1、語法復習十：動詞的語氣虛擬語氣一、語氣的定義和種類l、語氣：語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。2、語氣的種類：(1)陳述語氣: 表示動作或狀態是現實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：We are not ready. 我們沒準備好。What a fine day it is!多好的天氣啊!(2)祈使語氣: 表示說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。如: Open the door, please。請打開門。(3)虛擬語氣: 表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設或推測等。如: If I were you, I shoul

2、d study English. 如果我是你，我就學英語了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法 條件句有兩類，一類是真實條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設的情況是有可能發生的，就是真實條件何。在這種真實條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。如果假設的情況是過去或現在都不存在的，或將來不大可能發生的，則是虛擬條件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you a

3、bout it. 如果他昨天見到你，他會問你這件事的。(事實上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。)在含有虛擬條件句的復合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。現將虛擬條件從句和主句的動詞形式列表如下:從 句主 句與現在事實相反動詞的過去式（be的過去式一般用were）would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形與過去事實相反had + 過去分詞 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 過去分詞與將來事實相反 動詞過去式，should + 動詞原形，were to + 動詞原形would/ should/ could/ might +

4、 動詞原形注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國英語中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。l、表示與現在事實相反的假設和結果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒 ，一切都沒問題了。 2、表示與過去事實相反的假設和結果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(不可能)考試不及格。3、表示與將來事實可能相

5、反的假設和結果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。4、有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發生的時間不一致（表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣），這時動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間加以調整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would

6、 be all right now. 如果你當初聽了醫生的話，身體現在就好了。(從句動作指過去，主句動作指現在) 5、虛擬條件句可以轉換成下列形式: (l)省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把這幾個詞放到主語之前，構成主謂倒裝。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是來了，讓他給我打個電話。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。 (2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句

7、。有時假設的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語來表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會有生物了。But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help) I couldnt have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。 假設的情況有時可以通過上下文或其他方式表現出來。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there

8、with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本來該完成這項工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會完成)6、省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。(1

9、)省去條件從句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了If you had wanted to)(事實是:你自己沒洗衣服，因為你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!(事實是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她沒走就好了!(事實是:她已經走了。)三、虛擬語氣的其他用法l、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法：在It is important (strange，natural

10、，necessary)that這類句型里，that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用 “should十動詞原形”結構，表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意義。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個成員知道這些規則。2、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中用法：(1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現在或過去的事實相反，或對將來的主觀愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。1)表示對現在情況的虛擬:從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式(be動詞一般用were)。如: I wish I knew th

11、e answer to the question. 我希望知道這個問題的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞常用had十過去分詞。如: I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。(實際上已經花掉)；3)表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為would十動詞原形。此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現，取決于從句主語的態度或意愿(非動物名詞除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would com

12、e soon. 但愿你立刻來。 (2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“should + 動詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復我。3、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法(1)在帶有even if/ even though引導的讓步狀語從句的主從復合句中，主句和從句都用虛擬語氣，動詞形式與含有非真實條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如: Even if he had been il

13、l, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他倆去辦公室。 (2)由as if或as though引導的狀語從句表示比較或方式時。從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式(be用were)或 “had十過去分詞”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那樣對待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她談論那部影片，就好像她確實看過一樣。 注:如果表示的事情可能會發生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。(3)在in or

14、der that或so that引導的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用 “could或might（有時也用should）+ 動詞原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生說得很慢，好讓學生聽清楚。 4、虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法：在It is time (that) 句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動詞形式一般用過去式，意思是該干某事的時候了。如: Its (high) time we did our homework. 我們該做作業了。5、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的

15、用法(1)情態動詞的過去式用于現在時態時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，或委婉的語氣，常見于日常會話中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好別太晚睡覺。(2)在一些習慣表達中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我寧愿不告訴你。(3)用“may + 動詞原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此時may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快樂！May good luck be yours.祝你順利。練習、虛擬語氣1. If I _ where he lived,

16、I _ a note to him.A. knew, wouldB. had known, would have sentC. know, would sendD. knew, would have sent2. If they _ earlier than expected, they _ here now.A. had started, would beB. started, might beC. had started, would have beenD. will start, might have been3. I didnt know his telephone number. _

17、 it, I _ then.A. Had I known, would ring him upB. Should I know, would have rung him up C. If I knew; would ring him upD. Had I known; would have rung him up4. Mary is ill today. If she _ , she _ absent from school. A. were not ill; wouldn t beB. had been ill; wouldnt have been C. had been ill; shou

18、ld have beenD. hadnt been ill; could be5. Were I to do it, I _ it some other way. A. will do B. would doC. would have done D. were to do6. I _ him the answer _ possible, but I was so busy then. A. could tell; if it had beenB. must have told; were it C. should have told; had it beenD. should have tol

19、d; should it be7. Without your help, we_ so much. A. won t achieve B. didn t achieve C. dont achieve D. wouldnt have achieved8. You didnt take his advice. _ his advice, you _ such a mistake. A. Had you taken; wouldnt have madeB. If you had taken; would make C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have madeD.

20、 Have you taken; won t have made9. We wish we _ what you did when we were at high school. A. didB. could have doneC. have doneD. should do10. She wishes she _ to the theatre last night. A. wentB. would goC. had goneD. were going11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he _ be tall when he g

21、rows up. A. could B. shouldC. would D. were able to12. My sister advised me that I _ accept the invitation. A. could B. mustC. should D. might13. He asks that he _ an opportunity to explain why hes refused to go there.A. is givenB. must giveC. should give D. be given14. Do you think of Wang Fangs su

22、ggestion that he _ Mr. Li to the party? A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite15. I insisted that he _ at once. A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go16. Li Ming insisted that he _ anything at all.A. hadn t stolen B. shouldn t steal C. doesn t steal D. steal17. It is quite natural

23、that my coming late again _ them very angry. A. had madeB. would makeC. makesD. make18. He acted as if he _ everything in the world. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. wont know19. Read it aloud so that I _ you clearly. A. may hearB. will hearC. hearD. have heard20. They got up early in order that the

24、y _ they first train. A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch21. I am sorry that he _ in such poor health. A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be22. That is a good book. You _ it yesterday. A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought23. It is high time we _ home. A. wil

25、l go B. would goC. have goneD. went24. I d rather that you _ home. A. wentB. have goneC. will goD. had gone25. If only I _ to the lecture! A. listenB. will listen C. am listeningD. had listened26. - If he_ , he _ that food.- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not t

26、akeB. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken27.I didn t see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did comeC. came D. had come28. Without electricity, human life _ quite different to

27、day. A. is B. will beC. would have been D. would be29. He _ you more help, even though he was very busy.A. might have givenB. might giveC. may have givenD. may give30. If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have

28、toB. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have toD. do not keep; have to31. Mikes father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _ home. A. stayed B. could stayC. has stayed D. stay32. Mr. Smith insisted that he _ the work all.A. had done B. have doneC. did D. so33. Jane would never have gone to the party _ that Mary would come to see her. A. has she known B. had she knownC. if she know D. if she has known34. If you had enough money, what _ ? A. will you buyB. would you buyC