1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume)美國文學(xué)史及選讀1、2PartThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主義時期的文學(xué)1. 17世紀(jì)早期English and European explorers開始登陸美洲。在他們之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占領(lǐng)。2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and M

2、assachusetts(弗吉尼亞和馬薩諸塞)開始了美國歷史3. 美國最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷蘭人，瑞典人，德國人，法國人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。4. 美國早期文學(xué)主要為the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日記和日志)，他們寫關(guān)于the land with dense forests an

3、d deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美國永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亞詹姆斯頓)。6. 船長約翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被認(rèn)為是美國第一部真正意義上的文學(xué)作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first

4、 distinctly American literature written in English.他講述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美國第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith寫了封信自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亞墾荒以來發(fā)生的各種事件的真實介紹“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath H

5、appened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本書1612年弗吉尼亞地圖，附：一個鄉(xiāng)村的描述“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本書，其中有關(guān)于新英格蘭的歷史及描述。其破產(chǎn)后做為向?qū)ought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年弗吉尼亞通史“General History of Virginia”,講述了傳奇故事how the Indian princess Pocah

6、ontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.10. 他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期開荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切薩皮克地區(qū))，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pu

7、shing the frontiers westward.11. 早期新英格蘭文學(xué)主要關(guān)于theological, moral, historical and political.12. 清教徒堅韌耐勞，嚴(yán)格遵守教義the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神權(quán)社會found a theocracy,他們生活簡樸，意志堅定，我行我素，不屈不撓地斗爭they had toughness, purpose and character, they g

8、rappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他們的基本價值觀：注重勤勞，節(jié)儉，虔誠和節(jié)制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety這些也成了早期美國作品主導(dǎo)思想。一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和約翰·溫思羅普普利茅斯第一任首長：William Bradford;波斯頓第一任首長： John Winthrop.1 William Bradford:普利茅斯開發(fā)歷史“The History of Plymouth Plantat

9、ion”文章從1630年開始寫起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字簡潔，認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，直接敘述，可讀性強simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用簡單的律詩對自己一生寫了個總結(jié)，后來科登·馬瑟寫道：他是眾人之福，也是眾人之父“a common ble

10、ssing and father to them all”2 John Winthrop:新英格蘭歷史“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿貝亞”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并開始寫日記keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.3 他們并不出于創(chuàng)作需要而是記錄歷史，但卻運用了直接生動的散文格式使文章成為了好的文學(xué)作品 the need to record important e

11、vents in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.4 清教徒（Puritan）:就是要凈化他們的宗教信仰和行為方式，要純潔自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 總認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民looked upon themselves as a chosen pe

12、ople.對他們的生活方式提出異議就是反對上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods Will and was not to be accepted.對自己的信仰視之如命，對別人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制個人生活行為made laws about private morality as well as public behav

13、ior霍桑稱他們?yōu)椤昂诿济墓虐宓那褰掏健薄皊tern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams約翰·科登和羅杰·威廉姆斯1 John Cotton第一批知識分子代言人，稱為“新英格蘭教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston開始一直是這社區(qū)精神導(dǎo)師，他所宣講的由宗教來統(tǒng)治國家的神權(quán)思想直接影響了當(dāng)時人們的行為 he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guidin

14、g influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影響主要通過教堂講壇來完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 聽眾對他深信不疑。他們清教徒強調(diào)權(quán)威，忽視民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.2 Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到現(xiàn)羅德島Rhode Island。對不同意見者并

15、不贊同對其迫害而是屈服與容忍，他認(rèn)為行為上的德，信仰上的誠并沒有給任何人強迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)力，沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他對印第安語

16、言非常感興趣Indian language.他寫過開啟美國語言的鑰匙或也叫做美洲新英格蘭部分土著居民語言指南“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”三、 Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布萊德斯特和愛德華·泰勒這兩位清教徒寫的詩達(dá)到相當(dāng)高水平，真正能稱得上是詩作。1 Anne Bradstreet是早期詩人中最風(fēng)趣的詩人之一one o

17、f the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作在撫養(yǎng)八個子女家庭勞作繁重勞動下進(jìn)行的。2 她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交給倫敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即在美洲誕生的第十個謬斯“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”.詩歌中傳奇故事有點言過其實，但對日常瑣事敘述相當(dāng)高超poetic ventures were overamb

18、itious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.3 Edward Taylor:清教徒詩人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世紀(jì)中期一些杰出詩人風(fēng)格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品關(guān)于宗教的，大部分詩歌直接以贊美詩為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的most of Taylor

19、s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世時沒出版過作品，1937年發(fā)現(xiàn)手稿，1960年泰勒詩歌全集。Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命時期文學(xué)1 托馬斯·佩因常識 Thomas Paines “Common Sense”; 托馬斯·杰弗遜獨立宣言 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2 在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，英國要求美出口原材料，后從英國購回高成本

20、的機器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3 在政治方面，要求他們歸英國政府統(tǒng)一管理，交各種稅收但在議會中卻沒有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them re

21、presentation in Parliament.4 美獨立戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.諾亞·韋伯斯特（Noah Webster）說：文化上的獨立，藝術(shù)上的著名。5文學(xué)上獨立的代表作：1785年杰弗遜：弗吉尼亞洲的聲明Jeffersons “Notes on the State of Virginia”; 1791年巴特姆：旅行筆記 “Travels” by Bartram一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富蘭克林1706-1790殖民地時期作家。獨立戰(zhàn)爭前惟一的杰出的美國作家in the col

22、onial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1 出生于波士頓Boston,曾創(chuàng)辦半島公報。1732-1758出版窮人理查德的年鑒“Poor Richards Almanac” collocation of proverbs.2 建立一秘密俱樂部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借圖書館，創(chuàng)辦賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。商業(yè)上成功，科學(xué)上貢獻(xiàn)卓越，政治上的貢獻(xiàn)也不可磨滅successf

23、ul in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.協(xié)助杰弗遜起草“獨立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法國談判獲得援助，后作為議會代表起草美國憲法Constitution.3 其還是美國第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表達(dá)能力，簡潔明了，有點幽默，還是一位諷刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a sub

24、tle humor. He was also sarcastic.4 他最好作品收錄在自傳“Autobiography”。編輯了美國第一份殖民地雜志“General Magazine”“對這個年青的國家來說，他的損失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.5 教材作品自傳”The Autobiography” 二、 Thomas Paine 托馬斯·佩因（1737-1809）1 被稱為“人類最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美國著名政治小冊

25、子作家pamphleteer.2 1762年稅務(wù)官職務(wù)employed as an excise officer. 1772年收稅官的案子“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”第一部政治性小冊子。 1774年富蘭克林給他寫介紹信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美國費城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine” and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal” 是政治諷刺的天才a political satirist of ge

26、nius.3 1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 常識，署名“By an Englishman”.書中大膽擁護(hù)“獨立宣言”各主張it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美國獨立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.4 1776-1783美國危機“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was

27、a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，這些冊子在部隊中被廣泛傳閱，極大恢復(fù)士氣鼓舞民兵斗志，增強勝利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizens army。 最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。5 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。(1791-1792)人權(quán)“Rights of Man”。擁護(hù)盧梭自由理念

28、，號召推翻英國君主制not only championed Rousseaus doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.6 在法國他因反對絞死路易十六和反對恐怖統(tǒng)治入獄, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned. 理性的時代“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，這部自然神論的作品主張宗教觀念的理性：a deistic treatise advo

29、cating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797土地公平“Agrarian Justice”.7 教材作品：美國危機：“The American Crisis”.三、 Thomas Jefferson托馬斯·杰弗遜（1743-1826）1 美國歷史上最為廣泛影響人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富蘭克林一樣具人道主義精神vigorous huma

30、nitarian sympathies.啟蒙運動的產(chǎn)物a product of the Enlightenment,對各領(lǐng)域都有興趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics.2 盡全力為美國尋找一條自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作為人文主義都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特權(quán)a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每個人與

31、生俱來的權(quán)利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一個必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍贊同下才合法，其目的是為個人謀福利，而不是壓榨與剝削人民。政府須為民提供言論、思想、結(jié)社、出版、信仰、教育和創(chuàng)業(yè)等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of

32、 the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.3 1776年同約翰·亞當(dāng)斯、本杰明·富蘭克林、羅杰·謝爾曼、羅伯特·R·利文斯頓一起起草獨立宣言with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted th

33、e Declaration of Independence.4 1790-1793任華盛頓內(nèi)閣中第一任國務(wù)卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起擔(dān)任兩屆美國總統(tǒng)。5 把自己收藏的一萬冊書賣給政府，建立了國會圖書館（the Library of Congress）.1819 年開始創(chuàng)建弗吉尼亞大學(xué)并擔(dān)任第一任校長。6 1826年去世，正值獨立宣言簽署50周年the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”7 教材作品：獨立宣言(1776年7月4日)：“The De

34、claration of Independence”。四、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞諾（1752-1832）1 革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位詩人也是政治方面的新聞記者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主義類，但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主義類he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essenti

35、al spirit。一個諷刺小說家、傷感作家、一個人道主義者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美國革命詩人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美國詩歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.2 1770年第1部作品想象的力量（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有關(guān)諷刺英國人作品而被認(rèn)可as a satirist of the British.3 1776年出版夜屋（The House of Night）哥特式小說the Got

36、hic mood. F·L·帕蒂稱它為“在美國聽到的第一部真正浪漫主義作品，從中看到了“圣誕老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有對社會的抗議，又有對自然的贊美，其后期作品采用了這種風(fēng)格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.4 1781寫下名詩英國囚船(The British Prison

37、 Ship)一首抨擊色彩詩作，揭露了英國對俘虜?shù)难扰c殘忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后繼續(xù)對英國進(jìn)行無情抨擊、辛辣地諷刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.5 1786年他的早期作品被收錄在戰(zhàn)爭后期弗瑞諾主要詩歌集“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.6 1788 年出板札記“Miscell

38、aneous Works”. 1791 年創(chuàng)辦國家公報對抗聯(lián)邦公報with Jeffersons support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).7 他如今被認(rèn)為是美國政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular governme

39、nt. 作為詩人，他預(yù)示了美國文學(xué)獨立的到來as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期詩歌同早期華麗的對偶句詩歌形成鮮明對比，后期形成了自然、簡潔、言之有物的風(fēng)格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.8 教材作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle” 印第安人的墳地： “The Indian Bury

40、ing Ground” 致凱提·迪德： “To a Caty-Did”Part The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主義文學(xué)1. 1828年安德魯·杰克遜當(dāng)選7th 總統(tǒng)，標(biāo)志著“美國總統(tǒng)中，弗吉尼亞王朝的結(jié)束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年開始Civil War

41、.2. 美國逐步成為一個工業(yè)化和城市化國家，科技創(chuàng)造大量物質(zhì)財富同時又加劇了社會動蕩the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.3. 這段時間大部分作家思想受到了新大陸本身所處環(huán)境及歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮雙重影響The attitudes of Americas writers were shaped by their New

42、World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.4. 浪漫主義共同點romantics shared certain general characteristics:他們都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀及直覺感覺，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the

43、natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.6 超驗主義（1830sthe Civil War）：既不講究邏輯，也不講究系統(tǒng)，它只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達(dá)，他們相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源，萬物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason,

44、 individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.7 美國早期的主要文學(xué)形式，說教類及宣言類作品被長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌所取代，成這一時期文學(xué)的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems r

45、eplaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.8 From the early 1800s to the civil war 美國是一個充滿矛盾的國家，人們既有各種精神上的幻想，又有日益強烈的物質(zhì)主義的現(xiàn)實需求。美國人生生活上、藝術(shù)上開始努力尋找新的自由及理念，社會的沖突及極端想法在血腥的國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭中達(dá)到了頂峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing

46、 materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.一、 Washington Irving華盛頓·歐文1783-18591. 他是美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家，大眾化風(fēng)格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.2. 他的作品簡單明了，但

47、絕不是一些業(yè)余作家的平淡無味，這歸因于他始終把作品同自己的人格特征結(jié)合起來，作品中盡量表現(xiàn)出自己的個性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他溫文爾雅，放眼世界，幽默謙虛，他用自己大氣，優(yōu)雅的寫作風(fēng)格與美國本土的一些特點進(jìn)行有機結(jié)合，最后形成自己的風(fēng)格he was urbane and worldly, y

48、et humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一個不折不扣的純文學(xué)作家，他寫作純是為快樂和為了創(chuàng)造快樂he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.3. 1819-1820他第一部見聞札記是現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上的第一部短篇小說，也是美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物，他把

49、歷史與傳說當(dāng)作娛樂形式來寫，把大眾化的散文引入美國his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小說極大地激發(fā)了世界各國人們進(jìn)一步了解美國人民生活的興趣 his best-known stories awake

50、ned an interest in the life of American regions.4. 19歲發(fā)表喬納森·歐爾德斯泰爾諷刺作品，對紐約人的生活進(jìn)行了諷刺“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New York lif.5. 1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版紐約外史，輕松歡快的滑稽戲形式講出了早期荷蘭殖民者在美洲殖民時的真實歷史成為了幽默作品中的經(jīng)典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current seriou

51、s history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.6. 1822年布雷斯布里奇莊園“Bracebridge Hall”.7. 1824年旅行者故事，帶有德國浪漫主義風(fēng)格“ Tales of Traveller” has the flavor of the German romanticism.8. 同美國劇作家及演員約翰·佩恩創(chuàng)作著名社會喜劇查理二世（又叫快樂君主） in Paris he with John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social

52、 comedy “Charles the Second” or “The Merry Monarch”.9. 1828克里斯托弗·哥倫布生平及航海歷史“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”;10. 1829格拉納達(dá)征服編年史“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”;11. 1831哥倫布同伴航海及發(fā)現(xiàn)“Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” .1832阿爾罕布拉“Alhambra”; 1832年

53、西班牙征服傳說收錄在1835年見聞札記中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).12. 陸續(xù)出版系列西部傳奇故事，1835草原游記；1836阿斯托里亞；1837博納維爾船長歷險記， western adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”; “Astoria” and “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”. 13. 1840奧立弗·戈爾德史密斯“Life of Oliver Goldsmith”; 1855-1859喬治&#

54、183;華盛頓傳“Life of George Washington”.14教材作品：作者自敘：“The Authors Account of Himself”; 睡谷傳奇：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.二、 James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·庫珀1789-18511美國第一位憑著膽識走上文壇的著名小說家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.21821年他第二部小說間諜獲得極大的成功，是一部引人入勝的探險類故事，

55、事件發(fā)生在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.3庫珀開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，即邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說 Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年領(lǐng)航者最為成功“The Pilot” the best of hi

56、s many sea romances. 1839年他寫過第一部美國式正官方歷史美國海軍 he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.4庫珀邊疆小說皮襪子故事集由5部小說共同組成，歷時18年，1823-1841，即殺鹿者、最后的莫希干人、探路人、拓荒者及大草原。阿倫·內(nèi)文斯（歷史學(xué)家）認(rèn)為這五部小說是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last

57、of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通過這些人物的描寫，作者記錄了當(dāng)時美國人思想意識，還使歐洲人意識到美國with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past

58、, and made the European conscious of American.5教材作品：最后的莫希干人：“The Last of the Mohicans”三、 William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布萊恩特1794-18781. 1817年偉大史詩死之思考（希臘語），人們一致認(rèn)為這是當(dāng)時美國最杰出的一篇詩作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.2. 他不僅在詩壇享有極高聲望，在新聞界也是一個重量級新聞人物，他是當(dāng)時最杰出的編輯之一。他積極支持言論自由、貿(mào)易自由等主張，還主張廢除奴隸制apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and