1、中國地質大學長城學院本科畢業設計外文資料翻譯系別： 工程技術系專業： 機械設計制造及其自動化姓名：學號：20* 年 4 月 1 日前橋一般位于汽車的前部，也稱轉向橋或從動橋。前橋是汽車上一個重要的總成件，主要包括轉向節、轉向主銷、前梁等零部件。前橋是通過懸架與車架相連，用以承受地面與車架之間的垂直載荷外，還承受制動力和側向力以及這些力所構成的力矩，并保證轉向輪作正確的運動。車橋通過懸架與車架連接，支撐著 汽車大部分重量，并將車輪的牽引力或者制動力，以及側向力經過懸架傳給車架。在汽車使用中，轉向橋的受力狀況比較復雜，因此應具有足夠的強度。為保證轉向車輪的正確定位角度，使操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的磨耗，

2、轉向橋也應有足夠的剛度。此外，還應盡量減輕轉向橋的重量。總之，由于在汽車的行駛過程中，前橋所處的工作環境惡劣，工況復雜，其承受的載荷也多為交變載荷，從而其零部件 易出現疲勞裂紋甚至斷裂現象。這就要求其在結構設計上必須有足夠的強度、剛 度和抗疲勞破壞的能力。前軸：是前橋的主要承重零部件，我公司有管式和鍛打式兩種結構形式，但主要以鍛打式為主。前軸兩端各有一呈拳形的加粗部分作為安裝主銷的部位。中間部分的兩側為板簧支座面，用以安裝鋼板板彈簧及其附件。在此需要說明的是：U 型螺栓穿過前軸的安裝孔需要打緊下方的背緊螺母在 時， 往往會出現套筒跟前軸背筋發生干涉的問題。為什么會出現該問題呢？一是設計問題，因

3、為前軸的背筋影響到前橋的載荷，因此必須保證一定的尺寸要求，而如果前后U 型螺栓的距離設計的過小，沒有留出足夠的間隙裝配便會出現以上 問題。 二是工藝問題，工藝問題有兩種情況。第一種是前軸背筋的對稱度不好或安裝孔的對稱度不好容易造成該問題；第二種就是有些主機廠為避免套筒的易損，沒有考慮到產品的實際情況而盲目加大套筒的外徑。主銷：是影響整車性能的重要零部件。主銷上有止動槽，銷鎖栓通過止動槽將主銷固定在前軸的主銷孔內，使其不能轉動也不能軸向移動。節銷的加工精度要求很高，是我公司重點控制的零部件之一。轉向節：轉向節是前橋上主要的轉向件。它利用主銷和前軸鉸接并經一對輪轂軸承承支撐著輪轂組合，來實現轉向的

4、功能。制動器總成：是實現車輪制動的主要元件，有油剎和氣剎兩種形式。在車輛實施制動命令時，制動器的摩擦片通過擴張與制動鼓的內加工面接觸產生摩擦力實現車輛制動。前橋制動器的選擇非常關鍵，如果選擇不當，會出現前后制動力不匹配，制動力達不到要求等許多問題。輪轂組合：主要通過兩滾動軸承安裝在轉向節上，帶動車輪轉動。同時與摩擦片形成摩擦副，實現車輪的制動。節臂： 分直拉桿臂、橫拉桿臂，分別和直拉桿總成和橫拉桿總成相連。形成轉向機構和轉向梯形機構。轉向機構來完成車輛的轉向，轉向梯形決定了車輛的內外轉角是否合理。 橫拉桿總成：是調整前束的主要零部件。桿身是由無縫鋼管制造，兩端是球形鉸接結構的接頭總成，通過螺紋

5、配合后安裝在橫拉桿臂上，桿身可調，以便于調節前束。 前橋承受汽車的前部重量，把汽車的前進推力從車架傳給車輪，并與轉向裝置的有關機件作關節式聯系，實施汽車的轉向。前橋是利用它的兩端通過主銷與轉向節連接，用以轉向節的擺轉來實現汽車的方向。為使汽車在行駛中具有較好的直線行駛能力，前橋應滿足下列要求：為使汽車在行駛中具有較好的直線行駛能力，前橋應滿足下列要求：1 足夠的強度，以保證可靠的承受車輪與車架（或承載式車身）之間的作用力。2正確的車輪定位，使轉向輪運動穩定，操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的磨損。前 輪定位包括主銷內傾，主銷后傾，前輪外傾和前輪前束。3 足夠的剛度，使受力后變形要小，保證主銷和轉向輪有正確的

6、定位角度保持不變。4轉向節與主銷，轉向節與前橋之間的摩擦力應盡可能小，以保證轉向操作的輕便性，并有足夠的耐磨性。5轉向輪的擺振應盡可能小，以保證汽車的正常，穩定行使。6前橋的質量 應盡可能小，以減少非簧載質量，提高汽車行駛平順性。1.微型汽車前軸1. 微型汽車前軸微型汽車前懸架普遍采用了獨立懸架的結構。前軸的載荷相對較小，結構也 較為簡單。微型汽車前軸一般多為斷開式活動關節的結構，由前軸本體，左右橫 擺臂，加強桿臂等組成。2.轎車前橋2.轎車前橋轎車前橋采用麥弗遜式懸架。它承擔著驅動及轉向的雙重功能，懸架上端與車身相連，下端與車輪軸承殼體相連，車輪的外傾是通過懸架與軸承殼體的連接螺栓來調整的，

7、副車架利用彈性件通過控制臂，球鉸與懸掛相連，提高了行駛的穩定性和乘坐的舒適性。3.越野車前橋3.越野車前橋越野汽車的前橋負有轉向和驅動兩種任務，故稱為轉向驅動橋。它和一般驅動橋一樣，具有主傳動器、差速器和半軸。不同之處是，由于轉向的需要，半軸被分為內，外兩段而用萬向節連接起來，同時主銷也因而做成上下兩段。4.載重汽車前軸4.載重汽車前軸載重汽車前軸采用工字形斷面主要用以提高前軸的抗彎強度。上部有二處加寬平面，用以支承鋼板彈簧。前軸兩端各有一個拳形部分，其中有通孔，作為裝轉向節主銷只用。主銷與左右轉向節鉸接，用帶有螺紋的楔形鎖銷橫穿過與主銷孔垂直通孔，靠鎖銷楔面將主銷固定在前軸孔內，使它不能轉動

8、。一般情況下，常見材料所需定義的材料特性包括：彈性模量、泊松比、密度、比熱、熱膨脹系數等。前橋主要由兩部分材料組成，即前軸和轉向節等零部件材料。前軸的材料采用 45 號鋼，轉向節的材料采用40Cr。扭桿是汽車前獨立懸架中的關鍵件，屬細長桿件，其感應淬火處理是生產中的工藝難點， 該文介紹了扭桿的淬火感應器及其工藝試驗結果，確定采用半圈式感應器連續淬火工藝，這種處理方法能滿足扭桿技術要求和批量生產。該類鍛件在鍛造成型時，不僅需要較大的變形能，而且尚需一定的變形力，因此選用J53 系列雙盤摩擦壓力機比較經濟，該系列壓力機采用組合打滑飛輪，組合打滑飛輪既能為高度變形較大的鍛件提供足夠的交形能，又能為鍛

9、件提供必需的變形力，且不致超負荷，該系列壓力機的設備投資、模具成本和鍛件成本均比模鍛錘和熱模鍛曲柄壓力機便宜一半多。目前，國內汽車前軸機加工工藝流程主要有以下幾種：(1)銑兩鋼板彈簧座平面；鉆兩鋼板彈簧座平面十孔；粗銑兩主銷孔上下端面；精銑主銷孔上下端面；鉆擴鉸主銷孔；拉削主銷孔；锪主銷孔上下端面；鉆鉸鎖銷孔。在該方案中，存在以下問題：采用主銷孔定位锪上下端面，端面與主銷孔的垂直度不易保證，主銷孔高度尺寸不易保證；以主銷孔定位鉆鎖銷孔時，鉆頭經過十字相貫孔時，易出現單邊切削現象，生偏移，造成主銷孔與鎖銷孔中心距不易保證。(2)銑兩鋼板彈簧座平面；鉆兩鋼板彈簧座平面十孔；鉆鉸鎖銷孔一粗銑主銷孔上

10、下端面；精銑主銷孔上下端面； 鉆擴鉸主銷孔。在該方案中，存在以下問題：因該工藝方法是采用先鉆鎖銷孔后鉆主銷孔，而主銷-fL ： fL 徑及位置尺寸為關鍵尺寸，主銷精度不易保證；采用先精銑主銷孔上下端面后加工主銷孔，端面相對主銷孔的垂直度難以保證。(3)銑兩鋼板彈簧座平面；鉆兩鋼板彈簧座平面十孔；鉆鉸鎖銷孔；粗銑主銷上下端面；鉆擴鉸主銷孔；精銑主銷孔上下端面。在該方案中，存在以下問題：主銷孔與鎖銷孔十字相貫孔尺寸公差± 0 1mm 不易保證；采用鉸削主銷孔，其尺寸公差不易保證；最后精銑主銷孔上下端面。主銷孔與上下端面垂直度不易保證；主銷孔長度尺寸不易保證。隨著我國交通運輸事業的迅速發展

11、，汽車運輸的承載重量和運行速度都在不斷增加。于是人們對汽車的安全運行也越來越重視，所以對汽車車橋的設計也提出了更高的要求。由于國外汽車發展起步早，技術投入大，因此在技術上遠遠領先國內市場，當然也還有很多不足的地方，還需要改進，技術也還需要有所突破。汽車工業作為我國重點發展的支柱產業， 其前景相當廣闊。目前汽車零部件的生產有一定的潛力，但大多數企業在產品研究，開發等環節存在一定的欠缺，尤其缺少產品的自主開發能力，不能適應系統配套，模塊供貨，難以參與國際分工。因 此，在今后的發展中，我國企業應積極吸收國際汽車先進技術，不斷完善自主體系，如制動系統，轉向系統等，擴大該產業的產品品種，提高整體技術水平

12、，增 強技術開發能力，促使企業更快的發展，適應汽車行業全球化趨勢。100 多年前，汽車剛剛誕生初期，其轉向操縱是仿照馬車和自行車的轉向方式，即用一個操縱桿或手柄來使前輪偏轉，從而實現轉向。由于操縱費力且不可靠，以至于時常發生車毀人亡的事故。第一輛不用馬拉的四輪車問世時，已經把前橋和前輪組成一個總成，此總成安裝在曲軸上，可以繞前橋的中心的一個點轉動，利用一個桿柱,連接前橋的重點，通過地板往上延伸，方向盤就緊固在桿柱上端，以此操縱汽車。這種裝置在汽車車速不超過馬車的速度時，還是很好使的，但當車速提高后，駕駛員就要求提高轉向的準確性，以減少輪胎的磨損，提高輪胎的使用壽命。1817 年，德國人林肯斯潘

13、杰提出類似于現代汽車、將前輪用轉向節與前梁連接的方式，他研制了一種允許汽車前輪在主軸上獨立回轉的結構，這就是把車輪與轉向節連接起來，轉向節又用可轉動的銷軸與前軸連接，從而發明了現代轉向梯形機構。中國改革開放以來，在農村實行家庭聯產承包責任制的改革，使農村的經濟空前活躍。農村的貨運量和人口流動量急劇增加，加快了運輸機械化成為農村經濟發展的迫切需要，也正是這一市場的需要使具有中國特色的運輸機械小型載貨汽車的應運而生。 它解決了農村運輸的急需，填補了村際、鄉際，城鎮及城鄉結合部運輸網絡的空白，活躍了農村經濟，為農村富裕勞動力找了一條出路，從而使數以萬計的農民走上了小康之路。小型載貨汽車制造工藝簡單，

14、價格便宜，購車農戶一般在一年左右就可收回成本。另外，公路的快速建設也促進了小型載貨汽車的發展，目前全國98%的鄉村都通上了公路，使得全國小型載貨汽車有了用武之地。我們要開發的小型載貨汽車要多進行優化設計，使產品新穎化，品種多樣化以適應多種需要。 在小型載貨汽車的設計中，如何在復雜的路況下保證汽車能快速平穩的行駛，就是一個重要問題。于是就有了本課題的研究和設計。汽車前橋是行駛系統的重要組成部分，它通過懸架與車架相連，兩端安裝汽車的轉向車輪， 用于支持車架并傳遞車輪與車架之間的各種作用力，并驅使轉向節的擺動來實現汽車的轉向。 利用鉸鏈裝置使車輪偏轉一定角度，以實現車輛轉向的車橋稱為轉向橋，一般汽車

15、都以前橋為轉向橋，本題前橋即為轉向橋。轉向橋不僅能使裝在前端的左右車輪偏轉一定的角度來實現轉向，還應能承受垂直載荷和由道路、制動等力產生的縱向力和側向力以及這些力所形成的力矩。因此， 轉向橋必須有足夠的強度和剛度。車輪轉向過程中內部件之間摩擦力應該盡可能小，并且保證汽車轉向輕便和方向的穩定性。轉向橋一般由前軸、轉向節、轉向節臂，轉向節主銷及輪轂組成。前橋一般位于汽車的前部，也稱轉向橋或駕駛橋。是通過懸架與車架相連，用以承受地面與車架之間的垂直載荷外，還承受制動力和側向力以及這些力構成的力矩，并保證轉向輪作正確的運動。在汽車使用中，轉向橋的受力情況比較復雜，因此應具有足夠的強度。為保證轉向車輪的

16、正確定位角度，使操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的磨耗，轉向橋也應有足夠的剛度。此外，還應盡量減輕轉向橋的重量。前橋承受汽車的前部重量，把汽車的前進推力從車架傳給車輪，并與轉向裝置的有關機件作關節式的聯系，實施汽車的轉向。越野汽車的前橋同時還承擔著與驅動后橋同樣的驅動任務。一般載貨汽車采用發動機前置后橋驅動的布置形式，故其前橋為轉向橋。汽車前橋設計時應保證有足夠的設計強度，以保證可靠的承受車輪與車架之間的作用力；保證有足夠的剛度，以使車輪定位參數不變；保證轉向輪有正確的定位角度，以使轉向輪運動穩定，操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的摩擦；轉向橋的質量盡量小，以減輕非簧上質量，提高汽車行駛平順性。外文原文Front axl

17、e general is in the front of the bus, also known as steering axle or drive bridge. Automobile front axle is the last important assemblies, including the steering knuckle kingpin, steering, front beam and other components. Front axle through the suspension and frame, used to support the ground and th

18、e frame between the vertical load, but also bear the braking force and lateral force and the force of torque, and ensure that the steering rotation right movement. The axle is connected with the frame through the suspension, support most of the weight of vehicle, and wheel traction or braking force,

19、 as well as the lateral force after suspension to frame. In the car used in the steering bridge, the stress condition is more complex, so it should have enough strength. In order to ensure the wheel turns to the correct positioning of angle, make manipulation of light and reduce tire wear, steering

20、bridge should have enough stiffness. In addition, should also try to reduce the weight of the bridge. In short, becauseo f the automobile in the running process of the front axle, the abominable working environment, complicated working condition, the load is alternating load, thus the parts easy to

21、fatigue cracking and even rupture phenomenon. This requires that the structural design must have enough strength, stiffness and resistance to fatigue failure of the ability.The front axle is the main load-bearing parts: the front axle, my company has a tubular and forging type two structural forms,

22、but mainly to forging type mainly. The front ends of each with a fist shape bold part as the kingpin of the site installation. In both sides of the spring support for partial surface, used for the installation of steel plate spring and accessories. Need note here is: U type bolt passes through the f

23、ront mounting holes need matter beneath the back nut in, often can appear with the front axle sleeve back band interference problem. Why can appear such problem? Design is a problem, because the front dorsal ribs affects front axle load, therefore must have a certain size requirements, and if both b

24、efore and after the U bolt distance design is too small, not enough gap assembly will appear above problem. Two technical problems, technical problems in two cases. The first is the front dorsal rib symmetry is not good or mounting hole symmetrical degree and easy to cause the problem; the second is

25、 that some host plant in order to avoid the vulnerable, without taking into account the reality of the product and blind to the sleeve outer diameter. Kingpin: is the impact of vehicle performance of main parts. Kingpin has stop groove, pin lock bolt through the stop groove masterPin fixed on the fr

26、ont axle kingpin bore, so that it can't move can not move axially. Knuckle pin machining accuracy is very high, my company is one of the parts of key control. Steering knuckle: steering knuckle is the main steering part of front axle. It uses the main pin and the front axle is hinged by a pair o

27、f axle bearing supporting hub combination, to achieve the function of turning. Brake assembly: is the realization of the wheel brake main component, a brake oil and gas brake two forms. Implemented in the vehicle brake command, brake friction plate through the expansion and brake drum machining surf

28、ace contact friction realization of vehicle brake. Front axle brake option is very critical, if the choice is undeserved, can appear before and after the brake force is not a match, the braking force is not up to the requirements of many problems. Hub combination : by two rolling bearings mounted on

29、 the steering knuckle, drive the rotation of the wheels. At the same time with the friction plate to form a friction pair, to realize the brake wheel. Arm: straight rod arm, tie rod arm, respectively, and a straight rod assembly and the tie rod assembly. Formed a steering mechanism and a steering tr

30、apezoidal mechanism. The steering mechanism to complete the vehicle steering, steering trapezoid determines the vehicle inside and outside corner is reasonable. The tie rod assembly: is to adjust the beam before the main parts. The rod body is made of seamlesss teel tube manufacturing, both ends of

31、the spherical hinge joint structure is the joint assembly, by a thread after the installation of the tie rod arm, the rod body is adjustable, so as to adjust the toe. Front axle under the front of the car weight, the car forward thrust from the frame to the wheel, and with the steering device arrang

32、ed on parts make joint type connection, the implementation of the automobile steering. The front axle is the use of both ends of it through the main pin and the steering knuckle is connected to the steering knuckle, swing to realize vehicle direction.In order to make the running vehicle has good lin

33、ear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements: in order to make the running vehicle has good linear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements:1sufficient strength, in order to ensure the reliable bearing wheel and frame ( or monocoque ) between the w

34、ork force. 2 correct positioning of the wheels, so that the steering wheel movement stability, convenient operation and reduce tire wear. Front wheel positioning includes kingpin inclination, caster, camber and toe-in. 3sufficient rigidity, the force deformation small, ensure the main pin and a stee

35、ring wheel positioned right angle remains constant. 4knuckle and master pin, steering and front axle between the friction should be as small as possible, to ensure that the steering operation for portability, and has sufficient abrasion resistance. 5 steering wheel shimmy should be as small as possi

36、ble, in order to ensure the vehicle normal, stable exercise. 6 front axle quality should be as small as possible, in order to reduce unsprung mass, improve vehicle ride comfort.1mini car front axle 1mini car front mini car front suspension generally adopt the independent suspension structure. Front

37、axle load is relatively small, the structure is simple. Mini car front axle usually disconnected movable joint structure, which is composed of a front axle body, strengthen the transverse swing arm, arm etc. 2 car front axle2 car front axle front axle suspension with Mcpherson car. It bears the driv

38、ing and steering functions, the suspension is connected with the vehicle body, and the lower end of the wheel bearing housing connected, wheel camber is through the suspension and the bearing shell of the connecting bolt to adjust, auxiliary frame through the elastic part by controlling the arm, bal

39、l hinge connected with suspension, improve the driving stability and ride comfort. 3off-road vehicle front axle3off-road vehicle front axleOff-road vehicle steering and driving front axle has two tasks, it is known as the steering driving axle. And it generally drive the movable bridge, with a main

40、driver, differential and the axle shaft. The difference is, due to the need, half shaft is divided into two segments, and by a universal joint, while the main pin are made under paragraph two. The 4truck front axle 4truck front axle truck front axle with I-shaped cross section is mainly used to impr

41、ove the front bending strength. The upper two plus wide plane, to support the steel plate spring. The front ends each having a fist shape portion, which has a through hole, as a kingpin only. Main pin and left steering knuckle hinge, with a threaded wedge pin crossed with the main pin hole of vertic

42、al through holes on the lock pin wedge surface, the main pin is fixed in the axle hole, so that it cannot rotate.In general, common material needed to define the material properties including: elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient. The front axle

43、 is mainly composed of two parts, material composition, i.e., front axle and steering knuckle such as zero Department of materials. The front axle is adopted as the material of45 steel, steering knuckle materials using 40Cr.Torsion bar of automobile front independent suspension is the key component,

44、 is a slender rod, the induction quenching process is the manufacturing process difficult point, this paper introduces the torsion bar quenching inductor and its process test results, determined using half ring type inductor continuous quenching technology, this method can meet the technical require

45、ments and the quantities of torsion bar production.The forging forging molding, not only greater deformation, but also requires a certain deformation force,Therefore the selection of J53series double disc friction press comparative economics, this series press combined slipping flywheel, combined sl

46、ipping flywheel can provide highly deformed large forgings with enough to form, and can provide for forgings will required deformation capacity, and not to overload, the series press equipment investment, the cost of the mold and forging cost than die forging hammer and the forging crank press cheap

47、 cheap host. At present, the domestic automobile front axle machining process are the following: (1) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the rough milling of two main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the fine mill main pin hole of upper and low

48、er end surfaces; the drilling and reaming main pin hole; the broaching the main pin hole; the main pin hole on the lower end of the countersink reaming pin holes;. In this scheme, the following questionQuestions:1 adopting main pin hole positioning countersink on the lower end, and the end surface o

49、f the main pin hole verticality can not be guaranteed, the main pin hole size height can not be guaranteed to the main pin hole; the positioning of the drill pin hole, drill through the cross intersection holes, easy cutting phenomenon, students offset, causing the main pin hole and the locking pin

50、hole center distance can not be guaranteed. (2) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes on the rough milling of a main pin hole on upper end; the fine mill main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the drilling and re

51、aming main pin hole. In this scheme, there are the following problems: the process is used to drill the locking pin hole after the drill main pin hole, and the pin - fL: fL size and position size is the key size, kingpin is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the first; fine mill main pin hole of th

52、e upper and lower ends after processing the main pin hole, end relative to the main pin hole verticality is difficult to guarantee. (3) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes; the rough milling kingpin on upper end; the d

53、rilling and reaming main pin hole; the fine mill main pin hole on the lower end surface. In this scheme, there are the following problems : the main pin hole and the pin hole cross intersecting hole size tolerance of0.1mm is not easy to maintain; to adopt the reaming main pin hole, the dimensional t

54、olerances are not easy to be ensured; the final finish milling main pin hole on the lower end surface. The main pin hole and upper and lower end verticality is not easy to guarantee; the main pin hole size can not be guaranteed.Along with our country transportation enterprise rapid development, auto

55、 transport carrying capacity and running speed are continually increasing with. So people to the safe operation of the automobile is more and more attention, so the automobile axle design also raised taller requirement. As a result of foreign automobile development starts early, technical inputs, th

56、us technically far ahead of China market, but also there are many insufficient places, still need to improve, technology also needs a breakthrough. Steam car industry as our focus on the development of pillar industries, its prospect is very wide. At present, auto parts production has certain potent

57、ial, but most enterprises in product research, development and other aspects of the defect, especially lack of less product independent development capacity, can not adapt to the system support, delivery of modules, to participate in international division of labor. Because of this, in the future de

58、velopment, Chinese enterprises should actively absorb the international advanced automotive technology, and constantly improve the self body lines, such as braking systems, steering systems, expand the industry of product variety, improve the integral technology level, increase the strong technological development capability, urges the enterprise faster development, adapt to the trend of globalization of automobile indu