1、Unit FourText I The Lady, or the Tiger? (Part I) I. Library Work Gladiators (古羅馬的斗士古羅馬的斗士) were armed fighters performing for the public in ancient Rome. Throughout the history of ancient Rome, it remained fashionable to commemorate the dead with a gladiatorial fight. Gladiatorial gamesUnit FourThe

2、Lady, or the Tiger? Part IFrank R. StocktonI. Library WorkThe Roman Empire The Roman Empire included most of whatwould now be considered Western Europe. Theempire was conquered by theRoman Army anda Roman way of life was established in theseconquered countries. In Romes early years, the state lived

3、in fearof its more powerful neighbour, Carthage. TheI. Library Work Carthaginians were great traders in theMediterranean Sea and as the Romans wantedto expand into this trading zone, a clash wasinevitable. By 146 BC, the Romans were strongenough to capture the city of Carthage inNorthern Africa. Car

4、thage was burned to theground and all signs of the city were destroyedby the Romans as a sign that the power of theCarthaginians had disappeared forever.I. Library WorkAt its height under Trajan (98-117), the RomanEmpire included W. and S. Europe, north of theSahara (Africa), and SW Asia. The RomanE

5、mpire split permanently into East and West in395 AD. The Western Empire, with its capital atRome, fell in 476 AD as a result of internationaltroubles and barbarian invasions. I. Library WorkAfter the Western Empire fell, the EasternEmpire (or the Byzantine Empire) claimed theentire Roman world. The

6、Eastern Empire, whosecapital was Constantinople, formerly Byzantium,fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.I. Library Work2. Gladiator Gladiators were armed fighters performing forthe public in ancient Rome. Throughout thehistory of ancient Rome, it remained fashionableto commemorate the dead with a glad

7、iatorialfight. Gladiatorial games became so popularthat by the first century B.C. they were presented I. Library Workthroughout the Roman Empire many times ayear to celebrate holidays. Many Romansbelieved that gladiatorial contests promotedthe ideals of toughness and courage.I. Library Work3. Britis

8、h Policeman and JusticeThe Police Make an Arrest“Do you wish to say anything?” the sergeantsaid to Jim. “You are not obliged to say anythingunless you wish to do so. But whatever you saywill be taken down in writing and may be givenin evidence.” These are the words which every(1) policeman must use

9、before questioning I. Library Worka person accused of a crime. This caution tells the accused quite clearly that the police cannot (force) him to convict himself by what he says.II. Organization of the Text 1. A king who is a combination of enlightenment and barbarism (Paragraph 1) 2. The public are

10、na - the kings semi-barbaric method of administering justice (Paragraphs 2 6) 3. Authors comment of the public arena (Paragraphs 7 - 8)III. Key Points of the Text Paragraph 1 olden: (literary and old use) past; long ago 古時的，往昔的古時的，往昔的 E.g.: in the olden days 在古昔在古昔 in the olden times 在古代在古代 semi-bar

11、baric: half barbaric, partly barbaricParagraph 1 barbaric: (often derogatory) of or like (that of) a barbarian; very cruel 半開化半開化的，野蠻的的，野蠻的 polish: make less rough / more graceful; refine 使使(人、舉止、儀表等人、舉止、儀表等) 變得優雅；變得優雅；使升華使升華 E.g.: His manners need polishing. 他的他的舉止欠優雅。舉止欠優雅。Paragraph 1 sharpen: mak

12、e more sensitive 使敏銳；使敏銳；使敏捷使敏捷 E.g.: sharpen sb.s mind / wits 使某人頭使某人頭腦敏銳腦敏銳 large: exaggerating; insightful; generous, forgiving; (archaic) (of behavior) unbridled; (of language) vulgar, coarseParagraph 1 夸大的，浮夸的夸大的，浮夸的; 有遠見的有遠見的; (廢廢) (行為行為) 放放肆的；肆的； (言語等言語等) 粗俗的粗俗的 E.g.: large talk 大話大話 talk in

13、a large way 講話夸張講話夸張 a man with large ideas 高瞻遠矚的人高瞻遠矚的人 a large heart 寬厚的心寬厚的心 large tolerance 寬容寬容Paragraph 1 florid: (often derogatory) richly ornamented; having too much ornamentation 徇麗的，徇麗的，(過分過分) 華麗的華麗的 E.g.: florid language / architecture 華麗華麗的言辭的言辭 (建筑建筑) florid surrealism 浮華的超現實主義浮華的超現實主義P

14、aragraph 1 untrammeled: not hampered 不受阻礙的；不受阻礙的；不受束縛的不受束縛的 E.g.: the old untrammeled days 逍遙自逍遙自在的往昔在的往昔 trammel (n. & v.): fishing net or net for catching birds; (formal) prevent the free movement , action, or development of (someone or something) 漁網；鳥網；漁網；鳥網；束縛；妨礙；限制束縛；妨礙；限制Paragraph 1 E.g.:

15、be trammeled by societys prejudices 被社會偏見所束縛被社會偏見所束縛 trammels: (formal) something that trammels 拘束，束縛；妨礙；限制拘束，束縛；妨礙；限制 E.g.: Free yourself from the trammels of tradition. 把你自己從傳統的束縛中解放出把你自己從傳統的束縛中解放出來。來。Paragraph 1 become: befit, be suitable to 適合；同適合；同相稱相稱 E.g.: Her clothes become her. 她的衣服她的衣服穿在她身

16、上顯得很匹配。穿在她身上顯得很匹配。 It ill becomes you to complain. 發牢發牢騷同你的身份可不大相稱。騷同你的身份可不大相稱。Paragraph 1 He becomes his high office. 他的舉止他的舉止與他的高官身份相稱。與他的高官身份相稱。 Nothing in his life became him like leaving it. 他活著毫無意義，只配去死。他活著毫無意義，只配去死。Paragraph 1 exuberant: (of people and their behavior) overflowing with life an

17、d cheerful excitement; (of plants) growing plentifully; wild and excessive 生氣勃勃的；熱情洋溢的；茂盛的；生氣勃勃的；熱情洋溢的；茂盛的；繁茂的；極度的；過分的繁茂的；極度的；過分的 E.g.: Tom is an exuberant boy. His exuberant words filled us with hope.Paragraph 1 The exuberant foliage in the Botanical Garden is a great attraction to the visitors. an

18、 exuberant imagination 豐富的想象豐富的想象 receive an exuberant welcome 受到熱受到熱情洋溢的歡迎情洋溢的歡迎 be in exuberant confidence 信心十足信心十足 Paragraph 1 be in exuberant relief 大大地松了一口大大地松了一口氣氣 children in exuberant spirits 興高采烈興高采烈的孩子們的孩子們 a person of exuberant talent 才氣橫溢才氣橫溢的人的人 exuberant zeal 狂熱狂熱Paragraph 1 withal: (a

19、rchaic) besides; moreover; together with this 此外；而且此外；而且 What does the word “irresistible” modify? at will: as one wishes 任意，隨意任意，隨意 at ones own sweet will: 隨心所欲地隨心所欲地 E.g.: He comes and goes at his own sweet will. 他要來就來，要去就去。他要來就來，要去就去。Paragraph 1 be given to: be in the habit of (doing) something 有

20、有的癖好；有的癖好；有的傾向的傾向 E.g.: be given to lying 愛說謊愛說謊 be given to shyness 怯生怯生 be given to long walks 有長途散步的有長途散步的癖好癖好Paragraph 1 commune: (literary and poetic) exchange thoughts, ideas, or feelings 親密交談，談心；（感情上）融為一體親密交談，談心；（感情上）融為一體 E.g.: commune with each other 互相親互相親密交談密交談 Commune with nature, and you

21、ll feel refreshed. 陶醉在大自然中會使你身心煥陶醉在大自然中會使你身心煥然一新。然一新。Paragraph 1 his domestic and political system: his family and his country bland and genial: composed and gracious bland: showing no strong feelings; gentle or causal in manner; suave 和藹和藹的，溫和的的，溫和的Paragraph 1 E.g.: a bland manner 和藹的態度和藹的態度 genial

22、: kindly; good-tempered; pleasant; sociable 和藹的；親切的；友好的和藹的；親切的；友好的 E.g.: a genial old man 和藹可親的老人和藹可親的老人 hitch: a slight difficulty which causes a short delay 故障；突然停止；障礙故障；突然停止；障礙Paragraph 1 E.g.: There was s technical hitch (技術故技術故障障)somewhere, but I just couldnt put my finger on it. The performanc

23、e went off without a hitch (= very successfully). The plan is not without hitches. 這個計劃不這個計劃不無障礙。無障礙。 orb: heavenly body 天體天體Paragraph 1 Orb: jeweled ball with a cross on top carried by a king or queen as part of ceremonial dress （王位標志上的）寶球（王位標志上的）寶球（球頂飾有十字架，為國王禮服的一部分）（球頂飾有十字架，為國王禮服的一部分） Which sente

24、nce in the paragraph makes it clear that the king was a despotic ruler?Paragraph 2 arena: the middle part of a Roman amphitheater used for public sports and fights (古羅馬圓形劇場中央的古羅馬圓形劇場中央的) 角斗角斗場；表演場地場；表演場地 valor: (especially formal or literary) great bravery, especially in war 勇武，勇武，勇氣勇氣 E.g.: an act

25、of epic valor 壯烈的英勇行為壯烈的英勇行為Paragraph 3 assert oneself: act in such a way as to show ones power or authority 堅持自己堅持自己的權利（或意見）；迫使人們承認自己的的權利（或意見）；迫使人們承認自己的權利；顯示自己的權威（或威力）權利；顯示自己的權威（或威力） E.g.: Women began to assert themselves (顯示出自己的力量顯示出自己的力量)and demand equal pay for equal work in the middle of the ni

26、neteenth century.Paragraph 3 His headache was asserting itself. 他他的頭痛發作了。的頭痛發作了。 Justice will assert itself. 正義必然會得正義必然會得到伸張。到伸張。 rhapsody: (often plural with singular meaning) (sometimes derogatory) an expression of (too) great praise and wild excitement 狂熱贊詞；狂喜，狂歡狂熱贊詞；狂喜，狂歡Paragraph 3 E.g.: She we

27、nt into rhapsodies (a rhapsody) over the beauty of the scene. 她鋪張揚厲地大談那一勝景。她鋪張揚厲地大談那一勝景。 She experienced the rhapsody of first love. 她經歷了初戀的熱狂。她經歷了初戀的熱狂。Paragraph 3 amphitheater: oval or circular unroofed building with rows of seats rising in steps all round an open space, used for presenting entert

28、ainments 圓形劇場；競圓形劇場；競技場技場 gallery: grandstand 大看臺大看臺 poetic justice: an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded Paragraph 3 chance: the force that seems to make things happen without cause or reason; luck; good or bad fortune 機緣；命運；機緣；命運；幸運；僥幸幸運；僥幸 E.g.: Chance let her meet you here. 機

29、機緣讓她在這兒和你相見。緣讓她在這兒和你相見。 leave it to chance 聽其自然聽其自然Paragraph 3 He will leave nothing to chance in his planning. 他在設計中不存任何僥幸之心。他在設計中不存任何僥幸之心。 Paragraph 4 Why could the arena be justifiably called “the kings arena”? Though the form of the arena was a borrowing, the purpose it was made to serve in this

30、 particular kingdom emanated solely from the brain of the king.Paragraph 4 from afar: from a great distance 從遠處從遠處 E.g.: come from afar 從遠處來從遠處來 friends from afar 遠方來的朋友遠方來的朋友 I saw him from afar. 我從遠處看到了他。我從遠處看到了他。 emanate from: (formal) (especially of something nonmaterial) come out fromParagraph

31、4 E.g.: A feeling of sympathy emanated from her when she saw a disabled child move along with difficulty. Fragrance emanates from flowers. 花花朵散發芬芳。朵散發芬芳。 Much of the criticism against him emanated from his political opponents. 對他的抨擊大都來自他的政敵。對他的抨擊大都來自他的政敵。 Paragraph 4 barleycorn: a grain of barley 大麥

32、粒；大大麥粒；大麥麥; 舊時長度單位（舊時長度單位（=1/3英寸）英寸） every inch: completely; in all ways 在各在各方面；完全，徹底方面；完全，徹底 E.g.: He looked every inch the famed actor. 他看上去完全是一副名演員的派頭。他看上去完全是一副名演員的派頭。Paragraph 4 allegiance: loyalty, faith, and dutiful support to a king, country, idea, etc. 忠忠誠，效忠誠，效忠 E.g.: swear full allegiance

33、to the nation 宣誓赤膽效忠祖國宣誓赤膽效忠祖國 an oath of allegiance to the King 對君對君主效忠的誓言主效忠的誓言Paragraph 4 owe allegiance to the Communist Party 矢矢志忠于共產黨志忠于共產黨 His brand allegiances are divided. 他并不專他并不專門使用某一商標的商品。門使用某一商標的商品。 know: be governed / influenced by 受受支配；支配；受受影響影響 E.g.: Her joy knew no bounds. 她無限歡欣。她無限

34、歡欣。 Paragraph 4 than (conj.): (used after else, other) except 除除(外外) E.g.: He did nothing else than smile. 他他僅微笑而已。僅微笑而已。 Your failure was due to nothing else than your own carelessness. 你的失敗你的失敗完全是由于你自己的粗心大意。完全是由于你自己的粗心大意。Paragraph 4 How else can we come than by train? 除了除了坐火車之外我們還可以坐什么來呢？坐火車之外我們還可

35、以坐什么來呢？ He could not have behaved otherwise than he did. 他本來只能這樣行事。他本來只能這樣行事。 She couldnt do otherwise than love him. 她惟有愛他。她惟有愛他。 He has been to every other province than Gansu. 除了甘肅之外，他到過每一個省。除了甘肅之外，他到過每一個省。Paragraph 4 ingraft: also engraft, implant; transplant 嫁接；移植嫁接；移植 E.g.: ingraft a new rose

36、on a wild rose 把新品種玫瑰的枝條嫁接在野玫瑰上把新品種玫瑰的枝條嫁接在野玫瑰上 Thrift is engrafted in his character. 節節儉已成了他的習性。儉已成了他的習性。 Paragraph 5 court: the officials, noblemen, servants, etc., who attend a king or queen (總稱總稱) 朝臣，侍臣朝臣，侍臣 E.g.: The court went into mourning when the kings uncle died. 王叔去世時，王叔去世時，宮廷上下都服喪。宮廷上下都服

37、喪。Paragraph 5 he was subject to no guidance or influence but that of the chance: he received no guidance or influence from anyone, but he was governed by chance, the unseen power which caused things to happenParagraph 5 be subject to: be dependent on, be controlled by 受支配受支配 E.g.: The project is sub

38、ject to the approval of the school board. 該項目需該項目需得到校董事會的批準。得到校董事會的批準。 All citizens are subject to the law of the country. 所有公民都必須遵守國家法所有公民都必須遵守國家法律。律。 Paragraph 5 All men are subject to death. 人總有人總有一死。一死。 Specifications are subject to variation without notice. 規格可有變動，規格可有變動，不再另行通知。不再另行通知。 aforemen

39、tioned: also aforesaid, (formal) said or named before or above 前面提到前面提到的，上述的（常用于法律文書）的，上述的（常用于法律文書）Paragraph 5 procure: (formal) obtain with difficulty or effort E.g.: After trying hard, he was able to procure two tickets for the grand opera. doleful: sad in a self-pitying way; causing or expressing

40、 unhappiness or low spirits 憂郁的；悲傷的；不高興的憂郁的；悲傷的；不高興的Paragraph 5 E.g.: a doleful face 愁苦的臉愁苦的臉 Dont be so doleful. 別這樣垂頭喪氣。別這樣垂頭喪氣。 a doleful cry 悲痛的喊聲悲痛的喊聲 wail: make a usually long cry or sound suggesting grief or pain 慟哭，嚎啕慟哭，嚎啕 E.g.: The baby wailed for his mother. 那那嬰兒啼哭著要媽媽。嬰兒啼哭著要媽媽。Paragraph 5

41、 The ships wailed dismally to one another. 幾條船凄涼地互相鳴響汽笛。幾條船凄涼地互相鳴響汽笛。 post: place someone on duty in a special place, especially as a guard 設置（崗哨等）設置（崗哨等） E.g.: post a sentry 設崗設崗 A nurse posted herself outside the door. 一一名護士守在門外。名護士守在門外。Paragraph 5 downcast: having or showing low spirits or sadnes

42、s; directed downwards 垂頭喪氣的，沮喪的；低垂的垂頭喪氣的，沮喪的；低垂的 E.g.: a downcast expression 垂頭喪氣的垂頭喪氣的表情表情 She sat there quietly with downcast eyes. 她兩眼低垂靜靜地坐在那兒。她兩眼低垂靜靜地坐在那兒。Paragraph 5 wend ones way: (formal and literary) move or travel over a distance, especially slowly; leave 行，走行，走 E.g.: wend ones way to a ta

43、ble 向桌子向桌子走去走去 wend (wended 或或 went): E.g.: wend to school 上學上學Paragraph 5 fair: (of a person) having pale skin and light hair; (of women) (especially old use) beautiful; attractive 白膚金發的；美白膚金發的；美麗的麗的 dire: dreadful, terrible 可怕的，悲慘的可怕的，悲慘的 E.g.: a dire calamity 可怕的災難可怕的災難 dire news 噩耗噩耗 Paragraph 6

44、 station: (archaic) social rank E.g.: people in humble stations 地位低地位低下的人們下的人們 be educated above ones station 受到受到高于本人地位的教育高于本人地位的教育 all stations of life 社會各階層社會各階層Paragraph 6 engage: (formal) bind oneself by a promise (用契約、諾言等用契約、諾言等) 約束約束 (自己自己)；使訂婚；保證使訂婚；保證 E.g.: He engaged himself as an apprenti

45、ce to a printer. 他簽訂合同當了他簽訂合同當了一名印刷學徒工。一名印刷學徒工。 He engaged himself not to call on his father for help. 他發誓不去請求父親幫助。他發誓不去請求父親幫助。Paragraph 6 My brother and she are engaged. 我我兄弟和她訂婚了。兄弟和她訂婚了。 his great scheme of retribution and reward: his great design or plan of punishing the guilty and rewarding the

46、 innocent retribution: (formal) deserved punishment 懲罰；（宗教）（來世）報懲罰；（宗教）（來世）報應應Paragraph 6 E.g.: divine retribution for evil deeds 惡惡行的天罰行的天罰 Retribution will quickly follow. 報應必報應必將隨之降臨。將隨之降臨。 exercises: (AmE) a set of events including speeches, giving of prizes, and various ceremonies 儀式；典禮；答儀式；典禮；

47、答辯，口試辯，口試Paragraph 6 E.g.: opening exercises 開幕儀式開幕儀式 commencement (或或 graduation) exercises 畢業典禮畢業典禮 air: tune, melody 曲調，旋律；樂曲曲調，旋律；樂曲 E.g.: an old Scottish air 一支古老的蘇格一支古老的蘇格蘭曲調蘭曲調Paragraph 6 epithalamic: celebrating a marriage epithalamium (plural: epithalamiums or epithalamia): song or poem cel

48、ebrating a marriage (獻給新郎、新娘的獻給新郎、新娘的) 新婚喜歌新婚喜歌或頌詩或頌詩 tread / trip a measure: (informal and archaic) dance (with someone)Paragraph 6 E.g.: The musicians had almost stopped playing by the time he gained the courage to ask if she would tread a measure with him. measure: dance (古古) (尤指緩慢而莊重的尤指緩慢而莊重的) 舞

49、蹈；舞步舞蹈；舞步 cheery: bright; gay; cheerful 興高采烈的；興高采烈的；活潑的；令人愉快的活潑的；令人愉快的Paragraph 6 E.g.: a cheery view of the countrys economy 對那個國家經濟的樂觀看法對那個國家經濟的樂觀看法 a cheery smile (greeting) 親切的微笑親切的微笑（問候）（問候） solemnize: perform (especially a marriage) with formal religious ceremony 隆重慶祝（或紀念）；為隆重慶祝（或紀念）；為舉舉行宗教儀式行

50、宗教儀式 Paragraph 6 E.g.: The marriage was solemnized in the cathedral. 婚禮在大教堂按宗教儀式舉婚禮在大教堂按宗教儀式舉行。行。 peal: the sound of loud ringing of bells; a loud long sound or number of sounds one after the other 響亮持久的聲音；鐘響亮持久的聲音；鐘樂樂 E.g.: peals of laughter (或或 mirth) 陣陣歡陣陣歡笑聲笑聲Paragraph 6 a peal of thunder 一聲響雷一聲

51、響雷 the peal of victory 勝利的鐘聲勝利的鐘聲 hurrah: also hooray and hurray, a shout of joy or approval (表示高興、滿意、鼓表示高興、滿意、鼓勵等的呼喊聲勵等的呼喊聲) 好哇；萬歲；叫好聲；歡呼好哇；萬歲；叫好聲；歡呼聲聲 strew (strewed, strewn): scatter 撒，散撒，散播；使散落播；使散落Paragraph 6 E.g.: They strewed seeds in the garden. 他們在園子里播種。他們在園子里播種。 The boy strewed his clothes

52、 all over the room. 這男孩把衣服扔得滿房間都是。這男孩把衣服扔得滿房間都是。Paragraph 7 tribunal: a court of justice with powers to settle certain types of dispute (被授權解決某被授權解決某種糾紛的種糾紛的) 特別法庭特別法庭; 裁決，公斷裁決，公斷 E.g.: the Hague Tribunal 海牙國際仲裁法庭海牙國際仲裁法庭 go on trial before a military tribunal 在軍事在軍事法庭上受審法庭上受審 the tribunal of public

53、 opinion 輿論的公斷輿論的公斷 Paragraph 7 determinate: final 確定的；決定的確定的；決定的 Do you agree with the masses of people there that the kings way of administering justice was fair because the accused had the whole matter in his own hands? If not, can you help the thinking part of the community by finding a charge a

54、gainst the unfairness of the plan?Paragraph 7 Definitely not. The “sentence” of such “trials” was not based on the guilt or innocence of the accused but on sheer luck.Paragraph 8 a hilarious wedding: a jubilant wedding, a joyful wedding hilarious: joyous, jubilant 興高采烈的；興高采烈的；歡鬧的，狂歡的歡鬧的，狂歡的; 引人發笑的引人

55、發笑的 E.g.: We had a hilarious time at our Alumni Reunion the other day.Paragraph 8 She was far from hilarious. 她很不高興。她很不高興。 a hilarious party 歡鬧的聚會歡鬧的聚會 a hilarious story 逗噱的故事逗噱的故事 hilarity n. What was it that made the “trials” in the arena so appealing to the people? The element of uncertainty.Para

56、graph 8 lent an interest to the occasion: added an interest to the occasion; made the occasion more interesting lend: give as an additional quality 給給予；添加；提供予；添加；提供 E.g.: The performance of the trio lent great excitement to the party.Paragraph 8 Fear lent speed to my limbs. 恐懼使我加快恐懼使我加快了腳步。了腳步。 A fi

57、re lends cheer to a room. 爐火給房間增爐火給房間增添生氣。添生氣。 could bring no charge of unfairness against this plan: could not accuse the semi-barbaric king (who thought out the plan) of unfair treatment of the accused personParagraph 8 charge: accusation; an official statement saying that someone is responsible f

58、or a crime E.g.: He was arrested on a charge of graft and corruption. The police brought a charge of graft and corruption against him.Paragraph 8 Does the word “masses” used in the story have any special connotation? Yes, it does. It has the connotation of an ignorant and unthinking multitude, as co

59、ntrasted with the “thinking part of the community”.IV. Translation in Workbook 61. 這些大學一年級學生都充滿青春活力。這些大學一年級學生都充滿青春活力。(exuberant) The freshmen are all youthfully exuberant.2. 他的態度平靜，臉上的表情不可解讀。他的態度平靜，臉上的表情不可解讀。(bland) His attitude was bland and his expression was unreadable.3. 我中學的女校長是一位性格溫和的年輕女子。我中學的

60、女校長是一位性格溫和的年輕女子。(genial) The headmistress of my middle school was a genial young lady.IV. Translation in Workbook 64. 這位哲學家在思索，這是不是歷史的必由之路？這位哲學家在思索，這是不是歷史的必由之路？ The philosopher is pondering on whether this is the inevitable course of events in history.5. 這部電影是由海明威的一部小說改編而成的。這部電影是由海明威的一部小說改編而成的。 (adapt)