1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上故宮導游解說詞 - 女士們、先生們：今天有幸陪同大家一道參觀，我感到很高興。這里就是世界聞名的故宮博物館，一般大家都簡稱它為故宮，顧名思義，就是昔日的皇家宮殿。自1911年清朝末代皇帝愛新覺羅.溥儀被迫宣告退位上溯至1420年明朝第三代永樂皇帝朱棣遷都于此，先后有明朝的14位，清朝的10位，共24位皇帝在這座金碧輝煌的宮城里統治中國長達五個世紀之久。帝王之家，自然規模宏大，氣勢磅礴，時至今日這里不僅在中國，在世界上也是規模最大，保存最完整的古代皇家宮殿建筑群。由于這座宮城集中體現了我國古代建筑藝術的優秀傳統和獨特風格，所以在建筑史上具有十分重要的地位，是建筑藝術的經典

2、之作，1987年已被聯合國教科文組織評定為世界文化遺產。This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually

3、lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City

4、 was a world cultural legacy.故宮又稱紫禁城，究其由來，是由天文學說和民間傳說相互交融而形成的。中國古代天文學家將天上所有的星宿分為三垣、二十八宿、三十一天區。其中的三垣是指太微垣、紫微垣和天市垣。紫微垣在三垣的中央，正符合“紫微居中”的說法。因此，古人認為紫外線微垣是天帝之座，故被稱為紫宮。皇帝是天帝之子、人間至尊，因此他們也要模仿天帝，在自己宮殿的名字上冠其紫字，以表現其位居中央，環視天下的帝王氣概。還有一個說法就是指“紫氣東來”。傳說老子出函谷關，關令尹喜見有紫氣從東來，知道將有圣人過關。果然老子騎了青牛前來，喜便請他寫下了道德經。后人因此以“紫氣東來”表示祥

5、瑞。帝王之家當然希望出祥瑞天象，那么用“紫”字來命名也就順理成章了。“禁”字的意思就比較明顯了，那就是皇宮禁地，戒備森嚴，萬民莫近。此話決無半個虛字，在1924年末代皇帝被逐出宮后這里正式開放以前平民百姓別想踏近半步，大家可以想像紫禁城過去是多么崇高威嚴，神圣不可侵犯啊！It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellat

6、ions into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant posit

7、ion would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZ

8、i, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.紫禁城建在北京，是有其歷史的，也因為這里是一塊風水寶地，說起來話長。故

9、宮從明永樂四年（1406）開始修建，用了14年的時間才基本建成，到今天已有570多年的歷史。大家看到了，故宮是一級紅墻黃瓦的建筑群，為什么這樣呢？據道家陰陽五行學說認為，五行包括金，木，水，火，土，其中土占中央方位，因為華夏民族世代生息在黃土高原上，所以對黃色就產生了一種崇仰和依戀的感情，于是從唐朝起，黃色就成了代表皇家的色彩，其他人不得在服飾和建筑上使用。而紅色，則寓意著美滿，吉祥和富貴，正由于這些原因，故宮建筑的基本色調便采用了紅，黃兩種顏色。The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. R

10、ed represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.故宮

11、占地72萬多平方米，有宮殿樓閣9900多間，建筑面積約15萬平方米。四周有高9.9米，號稱10米的城墻，墻外一周是52米寬的護城河，俗稱筒子河。城南北長約960米，東西寬約760米，城上四角各有一座結構奇異，和諧美觀的角樓，呈八角形，人稱九梁十八柱，七十二條脊。城四周各設一門，南面的正門是午門，北門叫神武門，東門叫東華門，西門叫西華門。The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,9

12、00 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meterhigh wall which encloses the complex. Octagon shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Militar

13、y Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east故宮在施工中共征集了全國著名的工匠23萬，民夫100萬人。所用的建筑材料來自全國各地。比如漢白玉石料來自北京房山縣，五色虎皮石來自河北薊縣的盤山，花崗石采自河北曲陽縣。宮殿內墁地的方磚，燒制在蘇州，砌墻用磚是山東臨清燒的。宮殿墻壁上

14、所用的紅色，原料產自山東宣化（今高青縣）的煙筒山。木料則主要來自湖廣，江西，山西等省。由此也可以看出當時工程之浩大。. Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province.

15、 Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions我

16、們眼前的建筑叫午門。午門是紫禁城的正門，俗稱五鳳樓。明代，每年正月十五，午門都要懸燈賜食百官。到了清代這種活動就取消了。每年農歷十月初一，都要在這里舉行頒布次年年歷儀式，清代乾隆年間因避乾隆帝“弘歷”的名字，故將“頒歷”改稱“頒朔”。清代，皇帝舉行朝會或大祀，以及元旦，冬至，萬壽，大婚等重大節日，都要在這里陳設鹵簿，儀仗。此外，國家凡有征戰凱旋時，皇帝在午門接受獻俘典禮，如果皇帝親征也從午門出駕。The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate. It is the main entrance to the forbidden City. It

17、 is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower). Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .They also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.Qing emperors used this building to announc

18、e the beginning of the new year. Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor s name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time.

19、 Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. For example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war關于“推出午門斬首”的說法，可能是由于戲劇午臺上及野史小說敷衍而來的。實際上是明代朝

20、廷命官犯罪，有的在午門廷杖，當然嚴重的可能也有被當場打死的。（進午門后金水橋前）After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River現在我們已經到了故宮里面，在正式游覽之前，我先介紹一下故宮的布局和參觀路線。故宮占地72萬多平方米，在這樣大的面積上，集各種建筑手法，建造一組規模如此宏大的建筑群，不但沒有紛雜現象，反而給人以結構嚴謹，色彩輝煌和布局規整的感覺，最主要的手段是建造中突出了一條極為明顯的中軸紅，這條中軸線和整座北京城有機地結為一體，

21、北從鐘樓，南至永定門，總長度約8公里，皇家禁區苑內的部分約占三分之一。宮內重要建筑都在這條中軸線上，其它建筑分東西對稱分布。整個宮殿的設計和布局都表現了封建君主的“尊嚴”和對封建等級制度的森嚴。now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a

22、variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing. The Forbidden City covers roughly one third of this central axis. Most of the important building in the Forbidden City weree arranged along this l

23、ine. The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly stratified feudal system.故宮分外朝內廷。現在我們在外朝的最南端正，前面是太和門。門前有一對青銅獅子，威嚴，兇悍，成了門前橋頭的守衛者，象征著權力與尊嚴。皇帝貴為天子，門前的獅子自然最精美，最高大了。東邊立的為雄獅，前爪下有一只幼獅，象征皇權永存，千秋萬代。我們眼前的這條小河，叫金水河，起裝飾和防水之用。河上五座橋象征孔子所提倡的五德：仁、義、禮、智、信。整條河外

24、觀象支弓，中軸線就是箭，這表明皇帝受命于天，代天帝治理國家。The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony .The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The li

25、ons were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. The winding broo

26、k before us is the Golden Water River. It functions both as decoration and fire control .The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is it

27、s arrow. This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God.（在太和門前）(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)故宮建筑分為“外朝”與“內廷”兩大部分。由午門到乾清門之間的部分分為“外朝”，以太和、中和、保和三大殿為中心，東西兩側有文華、武英兩組宮殿，左右對稱，形成“外朝”雄偉壯觀的格局。三大殿前后排列在同一個龐大的“工”字型漢白玉石殿基上，殿基高8米，分為三層，每層有漢白玉石刻欄桿圍繞，三臺中有三層石雕“御路”。太和殿俗稱金鑾殿，是故宮最高

28、大的一座建筑物，也是國內最高大、最壯麗的古代木結構建筑。乾清門以內為“內廷”，建筑布局也是左右對稱。中部為乾清宮，交泰殿、坤寧宮，是封建皇帝居住和處理日常政務的地方。兩側的東、西六宮是嬪妃的住所，東、西一所是皇子的住所。“內廷”還有為皇家游玩的三處花園御花園、慈寧花園、乾隆花園。內金水河沿“內廷”西邊蜿蜒繞過英武殿、太和門、文華殿流出宮外，河上有白玉石橋，沿河兩岸有曲折多姿的白玉雕欄桿，形似玉帶。故宮建筑絕大部分以黃琉璃瓦為頂，在陽光下金碧輝煌，莊嚴美觀。The Forbidden City consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosu

29、re. The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity. The “three big halls” of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group. Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: W

30、enhua (Prominent Scholars) and Wuying (Brave Warriors) . The three great halls are built on a spacious “H”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. The

31、re are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China. From the palace of Heavenly Purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilater

32、ally symmetrical patterns. In the center are the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and Peace and Palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princ

33、es lived. There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden. An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court. The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City. It i

34、s spanned by the White Jade Bridge. The river is lined with winding, marble carved balustrades. Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs.故宮中的建筑除了突出中軸線外，還用了各種手法，使宮城中各組建筑獨具特色。比如殿基的處理，殿頂的形式，吻獸和垂脊獸的數目，彩繪圖案的規制等等。這樣，不僅使主要建筑更顯得高大，壯觀，而且還表現了宮中建筑的等級差別。民間傳說故宮有房9999間半，說天上的皇

35、宮一共有房10000間，地上的皇帝自稱“天子”，不敢與其同數，所以就少了半間。這半間房在哪兒呢？它指的便是文淵閣西頭那一小間。實際上紫禁城有房9000余間，所謂的這半間是根本不存在的。文淵閣西頭一間，面積雖小，僅能容納一個樓梯，但它仍是一整間。文淵閣樓下是藏我國第一部四庫全書的地方，為了照顧布局上的美觀，所以把西頭一間建造的格外小。Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial struct

36、ures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City. Since Pa

37、radise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. It is also rumoured that this half room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion (imperial library). As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is none

38、xistent .The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where “Si Ku Quan Shu”- China s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.（經過太和門之后）After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony)女士們、先生們，前面的大殿叫太和殿，俗稱金鑾殿，是故宮內最大宮殿。建筑面積2377平方米，重檐廡殿頂，是殿宇中最高等級，為外朝三大殿中最大的一座。太和殿建在三層重疊的“工”字型須彌座上，由漢白玉雕成，離地8余米，下層臺階21級，中，上層各9級。Ladi

39、es and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City. This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . The Hall of Supreme Harmony s

40、its on a triple “H”-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9太和殿始建于公元1406年，經歷了三次火災和一次兵燹的毀壞，現在大家看到的是清朝建的。四個屋檐上各有一排動物，原來是釘子，用來固定瓦片用的，后來換成了神話傳說中的動物，據說可以辟邪，而且數量越多，表明建筑越重要。太和殿上有9個，9是陽

41、之極數，依次為7、5、3、1，平民百姓家是不允許有這種裝飾的。The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406. It burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty. On the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastene

42、d to the tiles. These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled明清兩朝曾有

43、24個皇帝在此登基，宣布即位詔書。元旦、冬至、皇帝生日、冊立皇后、頒布法令、政令、派將出征、金殿傳臚以及賜安等等，皇帝都要在這里舉行儀式，接受文武百官朝賀。There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here. The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Y

44、ear, the Emperor s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.這個廣場是太和殿廣場，面積達3萬平方米。整個廣場無一草一木，空曠寧靜，給人以森嚴肅穆的感覺。正中為御路，左右地面

45、鋪的磚橫七豎八，共15層，以防有人挖地道進入皇宮。周圍有一些大缸，是做什么用的呢？在故宮里一共有308個大缸，是用來儲水防炎的，缸下可燒炭加溫，防止冬天缸水結冰。為什么要建這么大的廣場呢·那是是為了讓人們感覺到太和殿的雄偉壯觀。站在下面向前望去：藍天之下，黃瓦生輝。層層石臺，如同白云，加上香煙繚繞，整個太和殿好像天上仙境一樣。舉行大典時，殿內的琺瑯仙鶴盤上點上蠟燭，香亭、香爐燒檀香，露臺上的銅爐、龜、鶴燃松柏枝，殿前兩側香煙繚繞，全場鴉雀無聲。皇帝登上寶座時，鼓樂齊鳴，文武大臣按呂級跪伏在廣場，仰望著云中樓閣山呼萬歲，以顯示皇帝無上權威與尊嚴。 This area is called

46、 the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the

47、road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. In the whole

48、 complex there are altogher 308 water vats. In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall s grandeur and vastness. Imagine the following scene. Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed

49、tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland. Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burn

50、t in front of the hall. When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.清朝末代皇帝溥儀1908年底登基時，年僅3歲，由他父親攝政王載灃把他抱扶到寶座上。當大典開始時差，突然鼓樂齊鳴，嚇得小皇帝哭鬧不止，嚷著要回家去。載灃急得滿頭大汗，只好哄著小皇帝說：“別哭，別哭，快完了，快完了！”大臣們認為此話不吉祥，說來也巧，3年后清朝果真就滅亡了，從而

51、結束了我國2000多年的封建統治。The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne. At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared. He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting, “I don'

52、;t want to stay here. I want to go home.” His father tried to soothe him, saying, “It'll all soon be finished. It'll all soon be finished” The ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious. Coincidentally, the Qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with con

53、cluded Chinas feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.（在太和殿的石臺上）On the stone terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony這是銅香爐，是皇帝舉行典禮時焚燒檀香用的。這里一共有18座，代表清朝18個省。殿外左右安放四個銅缸，象征”金甌無缺“，作為貯水防火之用。臺基東西兩側各有一只銅制仙鶴和龜，是長壽的象征。這個由鉛鑄造成的器具叫嘉量，嘉量是當時量的標準器，表示皇帝公平處事，誰半斤,誰八兩，心中自然有數。對面還有一個石頭做成的器具叫做日晷，是古代的測時儀。皇帝

54、的意思是：量和時的基準都在自己手里。 This is a bronze incense burner. In it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions. There are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the Sing monarchs. On either side of the Hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were plac

55、ed in case of fire. Next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity. This copper-cast grain measure is called “jialiang.” It served as the national standard during the Qing dynasty. It was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rect

56、ification. On the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece. The jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the Emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time太和殿正面有12根圓紅柱，東西約63米，南北進深約37米，高35米，殿前丹陛三層五出，殿前后有金扉40

57、個，金鎖窗16個，整個大殿雕梁畫棟，豪華富麗。殿內中央設有2米高的平臺，上面擺放著雕有9條金龍的楠木寶座。后面有金漆圍屏，前面有御案，左右有對稱的寶象、角端、仙鶴、香筒等陳列品。象馱寶瓶，內裝五谷，象征太平景象、五谷豐登。角端是我國古代神話傳說中的一種神獸，可“日行一萬八千里”，通曉四方語言，只有明君，它才捧書而至，護駕身旁。In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are 12 scarlet, round pillars supporting the roof. The hall is 63 meters fro

58、m east to west and 37 meters from north to south. It is 35 meters in height. In front of this architecture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance. It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. In the middle o

59、f the hall, a throne carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is an imperial desk. The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan (a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals (i. e. rice, two kinds In the very forefront of the Hall