1、CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDSARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban PlanningIts very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing. Originally, modern

2、urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, todays city is a complex system which contains many elements that

3、 are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions. 這是非常困難的給予定義，以現代城市規劃，從起源到今天，現代城市規劃更像是一個不斷發展和變化的過程，它會繼續發展和變化。本來，現代城市規劃的出現，以解決工業革命所帶來的問題，它是物理和與土地利用的重點技術。然后，隨著經濟，社會，政治和技術超過百年的發展，

4、今天的城市是一個復雜的系統包含哪些是相互關聯的許多內容。而城市規劃不僅要關注與構建環境，而且還涉及更多的經濟，社會和政治條件。In human history, Industrial Revolution is always viewed as a turning point because it brought tremendous changes to the world. At the beginning, it was just like a myth because machine could produce manufactured goods more quickly than

5、the human hand. Following that, a large number of factories appeared and a large amount of people left their agriculture land to the factories. This process is called industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and the immigration of population. Large scale po

6、pulation growth in city and without any planning caused many problems, especially in the living condition the industrial cities became drab, polluted, unsafe and unhealthy. 在人類歷史上，工業革命總是視為一個轉折點，因為它帶來的巨大變化給世界。一開始，它簡直就像一個神話，因為機器可以生產制成品的速度比人的手。隨后，大量的工廠出現，大量的人離開了他們的農業土地給工廠。這個過程被稱為產業化。它帶來了經濟的快速增長，城市擴張和人口

7、移民。大規模的城市，沒有任何規劃人口增長造成了許多問題，特別是在生活條件 - 工業城市成為單調，污染，不安全和不健康的。With social reform movement, early modern urban planning was concentrated on dealing with the problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. During that period, the idea of plann

8、ing was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement, and leisure, through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howards Garden City; it planned a beautiful city, which was divided into many districts including the center of city, industrial areas, residen

9、tial areas, schools and greenbelt to allow people to live together in “harmony，health and happiness”. The theory contributed a lot to the practice of early modern urban planning in European. In a nutshell, the beginning of modern urban planning was more like blueprint approach; it was seen as essent

10、ially “a technical process of design and drawing, unrelated in its operation to economic or political process”. Along with the urbanization, zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created. 隨著社會改革運動，早期現代城市規劃是集中在與住房，衛生和基礎設施，以及霍亂和其它水源性疾病的傳播問題的處理。在此期間，規劃理念是創造一個愉快的，獨立的環境

11、，提供工作，定居，休閑和專家通過精心設計。著名的例子是霍華德的花園城市，計劃一個美麗的城市，這是為包括城市中心，工業區，住宅區，學校和綠地，讓人們生活在了一起很多地區分為“和諧，健康和幸福。”該理論貢獻良多早期現代美國城市規劃的做法。概括地說，現代城市規劃的藍圖開始是想更多的辦法，它被看作是本質“的設計和繪圖技術，在其運作過程無關的經濟或政治進程。”隨著城市化，分區是開始，住房，細分和公共健康規范的創建。The development of modern urban planning depends largely on the development of social policy, ec

12、onomy and scientific technique. 現代城市規劃的發展在很大程度上取決于社會政策，經濟和科學技術的發展Facing with the urgent need of post-war reconstruction, 1950surban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development. Planning became primarily concerned with industrial development, job creation and housing p

13、rovision. However, planners with no background of economic and social training couldnt be sensitive to the wider economic, political and social complexities of urban planning. So planning still emphasized more on physical land-use but to respond the demand of post-war reconstruction.隨著戰后重建的迫切需要面對，規劃

14、1950s'urban顯示模式走向復蘇和經濟發展的導向。規劃PRIMAR成為與產業發展，創造就業和住房有關條文。然而，由于沒有經濟和社會培訓背景規劃者不能敏感的矛盾的經濟，政治和社會的城市規劃的復雜性。所以仍計劃強調物理土地使用更多的響應，但戰后重建的需求。Going through the post-war reconstruction, 1960s came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban planners were aware to the complex urban system of p

15、olitical, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result, planning started to provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection. Regional Planning and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide general policies and strategies, such as large-sc

16、ale economic framework, population distribution, infrastructure growth, housing development, etc. to guide local planning. Because of the introduction of computers to urban planning process, there occurred planning models. Then urban planning became more scientific. Furthermore, due to the rapidly g

17、rowing number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At the same time, environmentalist, by awareness of urban pollution and uncontrolled redevelopment, advocated that planning should pay more attention on environmental protection and urban conservation. Furth

18、ermore, public participation was introduced to the planning process because they realized that urban planning was related to their benefits. 通過戰后重建會，20世紀60年代迅速發展的經濟和先進技術來了。城市規劃者意識到在復雜的政治，經濟，技術和環境問題的城鎮體系。因此，規劃開始提供有關社會經濟方面和環保事業的發展戰略。區域規劃和國家規劃提供了快速發展的大政方針和策略，如大規模的經濟框架，人口分布，基礎設施的發展，房屋開發等，引導地方規劃。由于計算機引入城

19、市規劃過程中，發生規劃模型。然后，城市規劃更加科學。此外，由于汽車數量迅速增加，交通規劃成為規劃的重要組成部分。在Sametime的，環保的污染和無節制的城市重建的認識，主張規劃應更加環保和城市保護的重視。此外，被介紹給公眾參與規劃的過程，因為他們意識到城市規劃是關系到他們的利益。1970s capitalist economy began to recess, Traditional values were challenged and planning profession encountered crisis. “Planning had not been able to fulfill

20、 its promise of balancing growth across the country and spreading its benefits widely with society”. During this period, planning was combined to implementation, not just design and reform. And planning was not just following the policy made by officials, but take part in policy-making, so planning

21、was vested political implication. Most of radical planners wanted a redefinition of planning that would include the goals of social justice, equality, and redistribution of wealth and power. Planning was no longer a design process completed by expertise, but a political process that involved citizen

22、s of every class to take part in. Related policies or ordinance were established to form an open and equal planning process. Thus, apart from the original land use allocation and socio-economic strategies, planning process，including planning-making, application and enforcement, was integrated into p

23、lanning system. 20世紀70年代資本主義經濟開始休會，傳統價值觀念受到挑戰和策劃界遇到的危機。 “規劃沒有能夠Fulfil其平衡全國各地的傳播與社會發展和它的好處廣泛的諾言”。在此期間，其中合并計劃的實施，不僅是設計和規劃什么改革，而不是由以下官員的政策，但參與決策的一部分，所以規劃是賦予政治含義。規劃師最想要的規劃激進的重新定義，其中包括社會正義，平等，財富和權力再分配的目標。規劃不再是一個由專家完成設計過程，而是一個政治過程，每類涉及公民參加英寸相關政策或法令的一部分，建立，形成一個開放的規劃程序和平等。因此，除了原有的土地使用分配和社會經濟戰略，規劃的過程中，包

24、括規劃，決策，實施和執行，這將規劃系統集成When times came to 1980s, with the global economic restructuring, business played a vital role in economic system and planning encountered forgetting. Some people thought that market could allocate the resources and balance the demand and require in a more rational way, but plan

25、ning restricted market. Actually, resources are limit, and city is composed of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues, market is not able to balance them all. Then 1990s is the resurgence of planning. Todays urban planning is a comprehensive planning with concerns about the sustainab

26、le development of politics, economy and environment. It contains socio-economic development strategy, policies, regulations, decision-making process, environmental conservation as well as land-use planning, urban design and landscape. In addition, along with the economic globalization, planning is g

27、oing beyond the traditionally boundary of nation state. Planning cooperation in regions and all over the world is searched for a better socio-economic circumstance and a sustainable environment. Todays planning is required to put the city in world context, and then figures out promising strategies f

28、or its future development. 當時間來到20世紀80年代全球經濟結構調整，企業在經濟中發揮了至關重要的作用和規劃系統遇到遺忘。有些人認為市場能增撥資源，平衡需求和更理性的方式，市場規劃要求，但受到限制。其實，資源限制，城市是政治，經濟，文化和環境問題組成的，市場是無法平衡所有這些，然后是20世紀90年代規劃的復蘇。今天的城市規劃是一個關于政治，經濟和環境的可持續發展問題的全面規劃。它包括社會經濟發展戰略，政策，法規，決策過程，以及環境保育土地利用總體規劃，城市設計和景觀。此外，隨著經濟全球化，規劃是超越了民族國家的傳統邊界。規劃和世界各地的區域合作是尋找一種更好的社會經

29、濟環境和可持續發展的環境。今天的規劃范圍是需投入在世界上的城市，然后出其未來發展前途的戰略數字。FURTHER READING (2): Trends in Modern Urban Planning of USUrban planning in the United States is quite different than elsewhere. Since they are a federal democracy, they do not have the centralized national planning that provides the framework into whi

30、ch local planning must fit. It has not been popular to suggest this centralized approach since most Americans abhor big government. Thus, the 50 states emerge as the highest levels for planning, and sometimes they are subdivided into regional planning areas. 在美國城市規劃是相當比其他地方不同。由于他們是一個聯邦民主，他們沒有集中的國家規劃

31、框架，提供了地方規劃必須適合哪。它沒有得到普及建議本集中的方式，因為大多數美國人深惡痛絕的大政府。因此，50個州出現作為規劃的最高水平，有時他們納入區域規劃領域細分。Urban planning occurs at the city and regional level today. Many functions, such as transportation, water supply, sewage treatment, pollution abatement, and economic development, occur at the regional level, although

32、no true general-purpose regional governments have been created. Instead, planning at the regional level tends to be advisory to the already established general-purpose governments at the state, county, and municipal levels. These levels have their own planning processes, which are often linked with

33、regional plans. 城市規劃今天發生在城市和地區的水平。許多功能，如交通，供水，污水處理，污染減排和經濟發展，發生在區域一級，雖然沒有真正的通用地區政府已經建立。相反，在區域層面的規劃往往是咨詢到已經建立的通用在州，縣，市各級政府。這些級別有自己的規劃過程，往往與哪些區域規劃聯系起來。Urban planning will most likely remain a regional and local process for the foreseeable future. It is a continuous process that does not end with the c

34、reation of a plan but proceeds through the decision-making and monitoring and evaluation phases of government. And it has become established to the extent that it can be considered institutionalized. It has gone beyond the need to establish its legitimacy and has become an inherent part of governmen

35、t and business. The next phase in the evolution of planning will be implementation that is, ensuring that good planning will be carried out by both the public and the private sectors. This means that planning, while largely concerned with the built environment, will have to relate better to economic

36、, social, and political conditions. 城市規劃將極有可能仍然是區域和本地進程在可預見的未來。這是一個持續的過程，不結束，創造了一個計劃，而是通過決策，監測和評估階段的政府收益。它已成為既定的，它可以被認為是制度化的程度。它已經超越了需要建立其合法性，并已成為政府和企業固有的一部分。在規劃發展的下一個階段將實施 - 也就是說，確保良好的規劃將由公共和私營部門進行。這意味著，規劃，而很大程度上與環境建設方面，將更好地與經濟，社會和政治條件。Urban planning can make no claim to solving all of society '

37、;s problems, but it can be an effective and efficient process for building cities and their regions in the best way possible. Here, planning must be a subtle process that is open, participatory, and flexible. It requires both technical skills and the arts of compromise, negotiation, and consensus. U

38、rban planners in the modern world must be part reformer, visionary designer, and politician. 城市規劃可以使沒有解決社會所有問題的說法，但它可以成為建設的最好的方式他們的城市和地區的有效和高效的流程。在這里，規劃必須是一個潛移默化的過程是開放的，參與性，和靈活。這既需要技術技能和妥協的藝術，談判，并達成共識。在現代世界城市規劃者必須成為改革者，有遠見，設計師和政客。From this evolution of urban planning there have arisen several long-t

39、erm trends. 從這個城市規劃的演變有出現幾個長期趨勢。Growth Control, and Decline Management Growth control is found most commonly in Sunbelt cities, resorts, coastal areas, mountainous regions, and other environmentally and climatically appealing places. A common situation is when long-term residents and recent in-migra

40、nts decide that growth is occurring too rapidly and destroying the quality of life that attracted development. They ask urban planners to control growth in order to preserve that quality of life as well as to relieve the pressures on the infrastructure, public services, and public costs created by n

41、ew development. Urban planners use mechanisms that can slow, ameliorate, or redirect growth. While the practice remains controversial in legal terms, many court decisions have upheld the right of state and local governments to plan and control the tempo, location, and extent of development. 生長控制，管理和

42、衰落增長的控制是最常見于陽光地帶城市，度假村，沿海地區，山區和其他環境和氣候有吸引力的地方。一個常見的情況是長期居民和流動人口增長的決定是最近發生的太迅速，破壞了生活質量，吸引發展。他們要求城市規劃者，以控制增長，以維持該生活質量以及減輕壓力的基礎設施，公共服務，并通過新的發展創造了公共成本。城市規劃人員使用機制，可以減緩，改善，或重定向增長。雖然這種做法在法律上仍然有爭議，許多法院判決維護了國家和地方政府有權計劃和控制節奏，位置和發展程度。Decline management is relatively new to urban planners, because the present r

43、edistribution of people, jobs, and development is without precedent in the United States. Until recently, urban planners did not have to deal with declining urban populations. Many cities in the Snowbelt and Rustbelt, most heavy industrial centers that are obsolete, old transportation centers, and o

44、ther areas subject to difficult climates and changing economic trends are experiencing declines. This does not mean decay necessarily, since some places have redeveloped and improved their quality of life with fewer people living there. It does mean a far more difficult and risky approach to urban p

45、lanning. This approach involves elements of preserving what is good about these cities while encouraging change and innovation for things that do not seem to be viable any longer. It essentially means that urban planners can no longer rely upon principles and standards that evolved from planning pra

46、ctice during times of unlimited growth. Now planners must use methods that seek to improve cities while managing their decline. 拒絕管理是比較新的城市規劃師，因為人，就業和再分配發展到今天，在美國沒有先例。直到最近，城市規劃師沒有處理減少城市人口。在Rustbelt Snowbelt，最重的是過時的，舊的運輸中心的工業中心，并受經濟困難的氣候變化趨勢和其他地區的許多城市都面臨下降。這并不一定意味著腐爛，因為有的地方重建和改善人民生活較少有他們的生活質量。它意味著一個更

47、為困難和風險的方法，城市規劃。這種方法涉及到保護這些城市是什么樣的好內容，同時鼓勵變化和事情，似乎并不可行再創新。本質上，它意味著城市規劃者不能再根據原則和標準，從規劃實踐發展過程中的無限增長時代依靠。現在，規劃者必須使用的方法，設法提高他們的城市，同時管理下降。Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse In both the decline management and growth control contexts, the preservation of significant historic areas and buildings is a m

48、ajor trend in urban planning. There has been a lamentable insensitivity to historic preservation until fairly recent times, when Americans came to realize that historic areas and buildings were being destroyed and that a heritage was being lost forever, Most cities and states now have vital preserva

49、tion programs that seek to preserve what is truly significant. A great number of programs and incentives have arisen to control demolition and encourage conservation. 古跡保存與活化再利用在這兩個下降和增長管理控制的情況下，該地區的顯著歷史和建筑保存是一個城市規劃的大趨勢。有一種可悲的歷史保護不敏感，直到相當最近，當美國人認識到，歷史悠久的地區和建筑物被摧毀，而遺產被永遠失去了，大多數城市和國家現在有重要的保護方案，謀求保護什么是

50、真正的顯著。一個偉大的計劃和獎勵數量已經出現控制拆遷和鼓勵節能。An especially interesting part of this trend is the adaptive reuse of older buildings. This concept holds that attractive, sound; historically significant buildings that may have outlived their original functions can be reused for new purposes. Thus, urban planners mi

51、ght assist in reusing an abandoned schoolhouse for a technology office, in transforming an old mansion into a cultural center, in turning an abandoned jail into a bar, and even in giving an unused gas station new life as a quality restaurant. In fact, these are real examples of recent projects that

52、have been made possible by urban planning and the use of incentives for adaptive reuse. 這方面的一個趨勢，特別是有趣的部分是舊建筑活化再利用。這一概念認為，吸引力，聲音，歷史上顯著，可能已經失去原有的功能，可重復使用的新用途的建筑物。因此，城市規劃者可能有助于重用被拋棄了改造成文化中心的老豪宅科技廳校舍，在轉變成一個欄廢棄監獄，甚至給一個未使用的氣站的優質餐廳的新生活。事實上，這些都是已經由城市規劃，并為可能的活化再利用的激勵最近的項目實際使用的例子。Neighborhood PlanningClosely

53、 related to the historic preservation and adaptive reuse trend in older cities is neighborhood planning. Planning assistance is provided to neighborhood groups that are organized to preserve their neighborhoods and prevent decline. A planning department often supplies special staff and financial ass

54、istance to such groups. In some cases, planners themselves may actually be involved in organizing such neighborhood groups. 鄰里規劃密切相關的古跡保存與活化再利用的舊城市的趨勢是鄰里的規劃。規劃援助提供給社區團體 - 這是有組織的，以維護他們的居民區和預防的下降。一個規劃部門的工作人員經常物資和財政援助，以這種特殊的群體。在某些情況下，自己實際上可能是在組織社區團體參與規劃審查。Even in growing cities, there is a trend toward

55、 neighborhood planning. This has resulted both from neighborhood demands and from recognition by planners that the modern city is an organism composed of individual cells, or neighborhoods. The neighborhood offers an ideal unit in which to concentrate planning programs, which are especially effectiv

56、e when there is an overall urban planning strategy. 即使是在發展的城市，有一個對鄰里規劃的趨勢。這導致無論是從鄰里和規劃要求，從認識到，現代城市是單個細胞，或鄰里組成的有機體。鄰里提供了一個理想的單位中集中規劃方案，特別是有效的，當有哪一個是城市總體規劃的戰略。DesignThe trend now is to incorporate the principles of urban design more fully into urban planning. This trend evolved in recent years when it

57、 became apparent that urban planning had been ignoring the appearance, design, and beauty of the built environment While few if any planners would argue that design can solve social and economic problems by itself, most would concur that the way cities look is vitally important. 設計現在的趨勢是將其納入城市規劃對城市設

58、計的原則更加充分。這種趨勢在最近幾年發展的時候，很明顯，城市規劃一直忽視了外觀，設計和建筑環境規劃師美雖然幾乎沒有人認為設計可以解決社會問題和自身的經濟，大多數人會同意的這樣的城市看是非常重要的。The San Francisco zoning regulations of the mid-1980s were a benchmark for the new trend to incorporate design into urban planning. These regulations not only dealt with the land use, height, bulk, and

59、density of buildings, but also went beyond them to establish design standards. They thus went much further than the New York City ordinances of the 1920s, for they dealt with the spatial envelopes and design styles that give form to new buildings. This meant that zoning and other planning controls could be used to require certain design configurations for building construction and for built areas, and it greatly increased the attention to design in urban planning. 舊金山分區的80年代中期的規定是一個新趨勢，將其納入城市規劃設計基準。這些法規不僅涉及土地使用，