1、獨立主格結構獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive）有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。非謂語動詞作狀語，其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致，非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語，從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為“獨立結構”。其中，非謂語動詞主動用V-ing，被動用V-ed。 非謂語動詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語，邏輯主語的代詞又是主格，故常稱為“獨立主格”

2、。“獨立結構”在句中起狀語作用，相當于狀語從句，表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。 編輯本段功能獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如： 表示時間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。 表示條件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 表示原因

3、There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。 表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the bes

4、t of all.) 編輯本段用法獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。 用作時間狀語The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 用作原因狀語An important lecture to be gi

5、ven tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts, ea

6、ch man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。 *注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。形式1>一般獨立主格形式:與主句邏輯關系松散形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介詞短語; n. + 形容詞; n. + 副詞. ; 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間是主謂關系。如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him),

7、he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Becau

8、se her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the boo

9、kstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 名詞/主格代詞+副詞如： He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。 名詞

10、/主格代詞+介詞短語如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 2>with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密 形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介詞短語 3>each引導的強調型獨立主格:強調句尾的復數名詞 形式為:句子 + 復數名詞結尾 , each + 介詞短語/形容詞短語/

11、名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（題源:GMAT語法全解白勇著，Page38） 4>其他形式 There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 The

12、re being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 It being +名詞（代詞）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。特點1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關系。 3

13、）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weathe

14、r permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本

15、厚書，走出了圖書館 注：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。 如：Dont sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我

16、無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。注意事項1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名詞