1、Unit 2現(xiàn)在完成時（現(xiàn)在完成時（Present Perfect）現(xiàn)在完成進行時（現(xiàn)在完成進行時（Present Perfect Progressive）現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時既可用動作動詞表示，現(xiàn)在完成時既可用動作動詞表示，也可用狀態(tài)動詞表示。一個是也可用狀態(tài)動詞表示。一個是“已已完成完成”（“Finished” Use）用法，用法，一個是一個是“未完成未完成”（“Unfinished” Use ）用法。不能與確定的過去時用法。不能與確定的過去時間的狀語連用。間的狀語連用。 當表示過去時間的狀語是由Since作介詞或連詞引導時，就可以同現(xiàn)在完成時連用。 Ive known him

2、 since 1960. 1. “1. “已完成已完成”（“Finished” Use） 現(xiàn)在完成時的這一用法，表示動作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前某個沒有明確說出的時間（常指最近的過去時間），現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成了，并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。 Hes turned off the light. Ive never been to Tibet. 現(xiàn)在完成時的“已完成”用法，可以不用時間狀語，也可以和下列幾種時間狀語連用。 表示不確定的過去時間的狀語，如already, yet, before, recently, lately. Shes already gone. We havent been there la

3、tely. 表示頻度的時間狀語。如often, sometimes, rarely, ever, never, once We have often been there. Ive been there once or twice. 表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內的時間狀語，如just, today, this year Ive just seen your brother. Weve had too much rain this year. 2. “2. “未完成未完成”（“Unfinished” Unfinished” Use Use ） 現(xiàn)在完成時的“未完成”用法，表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始，繼

4、續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能持續(xù)下去，也可能剛剛結束。不適用于表示短暫動作或位置轉移的動詞，如open, break, go, come, arrive, leave. Hes lived here since 1960. Shes worked hard all her life. 某些持續(xù)性較短的動作動詞有時也可用于現(xiàn)在完成時的“未完成”用法，一般只限于下面兩種用法： 用于否定結構中 He hasnt written to me for two years. They havent visited us since 1970. 通過某些詞匯手段，表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內的一段時間過程中反復發(fā)生的動作。 He

5、 has often written to me since he left Shanghai. He has visited us a number of times in the past two years. 與“未完成”連用的時間狀語 由since引導的時間狀語 Ive known him since our schooldays. 由for引導的時間狀語 Ive learnt English for many years. 其他表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內的一段時間的時間狀語， 如until (till, up to) now, up to the present, so far, in (

6、for) the past (last) few years, all the while Up to the present/So far everything has been successful. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時現(xiàn)在完成進行時 現(xiàn)在完成進行時一般只適用于動作動詞，所表示的動作具有持續(xù)性未完成性。 1. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時可以用來表示一個動作從過去某時開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時刻還在繼續(xù)進行。這一用法與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如for two hours, since early morning, these few days, for the past few days. Ive been t

7、ranslating this article for two hours. 2. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時也可以用來表示一個動作從過去某時開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時刻，在說話時，這個動作剛結束。 -Sorry, Ive kept you waiting. -Its all right. Ive been reading newspapers. 3.現(xiàn)在完成進行時還可表示最近的過去剛才完成的動作，其結果對現(xiàn)在有影響，或者有聯(lián)系。 Shes been crying. （從她現(xiàn)在眼睛紅腫來斷定） 3、反復性用法，表示過去到現(xiàn)在這段時間內反復發(fā)生的動作。 I have been to the city twice

8、 this week. I have often wondered where she gets her money all these days. 這種用法從時間上與現(xiàn)在發(fā)生了聯(lián)系。現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時vsvs現(xiàn)在完成進行時現(xiàn)在完成進行時 1. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的主要用法與現(xiàn)在完成時的“未完成”用法相似。在與表示一段時間的狀語連用時，現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時都可以表示一個動作從過去某時開始，延續(xù)到說話時刻，并可能繼續(xù)下去。在這一用法中，往往可以將兩種結構互換使用。 Ive been singing all afternoon. Ive sung all afternoon. 2. 用“How

9、 long”結構詢問目前正在進行的動作的時間長度時，習慣上多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 How long have you been learning English? 3. 對于lie, sit, wait, stay等動詞，現(xiàn)代英語口語傾向于使用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 Ive been sitting here all afternoon. 4. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時一般不適用于狀態(tài)動詞，要表示狀態(tài)動詞的“未完成”用法，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時。 Weve known each other since childhood. Can you make sure _ the gold ring?A.where Alice

10、 had putB.where had Alice putC.where Alice has putD.where has Alice put使用現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的使用現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的“放放”的動作的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，究竟金戒指現(xiàn)在對現(xiàn)在的影響，究竟金戒指現(xiàn)在“在哪里在哪里”。When I was at college I _ three foreignlanguages,but I _ all except a few words of each.A.spoke;had forgottenB.spoke;have forgottenC.had spoken;had forgot

11、tenD.had spoken;have forgotten“但都忘了但都忘了”是現(xiàn)在的情況，要用現(xiàn)在完成時，強調結果。是現(xiàn)在的情況，要用現(xiàn)在完成時，強調結果。-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had beenC.was D.will be“(for) only a few minutes”說明幾分鐘前來說明幾分鐘前來了這里，一直到現(xiàn)在。了這里，一直到現(xiàn)在。-_ the sports meet might be put off.-Yes,it all de

12、pends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive toldC.Im told D.I told“被告知被告知”是過去的事，是過去的事，對現(xiàn)在的影響對現(xiàn)在的影響是是“我已知道我已知道”The price _,but I doubt whether it will remain so.A.went down B.will go downC.has gone down D.was going down 表示已發(fā)生的動作表示已發(fā)生的動作All the preparations for the task_,and were ready to start.A.com

13、pleted B.completeC.had been completedD.have been completed過去的動作過去的動作“完成了準備工作完成了準備工作”，對現(xiàn)在的，對現(xiàn)在的影響是影響是“現(xiàn)在已準備出發(fā)了現(xiàn)在已準備出發(fā)了”。My dictionary _. I have My dictionary _. I have looked for it everywhere looked for it everywhere but still _ it.but still _ it. has lost; dont findhas lost; dont find is missing; d

14、ont findis missing; dont find has lost; havent foundhas lost; havent foundA.A.is missing; havent foundis missing; havent found-Do you know our town at -Do you know our town at all?all?-No, this is the first time I -No, this is the first time I _ here._ here. was B. have beenwas B. have beenC. came D

15、. am comingC. came D. am coming-Where _ the recorder? -Where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.I cant see it anywhere.-I _ it right here, but -I _ it right here, but now its gone.now its gone. did you put; have putdid you put; have put have you put; puthave you put; put had you put; have puthad

16、 you put; have putA.A.were you putting; have were you putting; have putput- Who is Jerry Cooper?- Who is Jerry Cooper?- _? I saw you shaking - _? I saw you shaking hands with him at the hands with him at the meeting.meeting. Dont you meet him yetDont you meet him yet Hadnt you met him yetHadnt you m

17、et him yet Didnt you meet him yetDidnt you meet him yetA.A.Havent you met him yetHavent you met him yetYou dont need to describe You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.her. I _ her several times. had methad met have met have met met metA.A. meet meetThe CCTV has been broadcasting Engli

18、sh programs ever since 1977.1977now表示一個事件在某個事件之表示一個事件在某個事件之前一直進行前一直進行,用于表達事件的用于表達事件的持續(xù)性持續(xù)性.You look hot and tired. Have you been exercising? Im sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long? -Hi, Tracy, you look tired.- I am tired. I _ the living room all day. painted had paintedC. have been paintingD. have paintedShe _ letters all She _ letters all morning and felt tired.morning and felt tired. has been writing has been writing B. writesB. writesC. has writtenC. has writtenD. had