1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流初中英語詞性分類用法變化重點(diǎn)語法鞏固教學(xué)目標(biāo)掌握和運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)語法知識教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)語法以及實(shí)踐練習(xí)題一、詞性的分類1.名詞 noun     n. student學(xué)生boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2.代詞 pronoun pron. you 你who, she, it3.形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的good, right, white, orange4.副詞 adverb adv. quickly迅速地very, often, qui

2、etly, slowly5.動詞 verb v. cut 砍、割am, is, are, have, see6.數(shù)詞 numeral num. one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth7.冠詞 article art. a 一個an, the8.介詞 preposition prep. at 在. in, on, from, above, behind.9.連詞 conjunction conj. and 和but, before .二、名詞可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數(shù)名詞是不可以

3、用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .1、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1）名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以輔音字母

4、加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2）不規(guī)則變化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece

5、 of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 2、 名詞所有格：1） 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。 2）(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如：Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)), my sisters book(我姐姐的書) (2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如：Teachers Day(教師節(jié)) (3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. todays newspaper(今天的報紙), ten mi

6、nutes break(十分鐘的課間休息),Chinas population(中國的人口). (4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).3） s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所) 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室) “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位

7、朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)即時訓(xùn)練寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：box _ wife _ child_ city_ dress _Englishman _match _ Chinese _ zoo _ exam_ German _1. The commander said that two_ would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day. A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor2. “Look! The police _ her

8、e to keep order! Go away quickly,” he shouted.A. is coming B. comes C. are coming D. has come3. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _.A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words4. In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any _. A. idea B.

9、 meaning C. sense D. point5. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire6. _ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of

10、 C. A large number of D. Quite a few7. Lets try operating the machine right now.Wait. Better read the _first.A. instructions B. explanations C. information D. introduction8.The rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.A. is sold out B. was sold out C. were sold out D. are sold out9. Youd have more

11、 _of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.A. opportunity B. chance C. time D. energy10.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.A. doesnt change; as B. arent changed; like C. dont change; like D. dont change; as11. I k

12、new I shouldnt accept anything from such a person, but I found it difficult to turn down his _.A. offer B. suggestion C. request D. plan12._it is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!A. what a fun B. what fun C. how fun D. what joy13. Oh., John_ you gave us!A. How

13、 a great surprise B. how pleasant surpriseC. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise14 He is_ as a leader but he hasnt_ in teaching.A. success; many experiences B. a success; much experienceC. great success; an experience D. a great success; a lot of experiences15 Who did you spend last w

14、eekend with?_. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers三、冠詞 不定冠詞a / an 用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開頭的詞前面; an用在元音開頭的詞的前面。(1) 表示某一個人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為：一頭大象比一個人強(qiáng)壯。)(2) 表示某類人或事

15、物中的任何一個。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英語教師。)(4) 表示“一”這個數(shù)量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 幾個用不定冠詞的習(xí)語：a bit(一點(diǎn)), a little(一點(diǎn)), a few(幾個), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時), have a good t

16、ime(玩得開心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會兒,等等。 定冠詞the 定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請看黑板。)(3) 復(fù)述前面提到過的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The

17、man is called Robert.(樹下有個人, 那個人叫羅伯特。)(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。)(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長江以南地 區(qū)將會刮大風(fēng)。)(6) 在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰第一個去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the ea

18、rth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)(7) 常用在樂器名稱的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時他開始拉小提琴)(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來沒有去過喜馬拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他來自美利堅(jiān)合眾國)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Eme

19、i next month.(下個月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長得一樣)(12)幾個用定冠詞的習(xí)語：at the same time (與此同時),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 一些不用冠詞的情況：(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中國是個大國) / Man

20、needs air and water.(人類需要空氣和水) (2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)(3) 周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹)(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時不用。如：Men are clev

21、erer than monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)(5) 三餐飯前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們在家吃早飯,在校吃午飯)(6) 節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)(7) 球類名詞前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)(8) 一些習(xí)慣用語中不用。如：at scho

22、ol； in / after class;；in bed； at / from home；at / for / to breakfast/lunch； at night/noon/midnight；on foot;；go to school/bed；in hospital；on time; at first/last/once； in Chinese/English, etc.; 四、數(shù)詞 1、基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirte

23、enfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000one(a) thousand, 1000000one million, 108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one

24、thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。1） 英語的序數(shù)詞基本變法： (1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th, (2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth (3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth, (4)熟記特殊詞。1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thfirstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirtee

25、nthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthone hundred and first1000thone thousandth, 1000000th one millionth., 第703the seven hundred and third, 第5480the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.2） (1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個

26、位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如：thirty-sixth, (2) 使用序數(shù)詞時一般加定冠詞the. 如：Im in the third grade.(3) 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5one fifth ; 2/3 two thirds ; 4/7 four sevenths ; 1/2 a half ; 1/4a quarter ; 3/4 three quarters ;50% fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).4、數(shù)詞的用法：1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : ni

27、neteen seventy-six.2、表示日期： 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.3、表示時刻： 5：15 five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30 eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45 ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.4、表示編號：Room 105Room one 0 five; Bus No.13Bus Number Thirteen; P.5Page Five; Tel.No.7

28、658659Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小數(shù)的讀法：5.7 five point seven, 0.16 zero point one six.6、“半”的表達(dá)： 1/2half, 半小時half an hour, 1.5小時one and a half hours或one hour and a half. 7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時,表示順序,加a/an時表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text

29、a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)五、形容詞、 副詞的原級、比較級和最高級1、規(guī)則變化: (1)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞,在原級的后面加上er,est構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,要雙寫最后一個輔音字母,后加er,est：c)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est： (2)兩個音節(jié)或兩個以上的音節(jié)的,在原級前加more / most.2、不規(guī)則變化:原級比較級最高級good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身體)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的

30、worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的ill(身體)不舒服的many許多的(可數(shù))more更多的；更most最多的；最much許多的(不可數(shù))；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)地farther更遠(yuǎn)的；更遠(yuǎn)地farthest最遠(yuǎn)的；最遠(yuǎn)地further進(jìn)一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地) 3、關(guān)于比較等級的重要注釋：1）“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來越溫暖了)2）“the+比較級,the+比較級”表示“越就越”。如：The more tree

31、s we plant,the better it will be.(我們栽的樹越多,情況就會越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進(jìn)步就越大)3）6、“one of the +最高級+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個短語為單數(shù)含義,謂語要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場大火中被燒毀了)六、介詞1、介詞的主要用法：介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句作它的賓語,即

32、構(gòu)成介詞短語。有些介詞是由兩個以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語介詞,如：out of(從中出來), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離), on top of(在頂上), ever since(自從), next to(在隔壁), according to(根據(jù)), in front of(在前方)等。2、介詞的分類表： (見下表) 地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在前, about在附近, across在對面, after在后面, against倚著., along在近旁, among在中間, around在周圍, round在.周圍, at在處, before在.前, behin

33、d在.后, below低于., beside在.旁邊, between在.之間, by在.旁, down在.下面, from來自., in在.里面, inside在.里面, near靠近., of在.之中, on在.上面, out of在.之外, outside在.外面, over在.上方, under在.下方, up在.上面, on top of在.頂部, in front of在.前, close to靠近., in the middle of在.的中間, at the end of在.的末端,等等。 方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越., against對抗., along沿著.,

34、around繞著., round環(huán)繞., at朝著., behind向后面, etweenand從到.,by路過/通過., down向下, for向., from從/離., in進(jìn)入., into進(jìn)入., inside到.里面, near接近., off脫離/除., on向.上, out of向.外, outside向.外, over跨過., past經(jīng)過/超過., through穿過., to向/朝., towards朝著., on to到.上面, onto到.上面, up向.上, away from遠(yuǎn)離. 時間介詞：about大約., after在以后, at在 (時刻), before在

35、以前, by到為止, during在期間, for有(之久), from從(時)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了(時), since自從(至今), through 貫穿(期間), till直到時, until直到時, to到(下一時刻), ever since從那時起至今,at the beginning of在.開始時 ,at the end of在.末 , in the middle of在.當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在.時 方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作., by用/由/乘坐/被., in用(語言), like與一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(收音機(jī)), through通過., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼),