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to with his mighty lines " ( D )A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestinaC. terza rimaD. blank verse<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus孚士彳惠博士的悲劇(根據彳惠國民間故事書寫成)®&l

16、t;Tamburlaine>4|J：i1;<The Jew of 乂2心>馬耳他的猶太人6. William Shakespeare 威廉碩士比亞 15641616 Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ； Richard II ； Henry VIII Four Comedies: <As You Like It> 皆大歡喜；Twelfth 2§>第十二夜；<A Midsummer Night ' S Dreamt!夜之夢；VMerchant Of

17、 Venice>威尼斯商人 Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆萊特；vOthello>奧賽羅；<King Lear>Ki ; <乂23由>麥 克白 Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhym

18、e scheme.III The 17th Century1. John Milton 約翰？爾爾頓 16081674（詩人、政論家；失明后寫失樂園、復樂園、力士參孫O） Epics: <Paradise Lost歡樂園<Paradise Regained樂園 Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes汕士參孫'<Areopagitica>論出版自由<The Defence of the English People為英國人民聲辯 <On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is writt

19、en in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnetIts theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2. John Bunyan 約翰？H揚 16281688（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽為具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學史上里程碑 式著作。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。）Puritan

20、 poet（青教徒派詩人）Religionary Allegory: <The Pilgrim ' s ProgpessOJ程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet醫學派詩人）.Metaphysical Poetry國學詩）：（用語）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,形式）the form is frequently an argument with the poef s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religiou

21、s, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits o門magery奇思妙喻2. syllogism 三段論Meditations沉思錄The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly Sonnets Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century : Enlightenment同時為美國獨立戰爭與法國大革命提供了框架，并且導致了資本主 義和社會主義的興起，與音樂史上的巴洛克時期以及藝術史上的新古典主義時期是同一時期。A revival of interest in the o

22、ld classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion（卬制情感）and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reasonthe movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the *5ind 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason（rationality）, equality&science（the 伯century）小說崛起：In the mid-century, the

23、newly literary form, modern English novel rised（realistic novel現實主 義小說）Gothic novel（哥特式小說）: mystery, horror, castles（from middle part to the end of century）1. Alexander Pope 亞歷山大 制柏 16881744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用英雄雙韻體"/ 'heroic coupletS'。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenme

24、nt , Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? （ C ）A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift<An Essay on Criticism>#E評論Artistic featur

25、es:1 .Using heroic couplets" <The Rape of the Lock>B企遇劫記 <Moral Essays"1德論<Essay on Man隊論<The Dunciad> 愚人記2. Samuel Johnson 塞繆爾圖翰遜 17091784©Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language英語大詞典3. Jonathan Swift 喬納森殉威夫特 16671745（十八世紀杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家a master satiris t）Gull

26、iver ' s Traves列佛游記 fictional work）Four parts:Lilliput 小人國Brobdingnag 大人國Flying Island 飛島Houyhnhnm 馬島<A Modest Proposal* 個小小的建議 <The Battle of Books書戰 <A Tale of a Tub>i的故事< The Drapper' s Lett>rs個麻布商的書信4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾 祈福 16601731（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現實主義小說的奠基人。）He is

27、the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, andhe is the founder of realistic novel.Robinson Crusoe>B賓遜漂流記It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and

28、 hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. <Moll Flanders> <Colonel J

29、acque> < Captain singleton>5. Henry Fielding 亨利 班爾丁 17071754（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為 英國小說之父”。）He is called “Father of English novel” . He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”（散文體史詩）,and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundl

30、ing游嬰湯姆 加斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews約瑟夫或德魯<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the 6伯2大詩人江奈生 破爾德<Amelia>愛米利亞 plays:<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年歷史記事<Don Quixote in £門§匕門>堂吉柯德在英國6. Oliver Goldsmith 奧利弗 帑爾德斯密斯17301774 poems:<The Traveller旅

31、游人<The Deserted Village班村 novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德牧師傳7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德斯林斯利碰萊登 17511816 <The Rivals情敵 <The School for Scandal造謠學校8. W川iam Blake 威廉?W萊克 17571827 <Songs of Innocence次真之歌A happy and innocent world from children s eye. <Songs of Experience密驗之歌A w

32、ord of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: <The Chimney Sweeper> <London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell次堂與地獄的蠟姻9. Robert Burns 羅伯特彭斯 1

33、7591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 1t8 century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩<John Anderson, My Jo喲翰我德生，我的愛人< A Red, Red Rose“朵紅紅的玫瑰< Auld LongSyne往昔時光 < A Man s a Man for A ' >That那一套< My Heart' s in the Highlands我的心在那高原上 < Bruce At Bannockb

34、urn < The Tree Of Liberty>V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge s <Lyrical Ballads>, and endin 1832 with Sir Walter Scott s death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人應該是獨立自 由的個體 )In it, emoti

35、on over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period areJane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).T

36、he Lake Poets 湖畔詩人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉評茲華斯 17701850(與柯爾律治、騷塞同被稱為湖畔派”詩人。The Lake Poet§ < Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1.Nature embodie

37、s human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him strength and knowledge fullof peace2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature,

38、the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水 仙)and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyThe Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女 < The Prelude濘曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞繆爾傣勒刑爾彳t治 17721834The Lake Poets < The Rime of the

39、Ancient Mariner七舟子頌< Christabel則里斯塔貝爾< Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory < Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 < Dejection, an Ode址郁頌 < Lyrical BalladsHlM#歌謠集（with W川iam Wordsworth）3. George Gordon Byron 喬治我登彷倫 17881824（拜倫式英雄Byron

40、ic heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內心充滿了孤獨與苦 悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個 拜倫式英雄”。）Byronic hero" is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.<Don Juan>唐做<Childe Harold ' s PilgrimOg彌德？合羅德爾游記<Cain>該隱<When We Two Parted當初我們倆分另<She

41、Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西 比匕希？t萊 17921822 Poetic Drama : <Prometheus Unbound>Ot了 的普羅米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies ma is victory over tyranny and oppression<Queen Mab液布女王Revolt of Islam>伊斯蘭的反叛<The Cenci>C契一家<A Defence of Poetry><The Necessity of Atheism

42、萬£ 神論的必要性 Lyrics:<Ode to the West Wind>3 風頌Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill com

43、e to life in the springThis is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life （which would end at death） but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written

44、 in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima（三行詩

45、aba bcb cdc ded efe -）<To a Skylark> 致云雀5. John Keats 約翰就慈 17951821（美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。） Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn希臘古甕頌<Ode to a Nightingale夜鶯頌<Ode to Psyche!、靈頌<Ode On Melancholy> 憂郁頌<To Autumn秋頌Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is

46、that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new an

47、d better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6. Jane Austen 簡便斯丁 17751817She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory

48、only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility>!智與感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢與偏見(chapter I)Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved Collins & Charlotte Lucas see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchednes

49、s of aging spinsterhoodLydia & Wickham shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh comic characters<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲爾德莊園<Emma>愛瑪<Northanger Abbey>®桑覺寺<Persuasion砌導7. WalterScott 沃爾特沏科特 1771

50、1832(歷史小說之父 ")Father of history novels<Rob Roy>羅伯沖伊<Ivanhoe> 艾凡赫VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dick

51、ens 查爾斯鍬更斯 18121870(批判現實主義小說家)critical realist writer < The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外傳< Oliver Twist>奧利弗？#維斯特(霧都孤兒) < The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店 <A Christmas Caroli誕頌歌 < Dombey and SonX貝父子<David Copperfield>大衛科波菲爾< Bleak Housed涼山莊<Hard Times>

52、74;®時世 < A Tale of Two Cities>MM記(London & Paris) < Great Expectations也大前程< Our Mutual Friend>我們共同的朋友是英國19世紀小說繁榮時期最杰出的代表作家，影響遍及歐美以及世界各國。他那富有社會批判意義的現實主義小說不僅使英國文壇煥然一新，而且對世界文學的發展也產生了深遠的影響。2. William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉夜克匹斯寐克雷 18111863(D<Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a

53、 Hero 名禾U場(the name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrim s Progress>by John Bunyan)<The Book Of Snobs>3. Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂渤朗特 18161855< Jane Eyre我般Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became

54、a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those m

55、iddle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.< Shirley>雪莉 < Professor激師4. Emily Bronte 艾米莉渤朗特 18181854 < Wuthering Heights呼嘯山莊A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the so

56、n Hindley, the daughter Catherine, HeathcliffThe Linton Family Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella < Old Stoic>5. George Eliot 喬治我略特 18191880< The Mill on the Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊 < Adam Bede>當？t匕德< Silas Marner織工馬南< Middlemarch米德爾馬契6. Alfred Tennyson 阿爾弗萊德？T尼生 180918

57、92（維多利亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人）Poet Laureate （桂冠詩人） < In Memoriam>|'To memorialize his friend < Break, Break, Break>< Idylls of the King>國王敘事詩7. Robert Browning 羅伯特？白朗寧 18121889< My Last Dutchess成已故的公爵夫人 <Home Thoughts From Abroad海外鄉思Elizabeth Barrett Browing : <Sonnet from the P

58、ortuguese葡萄牙十四行詩8. Robert Louis Stevenson<Treasure Island金車艮島9. Thomas Hardy 托馬斯？合彳弋 18401928（小說多以農村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment（1） Novels < Tess Of The D ' Urbervilles伯家的苔絲Themeexperience is as to intensity, and not as to duration< Jude The Obscure無名

59、的裘德 < Under The Greenwood Tree綠蔭下 < Far From The Madding Crowd®離塵囂 < The Mayor Of Casterbridge葉斯特橋市長 < The Return of the Native還鄉 PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列國VII 1900-1950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw1. Oscar Wilde 奧斯卡？£爾德 18561900（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art' s Sake） 4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest漱真的重要<Lady Windermere ' s Fan德米爾夫人的扇子<A Woman Of No Importance一個無足輕重的女人<An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫 Novel:<The