1、環境生態學(外文資料及翻譯"Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern" the concept of sustainable development ", "environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem", "harmonious society and c

2、ircular economy", "human survival way and environmental ecological crisis", "China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development", "environmental culture and living safety", "global warming the earth's environment and the ecological

3、 security", "ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence", "acid rain on the earth's environment the ecological influence", "urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect", "desert-oasis ecosystem water heat transfer and th

4、e interaction numerical simulation", "western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems".In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustaina

5、ble development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve theecological environment of the new century, the env

6、ironment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quali

7、ty talent environmental knowledge.Green peace in China and international stage play an active role. In China, the green peace was China's most influential media as "China's best public organization" On the international stage, green peace at the UN conference on climate change, and

8、 in the light of the international society should how to deal with climate change challenge from China put forward the folk organization views.Because of "traditional environmental technology can not to" contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level techno

9、logy mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental biological new technology, new methods of develop

10、ment and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology ispollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still can't very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein

11、group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method.People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not o

12、nly use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. F

13、rom external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical

14、form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life.Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the people's health effects

15、. These problems isreflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated la

16、nd excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, wit

17、hin the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside

18、the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and e

19、nvironmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification.Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological healthand future generations, t

20、he resources needed for survival and development. China's ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year, for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning t

21、han any other plan covers the content more widely. China's ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the-the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination.

22、Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, tha

23、t is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technolog

24、y system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the deve

25、lopment ofecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the."We have a responsibility, which is

26、not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief.The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. Pe

27、ople are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency ofEcological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city

28、has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have connection again already, have increase pu

29、blic cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditionsdiffer in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various developm

30、ent model.Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creat

31、ive planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning the

32、ory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time.Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future

33、urban planning work have important significance. In today's science and technology is developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment(including city is a global ecological system, part of the

34、human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee.Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is benef

35、icial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecolog

36、ical civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is "ecological self-s

37、upervision", that is, no matter when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship betw

38、een man and nature to solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory.Hope that nature can peace and common forever!環境生態學主要以人文社會和環境生態學方面國際社會廣泛關注的“可持續發展的理念”

39、、“環境保護與可持續發展戰略問題”、“和諧社會和循環型經濟”、“人類生存方式與環境生態危機”、“中國21世紀初可持續發展之路”、“環境文化與生存安全”、“全球變暖與地球環境生態安全”、“臭氧層破壞對地球環境生態的影響”、“酸雨對地球環境生態的影響”、“城市化對城市環境及區域氣候的影響”、“沙漠-綠洲生態系統水熱輸送及相互作用數值模擬”、“中國西部水資源開發與可持續發展問題”。在人類跨入21世紀之際,面臨不斷惡化的生存環境生態和資源的匱乏,人類清醒地認識到必須走可持續發展的道路。從長遠觀點來說,發展環境生態教育是解決環境問題和實施可持續發展戰略的根本。高等學校的環境生態教育,是提高新世紀建設者的

40、環境生態意識,向社會輸送環境生態保護專門人才的重要途徑。作為當代大學生,必須具有生存環境的時代緊迫感和具備應有的新世紀人才環境知識的需求素質。環境生態學研究重點是環境污染的生態學原理和規律、環境污染的綜合治理、自然資源的保護和利用、廢棄物的能源化和資源化技術,研究目的是改善不斷惡化的生態環境,達到資源的永續利用,促進經濟、環境和人類社會的可持續發展.環境生態學的研究對象是污染的環境對整個生態系統(以生物為主的影響。它是研究生態系統中的生物與污染的環境兩者之間作用與反作用、對立與統一、相互依賴與相互制約、物質的循環與代謝等一系列相互作用的規律,以及支配這些規律的內在機理。生命系統與人為干預的環境

41、系統兩者之間的相互作用,可以表現為各級水平,所以,環境生態學的研究對象既包括從宏觀上研究環境中污染物和人為干預的環境對生物的個體、種群、群落和生態系統產生影響的基本規律,也包括從微觀上研究污染物和人為干預的環境對生物的分子、細胞和組織器官產生的毒害作用及其機理。環境污染是指由于對生態系統有害的物質進入環境后對生態系統造成的干擾和損害的現象,簡稱污染。具體來說就是,有害物質或有害因子進入環境并在環境中發生擴散、遷移、轉化,并跟生態體統的諸要素發生作用,使生態系統的結構與功能發生變化,對人類以及其它生物的生存和發展產生不利影響。環境污染除了給生態系統造成直接的破壞和影響外,污染物的積累和遷移轉化還

42、會引起多種衍生的環境效應,給生態系統和人類社會造成間接的危害,有時這種間接的環境效應的危害比當時造成的直接危害更大,也更難消除。例如,溫室效應、酸雨、和臭氧層破壞就是由大氣污染衍生出的環境效應。這種由環境污染衍生的環境效應具有滯后性,往往在污染發生的當時不易被察覺或預料到,然而一旦發生就表示環境污染已經發展到相當嚴重的地步。當然,環境污染的最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人類環境的質量下降,影響人類的生活質量、身體健康和生產活動。例如城市的空氣污染造成空氣污濁,人們的發病率上升等等;水污染使水環境質量惡化,飲用水源的質量普遍下降,威脅人的身體健康,引起胎兒早產或畸形等等。嚴重的污染事件不僅帶

43、來健康問題,也造成社會問題。隨著污染的加劇和人們環境意識的提高,由于污染引起的人群糾紛和沖突逐年增加。目前在全球范圍內都不同程度地出現了環境污染問題,具有全球影響的方面有大氣環境污染、海洋污染、城市環境問,環境污染也日益呈現國際化趨勢,近年來出現的危險廢物越境轉移問題就是這方面的突出表現。綠色和平在中國和國際的舞臺都扮演著積極的角色。在中國,綠色和平被中國最有影響力的媒體評為“中國最佳公益組織”;在國際舞臺,綠色和平出席聯合國氣候變化大會,并針對國際社會應當如何應對氣候變化的挑戰提出來自中國的民間組織的見解。“氣候變化在全球范圍內造成越來越嚴重的影響,我們甚至有了緊迫感。現在缺乏的是政治上的意

44、愿。我們需要你們綠色和平,需要你們來匯聚民意,促使政治家們能夠去施行這件正確的事情。你們準備好了嗎?”現代生物技術與環境保護,現代生物技術是以DNA分子技術為基礎,包括微生物工程,細胞工程,酶工程,基因工程等一系列生物高新技術的總稱。現代生物技術不僅在農作物改良、醫藥研究、食品工程方面發揮著重要作用,而且也隨著日益突出的環境問題在治理污染、環境生物監測等方面發揮著重要的作用。自20世紀80年代以來生物技術作為一種高新技術,已普遍受到世界各國和民間研究機構的高度重視,發展十分迅猛。與傳統方法比較,生物治理方法具有許多優點。正因為要“能傳統環境技術之不能”,當代環境生物技術的發展熱點主要集中在高層

45、次技術,即以分子生物學技術為主體,以基因工程為主導的污染診斷、污染監測、污染控制及污染生態修復技術上。其中,環境生物新技術、新方法的開發和利用,如污染環境的分子診斷技術是污染控制與修復的前提和基礎。因為當前環境生物技術研究人員,仍不能很好地用生物芯片、轉基因、干細胞、蛋白質組、代謝組、生物發光等技術,發展出有效的污染檢測與監測方法。人與環境有著密不可分的關系。無論過去、現在還是未來,人類總是在不斷地改造環境,創造不僅使用,而且美觀的環境空間。城市所意味的,不僅僅是建筑、街道、商店等人工建構物的堆積,而蘊涵著在諸多功能性設施及硬質景觀相伴下的社會文化、經濟、政治和城市居民多姿多彩的生活。從外在的

46、視覺影像來看，城市是由其平面結構、天際輪廓、各色建筑、街市設施、區域地標、開放 的空間、植栽園林及穿梭不定的交通工具所構成，然而這些都是城市人在選擇和 被選擇的行為方式下形成的物質形態，其間蘊涵著深厚的自然法則、社會心理、 人文情感及歷史滄桑。 城市化在為人們帶來許多益處的同時，也產生一系列嚴重的生態環境問題，對自 然生態系統和人民健康產生影響。這些問題主要表現在三個方面：一是城市的氣 候變化（如熱島效應）和環境污染，包括水、空氣、噪聲和固體廢棄物污染等； 二是自然資源的耗竭與短缺，特別是淡水、化石燃料、耕地的過度利用和生物多 樣性的減少； 三是城市人口的增加導致大量的社會問題， 如住房緊張、 交通擁擠、 綠地減少、教育與衛生滯后等。生態城市是指在生態系統承載能力范圍內，運用 生態經濟學原理和系統工程方法建設起來的城市。生態市建設，改變了傳統的生 產和消費方式、決策和管理方法，充分挖掘市域內外一切可以利用的資源潛力， 具有經濟發達、生態高效的產業，體制合理、社會和諧的文化以及生態健康、景 觀適宜的環境，實現了社會主義市