1、非謂語動詞(the Non-Finite Verbs) 一.定義：不能做句子謂語，但是能做其他成分的詞，叫作-。 二.分類： 1.不定式：(to) do 2.動名詞：Ving 3.分詞：現在分詞（Ving）和過去分詞（done）考點一.不定式和動名詞做主語 規(guī)則1：當主語較長而謂語較短時，常用it作形式主語， It is human nature to want sth better; 規(guī)則2：動名詞作主語通常表示抽象的或習慣性的動作， 而不定式作主語則表示具體的、某一次的行為。如： Smoking is forbidden in public places.(習慣性的) It is impo

2、ssible to go swimming this afternoon.(具體的) 規(guī)則3：不定式及動名詞短語作主語時可轉換成it作形式主語的結構。如： Its very hard to learn an art. It was no use sending him to a hospital. 規(guī)則4：帶邏輯主語的動名詞結構作主語時，可以和主語從句之間相互轉換。如： His being elected our team leader made us all very excited.That he was elected our team leader made us all very e

3、xcited. 他被選為我們的隊長，使我們都很興奮。 規(guī)則5：“adj.for sb to do sth”與“adj.of sb to do sth”。 若形容詞僅僅是描述事物，不是對不定式行為者的品格進行評價，用for sb，這類形容詞有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, (im)possible等；若形容詞是對人物性格、特性等的描述，則常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語，這類形容詞有brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good,

4、 nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等。如： Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. It is kind of you to lend me so much money.考點二不定式和動名詞作賓語 規(guī)則1：以下動詞只接to do: decide to do, expect to do,manage to do ,happen

5、to do , 規(guī)則2：以下動詞只接doing: Consider doing, devote (oneself) to doing, be used to doing(注意與be used to do 的 區(qū)別) ，cant help doing(注意與cant help to do 的區(qū)別); 規(guī)則3: 接動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語意義有別的動詞： (1)forget to do sth忘記要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing sth忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生) (2)stop to do sth停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing sth停止正在

6、做的事 (3)remember to do sth記住去做某事(未做) remember doing sth記得做過某事(已做) (4)regret to do sth對要做的事遺憾(此類動詞常為say, tell, inform等) regret doing sth對做過的事后悔 規(guī)則4:作賓語的動名詞和不定式，它們的完成式表示該動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我非常感激兩年前獲得了一個出國學習的機會。 By all appearanc

7、es, my choice of careers seems to have worked out. 規(guī)則5：特殊句型： 1.allow/permit doing與sb to do sth 的區(qū)別（高考考點：sb be allowed/permitted to do sth）; 2.Sb need to do sth, 區(qū)別與 sth need doing/to be done; 3.Be worth doing/n. 規(guī)則6：(1).如果做賓語的動詞不定式后有賓語補足語，要用it作形式賓語： The found it hard to learn Chinese. (2) 如果賓語補足語是no

8、 good(no use,no need)時，真正的賓語用動名詞：、 I think it no good doing it in that way; (3)介詞的賓語一般多用動名詞而動詞不定式只是在個別介詞后面“連接詞+不定式”的形式表示： He is fond of swimming. He has his own idea of how to do it. 注意： He told us what to do.=He told us what we should do. 規(guī)則7: 固定句型 (1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事不

9、好/沒用/沒意義/沒有害處。 (2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing (3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth (4)cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative but to do表示“不得不”。 (5)“Why not動詞原形”表示向某人提出建議，意為“為什么不？” (6)“would rather/had better(not)動詞原形”意為“寧愿/最好(

10、不)做某事”。 規(guī)則8：為避免重復，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse 等動詞后面再次出現相同的不定式作賓語時，常出現單獨使用的to，而把曾出現過的動詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結構中含有be, have, have been時，要保留這些詞。如： John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. 約翰沒有通過他的駕照考試，但我希望他通過。考點三 不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語 規(guī)則1:不定式作表語一般表示

11、具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。如： What I would suggest is to start work at once. His hobby is collecting stamps. 規(guī)則2: interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等現在分詞式形容詞作表語時，強調外在的表象，意為“令人的”；interested, excited, disappointed, encouraged

12、, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等強調主觀的感受，意為“感到的”。 規(guī)則3: get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動詞后都可跟done，表示被動或主語的狀態(tài)。如：remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/ stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。考點四 不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語 規(guī)則1:不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語的區(qū)別：to do/to be done作定語一般表示將來動作；done表示已經完成的或表被動的動作；bei

13、ng done 表示正在被做的動作；doing表示正在進行的動作或者經常性的動作或現在(或當時)的狀態(tài)；現在分詞的完成式一般不作定語。體會： (1)被動結構作定語 The problem to be discussed(which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.會上將要討論的問題非常重要。 The problem discussed (which was discussed) at the meeting is very important. 會上討論過的問題非常重要。 The problem being discuss

14、ed(which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.會上正在討論的問題非常重要。 (2)主動結構作定語 The professor to give us a lecture(who will give us a lecture) tomorrow comes from Beijing University.明天要給我們做講座的是來自北大的一位教授。 The professor giving us a lecture(who is giving us a lecture) now comes from Beijing Uni

15、versity.正在給我們做講座的是來自北大的一位教授。 The professor who gave us a lecture yesterday comes from Beijing University.昨天給我們做講座的是來自北大的一位教授。 規(guī)則2:使用to do/to be done作定語的情況 (1)下列詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the second, the last, the only等。如： Who was the f

16、irst one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? (2)不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關系。如： There is no one to look after her. (3)不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關系。如： I have a lot of work to do. (4)如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面應有必要的介詞。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 規(guī)則3：分詞做定語： （1）及物動詞的現在分詞：doing(正在做)，being done(正在被做)； eg. Look! The b

17、ridge being built is for the villagers. 及物動詞的過去分詞：done(被做，完成). eg.Things lost never come again.(覆水難收). （2）不及物動詞的現在分詞：doing(正在進行)； 不及物動詞的過去分詞：done(完成)。 eg.boiling/boiled water, falling/fallen leaves.考點五 不定式和分詞作狀語 （1）不定式作狀語： 規(guī)則1:不定式和分詞作狀語，有一般式和完成式，也有主動和被動。完成式表示該動作比謂語動詞動作先發(fā)生。當前后主語一致時，可以按照下列形式選擇使用： (1)t

18、o do表示目的或結果(to doin order to do/so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首)； (2)only to do表示意想不到的結果；thus doing表示自然而然的結果。如： We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.(意想不到的結果) A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的結果); (2)分詞做狀語： 1.基本原則： 1.1 分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致； 1.2

19、 分詞必須和句中主語存在邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系，否則不行； 2.形式選擇： doing-分詞與句中主語為邏輯上的主動關系，與句中謂語動作同時發(fā)生； done-被動關系， having done-”主動關系，且先于謂語動作發(fā)生； being done-被動關系，與句中謂語動作同時發(fā) 生，一般作原因狀語，置于句首； Having been done-被動關系，且先于謂語動作發(fā)生； 例句：Hearing the news, they got excited.（同時發(fā)生） The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(被動) Not

20、having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.（主動，且先于decided發(fā)生） Being repaired, the car cannot be used today.（同時發(fā)生，且被動） Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes.(先于repeated發(fā)生，且被動)； 3.注意: 有些非謂語動詞短語已經游離出來，成為固定短語，當作插入語使用。此時，句子的主語與它們不存在邏輯上的一致關系。如： (1)to tell you th

21、e truth說實話， needless to say不用說， to be honest/frank老實說/坦白說， to be more exact更確切地說， to make things worse更糟的是，say that假設，not to mention更不用說 (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般說來/坦白說/粗略地說；considering鑒于/考慮到；judging by/from從來看，依據來判斷；supposing/suppose that假定；providing that假定；according to依據；including包括；

22、owing to由于；talking/speaking of談及 (3)given考慮到， provided that如果考點六，不定式和分詞做賓語補足語 規(guī)則1:感官動詞帶賓補的結構。結構公式(以see為例)： see+賓語+do (全過程或經常性) see+賓語+doing（主動的，正在做） see+賓語+done（表示完成的、被動的動作(如果是不及物動詞則只表示完成的動作）， 例句：1.1 I saw her run to the school. 1.2 I saw r crying in the corner. 1.3I saw her scolded by her mother. 注

23、意:此類句型可變成被動語態(tài)形式（高考考點）Sb +be seen to do/doing/done. eg.She was seen to enter/entering the room. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. 此類動詞及短語有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch(sight of), listen to, h