1、講義三講義三 MorphologyGrace Tan 精選課件T/FPLURAL is a morpheme.Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system of sound.A root is not always a free form.All bound morphemes are affixed.精選課件1.Compound words consists of _ morphemes. A.bound B.free C.both free and bound2.Ns , vs, adjs and many advs

2、 are _ A.grammatical words B.lexical words C.neither grammatical nor lexical words3.Radar is a(an)_ A.acronym B.blending C.coinage D.clipping精選課件填空題 1.Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the _. 2. On, before and together are _ words :they are words which do not tak

3、e inflectional endings. 3. Give the regular allormorphs of plural in English:_,_,_,_,_,_. 4.nouns, verbs and adjectives are _ words rather than function words. 5. In the addition of new words, smog is a (an)_. 6.Waltz is borrowed from _.精選課件Lexiconl In its most general sense, is synonymous with voca

4、bulary ;l In its technical sense here, lexicon deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.精選課件What is word? The WORD is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.精選課件3.1.1 Three sen

5、ses of word 1.a physical definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pause or blank 2. Word both as a general term and as a specific form Write writes written 3. a grammatical unit e.g. It is kind of you ,Miss Li. Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence.精選課件3.1.2 I

6、dentification of wordsStability (穩定性)Relative uninterruptibility (相對連續性) disappointment * dis ppoint ment /*dis#ppoint#mentA minimum free form （最小的自由形式） -Is Jane coming this evening? - Possibly.精選課件INVARIABLE WORDS refer to those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not take in

7、flective endings.1) Variable vs. invariable words可變詞與不可變詞與不可變詞可變詞In VARIABLE WORDS, one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. 3.1.3 classification of words精選課件GRAMMATICAL WORDS- FUNCTION WORD, FOR

8、M WORD, FUNCTOR a word whose role is largely or wholly grammatical.LEXICAL WORDword which carries the semantic content2）Grammatical words vs. lexical words精選課件CLOSED-CLASS - one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pron, Prep, Conj, Art etcOpen-class: Noun, Verb

9、, Adj,Adv3）Closed-class words and open-class words精選課件 Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc. Some new terms in word class: Particle小品詞小品詞: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate uni

10、ts in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. Auxiliary助動詞助動詞: do, have精選課件 Pro-forms代詞形式代詞形式: substitutes for other terms. Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his. Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.

11、Pro-locative: He went there.精選課件 Determiner限定詞限定詞: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers. As many as three determiners may be used in each case and there is a fixed order when there is more than one.愛咪出版社公司內部檔案數據目錄 精選課件精選課件 Predeterminers: al

12、l, both; half, one-third, three-quarters ; double, twice, three times ; such, what (exclamative) Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; PossP; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); a, another, some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, much, more, most, less; a f

13、ew, a little Postdeterminers: every; many, several, few, little; one, two, three ; (a) dozen精選課件3.2 The formation of word 3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.Two fields: inflectional

14、morphology and derivational morphologyl Morpheme：The smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.l 精選課件3.2.2 types of morpheme distempered infamous m

15、orphemeFree morphemeBound morphemeLexical functionalderivationalinflectional精選課件 As a result of _, the negative morpheme in imperfect and impossible is im-rather than in-. Give the regular allomorphs of past tense in Engilish:_,_,_.精選課件 湖南大學2004Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic.Y

16、ou are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian.(Note xar means “buy” and id designates past tense.)Xaridi You(sg.)bought. Naxaridam I did not buy.Namixaridand They were not buying. Mixarid He bought.Naxaridim We did not buy. Mixarid He was buying.Mixaridid You(pl

17、.) were buying. Xaridam I bought.Match : (1) I (2) you(sg.) (3) not (4) was /were V-ING(contious) Key: (1) am (2) i (3) na (4) miVid 另一題為劉版課后習題關于“-er”的。精選課件Root vs.stem Polymorphemic words other than compounds may divide into ROOTS and Affixes.Root:part of the word left when all affixes are removed

18、A STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.精選課件IA vs.DA Inflectional affixes曲折詞綴 :8 grammatical markersAdj:-er estNoun:- s, sVerb:-s,-ing ed enDerivational affixes:prefix suffix infix中綴 circumfix框綴 infix: goose/geese foot/feetCircumfix: an affix made up of two

19、separte parts which surround and attach to a root or a stemEg: ka-an baddang (help) kabaddangan (helpfulness)精選課件 清華 2001 Divide the following words into Roots, IA and DA. 1)transformations 2) looseleaves ) destructive 4) geese 5) misled 湖大2004 Label the morphological category of the morpheme underl

20、ined in each expressions. 1) Ive been here. 2) transform 3) oxen 4) recur精選課件 南大2003 You may have noticed that the prefix of combine and that of contain came from the same origin, meaing with or together,but why is it spelled “com-” in combine but “con-” in contain?Use your own words to answer this

21、question. A: The change of /n/ (an alveolar nasal) to /m/(a bilabial nasal) is due to the following phoneme/b/ ,which is also bilabial.精選課件 華南理工2004 The following infs and past participle verb forms are found in Dutch. ROOT INF PP Wandel wandelen gewandeld “walk” Duw duwen geduwd “push” Zag zagen ge

22、zegd “saw” With reference to the morphological processes of the prefixing, suffixing, infixing and circumfixing: A: state the morphological rule for forming an inf in Dutch. B:state the morphological rule for forming the PP in Dutch. Key: inf=root+en pp=ge+root+d精選課件 北外2002 in deriving new words via

23、 a prefix such as mis-,there seems to be some constraint on what is permitted. The words in the first column below are acceptable formations, but the forms in the other columns are not. Work out the rule(S)might be for making new adjs with mis-. misadventure mishappy mismilk misjudgement mismeal mis

24、sad misplaced misglad misword mistrustful misrole miscrazy精選課件 The basic meaning of the prefix mis- is “bad, badly, wrong, wrongly”.Thus misfortune means bad fortune and mishave means to behave badly.likewise, a misdeed is a wrong deed, and misdo means to do wrongly. Mis-forms compounds primarily by

25、 attaching to verbs:mishear ,misremember.Mis- also forms compounds by attaching to nouns that come from verbs: miscalculation, mismanagement, mispronunciation.精選課件 湖南大學2004 Consider childrens tendency to overuse morphological rules, what might we expect a young child to use in the place of the follo

26、wing adult words?Justify your choice in each case. A) fish(pl) b)went c) mice d) ate e)brought F) geese g)himself h)women i) hit(pp) j) has Key: Fishes, goed, mouses eated bringed gooses hisself womans hitted have Children use overgeneralization errors because they use a regular productive process o

27、n exceptional words.children use gooses as the plural form of goose instead of geese because regular nouns add an s in the plural.精選課件3.2.3 Inflection &word formation Inflection :indicates grammatical relationships by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person , finiteness, aspect and c

28、ase. Eg:boy-boys Word-formation : Compounding derivation conversion精選課件 Compounding Endocentric & exocentric Endocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; eg self-control: a kind of control armchair: a kind of chair Exocentric: there is no head, so not a relations

29、hip of “a kind of something”, eg scarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck精選課件Derivation Class-preserving: NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet VV: disobey, unfasten AA: grayish, irrelevant精選課件湖南大學2003 It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitive to certain phonological co

30、ntext. The english data below illustrate this fact. You are required to state the phonological contexts where the addition of en is possible as shown in (b).(a) whiten madden (b)*bluen *stupiden redden fatten *greenen *vividen quicken deafen *slowen *fartheren liven harden *angryen *difficulten soft

31、en deepen *abstracten * shallowenKey: The suffix-en, which attaches to adjs to form verbs , can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in obstruents. Verb -en if adj ends in an obstrent( oral stop or fricative) - if adf ends in a sonorant ( nasals, approximants, vowels)Meaning: “to make (more )adj

32、”廣外試題：廣州外語外貿大學考研試題 涉及chapter 3.doc愛咪出版社公司內部檔案數據目錄 精選課件3.3.1 Lexical change properInvention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogical creation, borrowing3.3.2 Phonol-ogical change Loss AdditionMetathesisAssimilation3.3.4 Sema-ntic changeBroadening, Narrowing, Meaning shift, Class s

33、hift,Folketymology 3.3.3 morpho-syntactical changeMorpholo-gical change,Syntactical change3.3.5 Ortho-graphic change 精選課件Borrowing French: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, officer, peace, soldier, war, faith, religion, coat, costume, dress, fashion, jewel, dinner

34、, feast, fry, roast, supper, toast, customer, money, price, art, college, music, poet, prose, story, study精選課件 Latin: admit, client, conviction, discuss, equal, index, library, medicine, minor Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasy Spanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, ca

35、rgo, chocolate, cigar, cocaine, cockroach, cocoa, guitar, mosquito, negro, potato, tank, tobacco, tomato, vanilla精選課件 Italian: aria, bandit, broccoli, casino, concerto, duet, finale, influenza, mafia, malaria, paparazzi (singular paparazzo), piano, pizza, solo, soprano, spaghetti, studio, umbrella,

36、volcano Dutch: boss, brandy, cookie, cruise, deck, dock, dollar, freight, gin, kit, knapsack, landscape, luck, sketch, slim, smuggle, snap, trek, yacht精選課件 Arabic: admiral, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, alkali, almanac, assassin, candy, hazard, lemon, magazine, safari, sofa, zero Indian: bungalow, cash

37、mere, curry, ginger, jungle, mango, polo, pyjamas (or pajamas), shampoo, swastika, thug, yoga Chinese: chop suey, chow, chow mein, ginseng, gung-ho, ketchup (or catchup or catsup), kung fu, tea, tofu (via Japanese), typhoon精選課件Types of loan wordsLoanwords: 借詞借詞The borrowing of LOANWORDS is a process

38、 in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight change, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter. “encore” and “au pair” from French, “sputnik” from Russian, etc. coup detat, kungfu, 精選課件Loanblend 混合借詞 LOANBLENDING is a process in which part of th

39、e form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. This is more typical with words in which the root is borrowed while the native affix is added. For example, troublesome, colourless, uncertain, etc. 精選課件Loanshift 轉移借詞 LOANSHIFT is a process in which the meaning is b

40、orrowed, but the form is native. Bridge when it refers to a type of card game, the meaning was borrowed from the Italian ponte. artificial satellite Russian sputnik. All the borrowings in Chinese are loanshifts. 精選課件Loan translation 翻譯借詞 This is a special type of borrowing, in which each morpheme or

41、 word is translated in the equivalent morpheme or word in another language. almighty Latin omnipotenssuperman German Ubermensch. This is also called CALQUE (仿譯詞仿譯詞), which may be a word, a phrase, or even a short sentence. free verse L verse libre black humor Fr humour noir found object does, goeth

42、goes, hath has, findeth finds, hopeth hopes do(e)st do，playest play，hearest hear， speakest speak the campus of the university the universitys campus精選課件3.4 Syntactical change In the 15th c, there were double comparatives or superlatives in English, but today there are not. more gladder more glad, mo

43、re lower lower, most royalest most royal In old English，the negative particle “not” was usually put in front of the verb or at the end of a sentence, but today it comes after the finite verb. It not belongs to you. It doesnt belong to you. We saw you not. We didnt see you.精選課件 Fusion or blending is

44、also used in making new phrasal and sentential structures. Rarely + hardly even rarely even Ever and anon + now and then every now and then Equally good + just as good equally as good Its no use getting there before nine + Theres no use in getting there before nine. Theres no use getting there befor

45、e nine.精選課件3.5 Semantic change Broadening 詞義擴大Broading is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one. holiday - holy day any day for rest bird young bird any kind of bird pigeon young pigeon the whole species task tax any piece of work y

46、ou have to do精選課件 Narrowing 詞義縮小Narrowing is contrary to broadening: the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense. fowl birds in general domestic birds meat any food you eat edible flesh of the mammals deer any beast a particular kind of beast girl young children

47、of both sex young female starve die in any way die of hunger精選課件Meaning shift Here MEANING SHIFT is understood in its narrow sense, that is, the change of meaning has nothing to do with generalization or restriction as mentioned above. What makes the meaning of a word different is its departure from

48、 its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. Sometimes the meaning changes so much that you cant see any connection between the new meaning and the original one. bead prayer the prayer bead small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood pay livestock payment crafty skilled in making

49、 handcrafts cunning knave boy boy servant rascal, dishonest person silly (OE) happy (ME) nave foolish nice ignorant foolishly particular about small things to be precise of refined taste精選課件 Class shift 詞類轉變 By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or no

50、tion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as ZERO-DERIVATION, or CONVERSION. Verb noun: smell, taste, walk Adj. verb: dirty, empty, lower Noun verb: head, table, chair, nose Conj. verb: But me no buts. 精選課件folk etymology 民間詞源 FOLK ETYMOLOGY refers to the change of the form