1、作文提綱一、教育類The ultimate goal of education is to cultivate students who are able to ruminate well on some essential questions of life：who are we，whats the essences（nature）of science and art, how can humans 1. 教育&3,35,137Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students frompursuin

2、g fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.建議類教育機構應該為學生的職業發展提供必要的指導，尤其是當學生有誤入歧途的可能性的時候，這無疑是教育機構的責任之一。但是教育機構不應該因為學生的職業夢想看似無法就勸阻他們去努力。（建議的不可行性）一個個詞摳教育機構無法哪些事情無法（unlikely），今天的很多成就但是當初看起來不可能完成的。 懷特兄弟人們的視野和想象力的問題這就是為什么那些偉大的人物超過常人的地方 thats the very reason why.教育機構對。的定義（succeed）可能會有問題。教育機構對的定義

3、可能會和學生眼中的不同（準備表示不相同的句子），例如可能學生眼中的是獲得的滿足，但教育者可能只是單純從利益上考慮，因為他們難以充分考慮到學生的。況且（準備讓步句），就算兩者的定義相同，所謂無法的職業就一定沒有意義和價值嗎？（需要準備反問句）就一定應該勸阻（dissuade）嗎？很可能學生能從中獲得經驗和積累，為今后其他事業的定基礎。（建議實行的荒謬結果）結果+荒謬（準備表示荒謬的句子）奠這種做法一方面會泯滅學生的夢想，扼殺許多潛在的偉大創舉，因為永遠都會有人認為你的夢想無法實現。這種結果和聲稱引導學生成長、推動步為己任的教育機構的職責不符合。（折衷的方案）新的方案+兼顧老的方案發展進正確的做法

4、并不是勸阻，而是鼓勵學生地追求寫的和夢想；當然此過程中，教育機構也應該有意識地進行引導，以免學生誤入歧途。2. 教育&lucrative 15,35Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.追求回報豐厚的職業無可厚非，大學教育本身需要大量的金錢和時間的投入（students invest a large amount of time and money in

5、to education to shape their career futures，so its natural for them to expect a profitable return），因此自然也會期待較高的回報。從上來看，能獲得豐厚的可以提高個人的生活質量，提高個人的幸福感；從層面上來看，只有個人的生活標準提高了才能減輕貧困（lower levels of poverty），同時也能為創造更大的稅收，減少對轉移支付的依賴（decrease demand on social transfer program thus curtailing public budget deficit）

6、，從而減少財政赤字。（建議的可行性）從時間變化的角度分析，從個人特點不同的角度分析（有case by case 的意味）教育機構無法準確地哪個行業具有回報豐厚。一方面，由于和條件的不同，分工高度精細化、職業調整越來越頻繁，各個行業的平均回報水平在不斷地變化（lucrative 難以確定），很有可能現在賺錢多的行業未來就不那么賺錢了（準備表示時間變化的句子），也很有可能現在不賺錢的行業未來卻有很大的利潤空間。另一方面，即使平均意義（fields）下某個行業賺錢較多， 但是行業內部也存在著很大的不同，即使再冷清的行業也有人能夠獲利豐厚，再熱門的行業也總有人回報寥寥，這和個人自身的特點也有關系。（個

7、人的能力特點和應該作為主要觀點）（實行建議的結果）本行業+其他行業（此彼分析） 可以多用反問以顯示荒謬（準備反問句）如果所有的人都進入到獲利豐富的行業，那么將會造成很糟糕的結果：一方面，原本獲利豐厚的行業可能因為勞動力供給過剩而變得整體收入下降，這無疑和教育機構的初衷不符合 computer science finance ；另一方面，其他看起來收入不那么高的行業可能因為的缺乏而失去發展機會，但是很可能這些職業本身對于人類的穩定發展也非常重要。（例如清潔、環衛）educationsanitation workers（折衷的方案）（新的觀點和老的觀點都要注意）教育機構在指導學生的時候應該充分考慮

8、學生，也應該鼓勵學生大膽地追求的夢想,同時應該提醒學生注意提升自身學習能力，以適應的變動和發展。但是對于希望獲得高收入以實現自身價值的人，則也可以鼓勵其進入高收入行業，但是也應該注意行業發展的前景。3. job availability&interest.talents 20,32,39,97,129,136,14020. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others

9、 believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.要求同 14032. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field。要求同 13639.College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects

10、that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.98.Educational institutions should actively encourage their stud

11、ents to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these個性特點和能力個人層面consequences shape your position.129.College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.要求同 39136.Education

12、al institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.140. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take

13、a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your ow

14、n position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developingand supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.寫作要注意：a. 雙方觀點都要說，應該在讓步段，包括 job availability 與variety 和 interest和 talents 的對立b. 要有反方的性的例子或者，也應該放入到讓步段c. 要有具體的情況建議 advantageous or not advantageous

15、 的情形，應該放進不可行性或者可能產生的結果？(讓步)考慮工作前景確實重要。生存是人最需要優先考慮的，如果難以獲得一份穩定的工作，那么可能生活問題都解決不了。如果一個人連生存問題都解決不了，難以向貢獻出的價值。幸福感低的例子？個人層面身體不健康違背了教育的初衷 theability to seek happiness and achievements 層面不穩定（建議的不可行性）not advantageous 的情形要說清楚（準備描述具體情形的句子）至少在以下兩種情況教育機構無法準確地哪個行業的就業情況較好。一方面，由于和條件的不同，分工高度精細化、職業調整越來越頻繁，各個行業的就業情況在不

16、斷地變化（lucrative 難以確定），很有可能現在容易就業的行業未來卻趨于飽和了（準備表示時間變化的句子），也很有可能現在難以找工作的行業未來卻因為發展和政策的刺激變得具有活力。另一方面，能否找到工作還和個人的能力有關，即使平均意義（fields）下某個行業機會較多， 但是行業內部也存在著很大的不同，即使再冷清的行業也有人能夠找到不錯的工作，再熱門的行業也總有人失望而歸，這和個人自身的特點也有關系。（個人的能力特點和應該作為主要觀點）如果所有的人都進入到容易就業的行業，那么將會造成很糟糕的結果：一方面， 原本容易就業的行業可能因為勞動力供給過剩而變得飽和，反而難以找到工作， 這無疑和教育機

17、構的初衷不符合；另一方面，其他看起來不太容易就業的行業可能因為的缺乏而失去發展機會，但是很可能這些職業本身對于人類的穩定發展也非常重要。（例如清潔、環衛、歷史、文科）（折衷方案）和工作都很重要沒有工作。沒有。 更看重哪個取決于個人的追求教育機構應該鼓勵學生大膽追求的和夢想，實現自身的價值。但是教育機構也有責任為學生提供就業方面的指導，為學生決定學習領域提供幫助，在指導的過程中應該注意和的發展，同時應該鼓勵學生提高自身學習能力以應對的變動和發展。4.variety13,46,140,70,102,11213.Universities should require every student to

18、 take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.46.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.describe

19、 specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.140.Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others beli

20、eve thatuniversities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fieldsyou should address both of the views presented.70.Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's maj

21、or field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.102.Universities should require every stud

22、ent to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.112.Requiring university students to take a variety of

23、 courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.注意：1.讓步段 仍然要提到對方可能進行反駁的例子或者落）（準備讓步段2. 可行性的段落仍然要具體到哪些情況不行 哪些

24、情況可以3. 結果段落肯定要有4. 和論斷如何統一契合（觀點）有保留地同意該觀點（正面）正面特征與一般邏輯推理。The most distinguished aim of formal education is to allow individuals to think well and deeply about the mechanism of the world and make satisfying decision.Every academic(scholarly) discipline has been constructed over the years to equip stud

25、ents with the some particular systematic ways of investigating, thinking and integrating, ways proved exceptionally effective.但是世界就像一，各種因素相互糾纏，要想發掘復雜現象背后真正的機制和規律就必須要從不同的角度去探索不同的因素，這就要求人們能夠利用不同的學科去思考現象。而且隨著現代科技和人類智能的進步，人們處理的問題越來越復雜，越來越要求人們能夠進行跨學科的研究。例如為了確定政府是否應該新建一座水壩（a dam project）,需要有地質學家（geologist

26、）去勘測（reconnoiter）當地的 geological（geographical） conditions，需要有生態學家（ecologist）去研究水壩會對當地的環境造成怎樣的影響，需要有經濟學家去評估整個項目的成本和，需要有土木工程師（civil engineer）去設計水壩。盡管不可能一個人完成所有的工作，但是要想各個部門協調配合大家必須盡可能地能夠知道必要的其他學科的知識。多學科方法能夠幫助人們認識世界和進行決策，因此給學生開設不同種類的課程是非常有幫助的。未來越來越多的跨領域合作需要培養基本素質（轉折） 讓步 不能過度但是，its hard to say a multi-dis

27、cipline eduation is the best way to enable students to be truly educated.一方面， 如果我們過于采用這種建議， 一味地 cram mass of abstruseknowledge into students，可能會對學生的發展產生影響。To knoweverything is to know nothing；學生的時間和精力有限，不可能掌握所有的知識，并且大量的能會 discourage from further study另一方面，education 的效果不僅僅在。如果學生對某一學科完全不感學科，更加在于學生自身的天

28、賦和，那么強制他們學習這一門科目很可能會浪費他的時間。例如一個好朋友，他對于數學完全不感，但是對于文學很感，但是學校仍然要求他學習數學，這給他造成了很大的困擾。但是他不懂數學并妨礙他實現成為一個作家的夢想。因人而異總而言之，應該鼓勵學生學習多樣課程，并且為學生的選擇提供機會和指導。但是也應該保持充分的彈性，照顧到學生的和天賦。73. Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outsidethe academic world in professions relevant to the

29、courses they teach.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your p

30、osition.（正面）教員在職業領域工作是有好處的。（抽象：理論與實際）1. 對于來講，能夠提供大量的素材，提升教學的效果和質量統計學在 security company 工作大量的 data能夠更好地講述統計技能、估計和推斷我們都非常感2. 實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準。實踐中可以加深對理論的認識和理解。3. 實踐可以激發新的靈感，促進和指導理論的產生。學理論 有效市場假說計量學進行實證檢驗efficient markets hypothesisEugene Fama4.（）1（. 不可行性）并不適用與所有的學科。例如思辨和理論性質比較強的學科，理論數學、理論物理、哲學等（特殊情況下不行）2.

31、（不利性）如果采用建議太過火。那么教員將要付出大量的時間和精力在professions 上，很可能會影響教學。（情況下不行）（本質）同時也不應該忽視學科發展的其他因素，只是在 profession 的領域里面工作還遠遠不夠。學科的積累和學術氛圍、良好的教學科研環境（ 只有其不行要考慮其他因素）（觀點）應該鼓勵教員花適當時間在職業里面工作，但是最重要的是應該注意各個學科不同的特點。同時應該去的一個平衡二、政治類學科積累！ 大量的觀測Lucrative/job availability/interest and talents/variety/success只考慮和才華而不考慮畢業后的就業前景，畢

32、業后就業有可能會遇到困難。人的所有之中，生存的是最需要考慮的。但反過來，如果學生將的的學習和研究領域僅僅用就業的前景框限起來，就個人而言，人生失去了樂趣，就而言，很可能因為的淹沒而損失了創新精神與活力。和 lucrative 一樣的分析折衷The ultimate goal of education is to cultivate students who are able to ruminatewell on some essential questions of life：who are we，whats the essences（nature）of science and art, ho

33、w can humans A dozen of years should yield students who can think well about the essential questions of life :who are we ,where do we come from ,whats the world made of , what have humans achieved and what can we achieve ,how does one lead a good life?The distinct contribution of formal education is

34、 to equip students with the ways of thinking. The scholarly disciplines that have been constructed over the years to allow individuals to think well and deeply about these questions and some viable answers.Basic skills are the means for acquiring the disciplines ,just as the disciplines(and ultimate

35、ly interdisciplinary amalgams)provide the means for thinking well about important issues.I favor instruments that actually determine whether adisciplined way.can think in a三、28.The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by theachievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by

36、tits people.eral welfare ofways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explainhow these considerations shape your position.113. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of itsrulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation i

37、s actually the welfare of all its people.120.Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements ofits rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.12

38、1.Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking atthe achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that thesurest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, teral welfare of all its people.which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own pos

39、itionyou should address both of the views presented127. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers,artists, or scientists, but teral well-being of all its peoplebe sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could beused to challenge your positi

40、on.145.The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of thatnation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could beused to challenge your position.85.Some people believe

41、that in order to thrive, a society must put its ownoverall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believethat the well-being of a society can only be measured by tall its people.eral welfare of因果類：必須要即談到結論又談到這里的因果關系包括：not achievementwelfare of all its people Achievementsens

42、ure a good life for the majority of nations people1.要談到反駁 general welfare 的對立方的例子和welfare 的缺點，必須要指出 general2.現有觀點：General welfare整體福利水平高，才會有向心力和凝聚力Achievements of elite： 1.在現代意義上的關系。那時一個強大的2.但是對于現代意義的出現之前，和處于和被的表現為 elite 的成就。而言，與的關系是對等、服務的關（包括科學家和藝術家）系，集中在的受眾。指標是的福利程度、水平、創造能力。和的凝聚力和向心力、的創新和3. Scient

43、ific and technological achievements serve in the first place toenhance a nations general welfare.(Advance in medical treatment, transportation, communication, etc)科學家的職責：Artistic achievements could not be neglected, though. They help to make a nation a better place to reside. (Provide inspiration, l

44、ife peoples spirit and bring about creativity and imagination, all of which spur us to make more accomplishments.)藝術家的職責 inspiration，spirit，creativity，imaginationThe military and diplomatic accomplishment of its leaders could neither beignored in teral welfare of a nation. (The War of Independence)軍

45、事和外交的職責3. 但是也要注意科學技術不能損害 welfareGreat power the ability to exert its influence on a global scaleHard power& soft powerOverall success VS individual well-beingOverall success 意味著一種假設：世界上存在利益。于成員之外的Great nation的定義， prosperous in economy, democratic in politics , affluence in cultures.詞匯：people pub

46、lic mass citizen folk成就注意：A 是 B 的 indicator 意味著因果關系，也就是由 A 可以推出 B，同樣地由非 B 可以推出非 A；如果要反駁，那么就要證明有 A 不一定有 B（尋找其他因素），或者非 B也可能推出 A同意群眾的福利是衡量偉大程度的重要指標，但是成就可以提高群眾的福利，因而也是重要的指標。兩者并不對立，反而密不可分。（讓步/對立方觀點）歷史上的很多偉大的和，之所以令我們贊嘆往往地是因為achievements。例如古埃及璀璨的藝術品和金字塔 pyramid，中國的四大發明 thefour great inventions of ancient C

47、hina，希臘的、文學戲劇、甚至是政治也是 rules 的成就；再例的以軍事著稱，如下的、拿破侖下的無堅不摧的法蘭西。同時一個偉大的也體現在其國際影響力上，而.成就就是一個最為直接的標準，因為其影響力往往由精英體現(diplomatists)。可能由此會推出只是。但是不容忽視的是的利益也很重要（正面）由組成，只有（陳列正面特征） 福利好：a.多的稅收，造福整體福利高，才有可能強大。（從定義入手）能夠更加投入到工作，創造出的，繳納更（構架因果，因中間結果最終結果）b.更加穩定，（取非相反地，在導人（削弱）率下降 c.積極參加公益事業，造福整個）如果不能過上幸福的生活 可能會投票使領兩者并不反而是

48、相互和諧的。從個人的角度上看，上述三種人也屬于，他們能取得成就，運用自己的才能實現的理想，獲得一定的回報，本身提升了的福利。從層面上來講，上述三種人的成就從整體上促進了福利的增加。舉例：三種人分別的職責。Artistfree peoples imagination and creativityInspire the sympathetic emotions deeply rooted in people mind Guide people to appreciate the beauty of humaand nature Enable people to lead gracious and

49、felicitous liveslaunch technique innovations to boost social productivity so material wealth is produced to better satisfy peoples increasingScientistthat more demandsbreakthroughs achieved in various scientific researches not only facilitate peopleslife and provide insights into tackling problems w

50、hich puzzle people for years such as famine crisis, energy shortage and so on.Rulerslead the nation on right course and ensure the social justTo create a democratic and orderly environment wherepeople can assume their responsibilities and enjoy their rights很難說哪個更重要，只有既。又。的才能真正稱得上偉大59.科技Scientists an

51、d other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of peopledescribe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position有保留地同意同意：1. 科學本身應該為人類服務，那些對人類發展進步

52、有著顯著益處的學科確實應該著重發展科學的一個使命支持者多2. 對于一個非洲的問題威脅到大多數人的福利 應該優先解決饑荒 famine而不是 載人航天plague 飲水衛生 safe water cutting-edge3. 這種準則可以避免科學有害的一面保留（建議的不可行性和不利性）：1. 不可行性：難以確定究竟哪些學科是能夠最有益于大多數人的很多時候真正的用途還有待人們的發現和利用Up to people to take advantage .尤其是冷門、純思辨性 case by case情況即便是量子力學 看起來和人們的日常生活很遠太陽能電池2. 不直接和人們的生活相也影響人們的生活科學的

53、重要之處還在于探索自然的奧秘 促進人和自然的和諧相處探索宇宙的奧秘 滿足人類的好奇心Manned space flightProject Apollo3. 不利性：所有研究者都到哪些所謂最有用的學科上面（1） 忽視科學家本身真正的天分，盲目追求熱門（2） 部分看起來沒有更直接 benefit 的學科可能因此而失去發展機會，但是這些學科同樣都是人類智慧的結晶，甚至也可能創造出有利于人類的成果。（積累表達不可行和不利性的句子！）折衷方案應該鼓勵任何方向和領域的科研活動，鼓勵科學家人盡其用，在的研究上不懈努力，除非這些科研活動會明確危及人類生命安全道德秩序。其次，對于那些惠及多數人的科研項目應該給與

54、大力的財力支持。舉例？有保留地支持的模板I agree insofar as 支持的程度Yet, if strictly followed, the speakers recommendation（suggestion） would have aharmful（detrimental）effect on research and new knowledge（）.拯救瀕危動物31.Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is t

55、he result of human activities.consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.63.There is little justification for society to make extraordinary effortsespeciallyat a great cost in money and jobsto save endangered animal or plant s

56、pecies.you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.67. Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary