1、 Machinery ComponentsMachinery Components Mechanical Design ProcessMechanical Design ProcessFig.1.1 Design Process Model AnalysisAnalysis machinery n. 總稱 機器，機械 trivial adj. 瑣細的，平常的，微不足道的mechanism n. 機構chain n. 鏈(條)，鐐銬，一連串，一系列turbine blade n. 渦輪機葉片crankshaft n. 曲軸propeller n. 推進者, 推進物, 尤指輪船、飛 機上的螺旋推進

2、器discard v. 丟棄, 拋棄recognition n. 識別trigger v. 引發, 引起, 觸發vague adj. 含糊的, 不清楚的synthesis n. 綜合ideation n 構思能力，思維能力，構思過程aggregate adj. 合計的, 集合的prototype n. 樣機，原型erroneous adj. 錯誤的, 不正確的iteration n. 反復competent adj. 有能力的, 勝任的versatile adj. 通用的, 萬能的, 多才多藝的1 Machinery design is either to formulate an engin

3、eering plan for the satisfaction of a specified need or to solve an engineering problem. eitheror：或或 formulate：明確地表達，闡明機械設計用以闡明滿足某種特殊需要的工程計劃或解決具體的工程問題。2 It is important that the designer begins by identifying exactly how he or she will recognize a satisfactory alternative, and how to distinguish bet

4、ween two satisfactory alternatives in order to identify the best.對于設計者來說，一開始就能準確判定出令人滿意的設計方案，并能加以區別以選擇最好的，這一點很重要。3 And the mechanical system is decomposed into mechanisms, which can be further decomposed into mechanical components. be decomposed into：被分解為 which 引導一個定語從句，在從句中做主語，指前 面的 mechanisms。 機械系

5、統可以分解為機構, 機構又可以進一步分解為機械零件。 The practice of design can be one of the most exciting and fulfilling activities that an engineer can undertake. There is a strong sense of satisfaction and pride in seeing the results of ones creative efforts emerge into actual products and processes that benefit people.

6、To do design well requires a number of characteristics.1They are using a () shovel to clear up the streets.2Many products are made by ().3There is not a () who hasnt had this problem. 4Machinery design involves a range of disciplines in materials, (), heat, flow, control, electronics and production.

7、5The Allies finally smashed the Nazi war ().Fig.2.1 Types of Camsmechanism n. 機構motion pairs 運動副disposition n. 配置；排列machine frame 機座，機架coordinate n. 坐標motivity member 原動件parameter n. 參變量driven member 從動件free degree 自由度categorize v. 分類category n. 種類，邏輯范疇planar adj. 平面的，平坦的spherical adj. 球的，球形的spatial

8、 adj. 空間的loci n. locus的復數形式 點的軌跡1 The motion specific property of mechanism chiefly depends on the relative size between the member, and the character of motion pairs, as well as the mutual disposition method etc. 機構的運動特性主要取決于構件間的相對大小、運動副的性質以及相互配置方式等。 specific property：特性 as well as：不但而且；和一樣；和；也，表示遞

9、進或并列關系。2 The criterion which distinguishes the groups，however，is to be found in the characteristics of the motions of the links然而，區別分類的標準在于連桿裝置的運動特性。 which引導定語從句，修飾criterion to be found為不定式被動語態。 1inks譯為“連桿裝置”。3 This characteristic makes it possible to represent the locus of any chosen point of a pla

10、nar mechanism in its true size and shape on a single drawing or figure 有了這一特點，就能夠在單個圖形或圖像上，以實際的尺寸和形狀來繪出平面機構的任意選擇點的軌跡。 makes it possible：使可能 represent：描繪，展現 planar mechanism：平面機構。 in size and shape：在大小和形狀方面該機構為平面四連桿機構( )，1為機架( )，2為原動件( )，3、4為從動件( )，A為回轉副()， 屬于低副( )，B為固定連接( )。構件( )4中的焊接符號( )表示4為一個構件。該

11、機構的自由度數( )必須等于原動件數，才能實現確定的運動()。 Chain DrivesChain DrivesGear n. 齒輪projection n. 凸出cycloidal adi. 擺線的cycloidal profile 擺線輪廓involute adi. 漸開線的involute profile 漸開線輪廓conjugate adi. 共軛的pinion n. 小齒輪dimension n. 量綱mate v. 嚙合engagement n. 嚙合tangency n. 接觸pitch n. 齒節intersect v . 相交，交叉disposition n. 排列，配置he

12、lical gear 螺旋齒輪spur gear 正齒輪，直齒輪worm n. 蝸輪，蝸桿bevel gear 傘形齒輪，錐齒輪hourglass n 沙漏V-belt V型帶splice n. 連接pulley n. (皮帶)輪groove n. 溝，槽tractive adi. 牽引的clearance n. 間隙chain drive 鏈傳動prototype n. 模型，原型機saw n. 鋸escalator n. 自動扶梯roller chain 套筒滾子鏈條，滾子鏈bead chain 滾珠鏈條bushing n. 套筒sprocket n. 鏈輪strand n. 排，列ven

13、etian blind 威尼斯百葉窗，軟百葉窗1 Gears are direct contact bodies，operating in pairs，that transmit motion and force from one rotating shaft to another，or from a shaft to a slide (rack)，by means of successively engaging projections called teeth operating in pairs： 分詞短語，修飾前面的Gears。 that引導的從句，修飾前面的Gears。 by mea

14、ns of表示“借助”、“通過”的意思齒輪是直接接觸的實體，成對使用，在稱為齒的凸起的連續嚙合作用下，齒輪將運動和力從一根轉軸傳遞到另一根轉軸上，或者將運動和力從一根軸傳遞到滑塊(齒條)上。2 If an involute spur pinion were made of rubber and twisted uniformly so that the ends rotated about the axis relative to one another，the elements of the teeth，initially straight and parallel to the axis，

15、would become helices. 假設一漸開線直齒輪是用橡膠制成的，并且能夠均勻扭轉，那么，兩端就會繞著軸線做相對的轉動，這樣，開始是直的并平行于軸線的小齒輪上的齒，就變成了螺旋形。 were made of：“由組成” so that引導結果狀語從句 parallel to：“平行于”3 Sufficient clearance must be provided at the bottom of the groove to prevent the belt from bottoming as it becomes narrower from wear. at the bottom

16、of“在的底部” preventfrom wear“防止磨損”4 Today, as the result of modern design and production methods, chain drives that are much superior to their prototypes are available, and these have contributed greatly to the development of efficient agricultural machinery, well-drilling equipment, and mining and con

17、struction machinery. 如今，隨著現代設計和制造方法的改進，鏈傳動的應用越來越廣泛，大大提高了農業機械、鉆探設備、礦業和建筑機械的效率。 superior to表示“優于”的意思。 and引導的是一句并列句。 A gear having tooth elements that are straight and parallel to its axis is known as a spur gear. A spur pair can be used to connect parallel shafts only. Parallel shafts, however, can al

18、so be connected by gears of another type, and a spur gear can be mated with a gear of a different type. Fig.3.1 Structure Fig.4.1 Journal Bearingdevice di5vais n. 器件；設備；裝置fastener n. 緊固件，緊固零件classification n. 分類，類別removable adi. 可移動的，可拆的semipermanent adj. 半永久性的cotter pin n. 開口銷，開尾銷disassemble v 拆開，分

19、散rivet n. 鉚釘；v. 鉚；鉚接weld v. 焊接，熔接nuisance n. 障礙，損害rattle v.& n 發出喀啦聲，硬物質的撞 擊聲nut n 螺帽bolt n. 螺釘，螺栓 v. 用螺栓連接screw n. 螺釘，螺旋絲桿lock washer n. 鎖緊墊圈，止動墊圈，防松墊圈resilience n. 彈力，彈性aluminum n. 鋁(金屬元素符號)shaft n. 軸bearing n. 軸承，支承gear n. 齒輪cam n. 凸輪，靠模clutch v.& n. 抓住，離合器 cold-roll v.& n 冷軋，冷軋機forge

20、 v.& n 鍛造，打制flexible adj. 柔軟的，適用性強friction n. 摩擦brake v. 破壞，折斷，損壞wear v.& n 磨損，耗損arrangement n. 布置，排列contaminant n. 雜質，污染物質sealing arrangement n. 密封裝置hostility n. 敵意，惡劣appreciation n. 評價，欣賞interference n. 干涉，過盈fretting n. 微振磨損corrosion n. 腐蝕abut v. 鄰接，倚靠stress concentration 應力集中shoulder n. 軸

21、肩chamfer v.& n.倒角，倒圓，開槽journal bearing n. 滑動軸承cylinderical adj. 圓筒狀的，柱狀的lubricant n. 潤滑劑，潤滑材料compatible adj. 相適用，和諧的，一致的1 Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs.緊固件可以將一個零件與另一個零件相連接。因此，幾乎在所有的設計中都要用到緊固件。 which引導

22、定語從句修飾devices。 to be joined to a second part第一個不定式to表示目的。be joined to是介詞詞組，to表示“到”的意思。 are involved in表示“涉及”、“包括”的意思。2 This change in the length of the bolt can be caused by a number of factors-creep in the bolt, loss of resilience, difference in thermal expansion between the bolt and the bolted mem

23、bers, or wear. 這種螺栓長度的變化可由多種因素引起螺栓內部蠕變、彈性喪失、螺栓與被連接件間的熱膨脹差異或磨損。 factors-creep是復合詞，表示“引起蠕動的因素”。 loss of resilience表示“彈性喪失”。3 In general, the bending deflection of a shaft should not exceed 0.01 in. per ft of length between bearing supports. 一般來說，在兩個軸承支承之間，軸在每英尺長度上的彎曲變形不應該超過0.01英寸。 0.01 in. per ft表示“每英

24、尺長度上為0.01英寸”。ft是foot(英尺)的簡寫；in是inch(英寸)的簡寫。 between bearing supports中between表示兩者之間，可譯為在兩軸承支承之間。4 Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements become necessary which may increase frictional drag. 在高轉速場合下需要有專門的冷卻裝置，這可能會增大摩擦阻力。 where引導非限制性定語從句，表示“在哪里”。 which may increase frictional drag修飾主語 cooli

25、ng arrangements，因為謂語比較短而放在謂語最后。 A bearing is a connector that permit the connected members to either rotate or translate (more to and from) relative to one another but prevents them from separating in the direction in which loads are applied. In many cases one of the members is fixed, and the bearin

26、g acts as a support for the moving member.Fig.5.1 Projection planesFig.5.2 The Symbols of the Different Angle ProjectionThe first-angle projection The third-angle projectionFig.5.3 Three Views of Composite Objectgraphics n. 制圖，圖學drafting n. 草圖，制圖drawing n. 繪圖，制圖，圖樣projection n. 投影dimension n. 尺寸；v.

27、給標注尺寸spatial analysis 空間分析spatial visualization 空間想象horizontal projection 水平投影frontal projection 正投影profile projection 側投影quadrant n. 象限center-lines of symmetry 對稱中心線composite object 組合體detail drawing 零件圖assembly drawing 裝配圖phantom line 假想線1 Graphics comes to our vocabulary from the Greek word graph

28、o, whose extended meaning is “drafting” or “drawing”, the drawing is the primary medium for developing and communicating technical ideas. 圖學一詞來源于希臘語grapho，其延伸意義為“繪圖”或“圖樣”。圖樣是開發和交流技術思想的主要工具。2 According to the Chinese National Standard of Technical Drawings, the first-angle projection is used to make

29、engineering drawings while in some other countries, such as in the USA and Canada, the third-angle projection is used. 依據中國機械制圖國家標準，制圖采用第一角投影，而其他一些國家像美國和加拿大則采用第三角投影。3Special conventions: Representation of making the cut along joint face or taking some parts apart; representation of showing parts sep

30、arately; representation of using phantom lines; exaggerated representation; simplified representation. 特殊規定：沿結合面剖切或把某些零件拆開的畫法；單獨表示零件畫法；使用假想線畫法；夸大畫法；簡化畫法。 Similar to an offset in that the cutting-plane line staggers, however, it differs in that the cutting-plane line is offset at some angle other tha

31、n 90. When the section is taken the sectional view is drawn as if the cutting-plane is rotated to the plane perpendicular to the line of sight. This is why the right side sectional view may sometimes be elongated (depending on the shape).Exercise：Drawing the front view to aligned section.The Fig. 5.

32、4 is the topic and Fig. 5.5 is the answer.Fig.5.4 The TopicFig.5.5 The Answer There are several good reasons for using a CAD system to support the engineering design function:(1) To increase the productivity.(2) To improve the quality of the design.(3) To uniform design standards.(4) To create a man

33、ufacturing data base.(5) To eliminate inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawings and inconsistency between drawings. Models in CAD can be classified as being two-dimensional models, two-and-half- dimensional models, or three-dimensional models. A 2-D model represents a flat part and a 3-D model

34、 provides representation of a generalized part shape(as shown in Fig.6.1). A -D model can be used to represent a part of constant section with no side-wall details. 3The major advantage of a -D model is that it gives a certain amount of 3-D information about a part without the need to create the dat

35、abase of a full 3-D model. After a particular design alternative has been developed, some form of engineering analysis must often be performed as a part of the design process. 4The analysis may take the form stress-strain calculations, heat transfer analysis, dynamic simulation etc. Some examples of

36、 the software typically offered on CAD systems are mass properties and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. Mass properties involve the computation of such features of a solid object as its volume, surface area, weight, and center of gravity. FEM analysis is available on most CAD systems to aid in

37、heat transfer, stress-strain analysis, dynamic characteristics, and other engineering computations. Presently, many CAD systems can automatically generate the 2-D or 3-D FEM meshes which are essential to FEM analysis.(a) Wire-frame Model(b) Surface ModelFig.6.1 Three-dimension Models CAM can be defi

38、ned as computer aided preparation manufacturing including decision-making, process and operational planning, software design techniques, and artificial intelligence, and manufacturing with different types of automation (NC machine, NC machine centers, NC machining cells, NC flexible manufacturing sy

39、stems), and different types of realization (CNC single unit technology, DNC group technology).The CAM covers group technology, manufacturing database, automated and tolerance. Fig.6.2 illustrates the general scope of CAM.Fig.6.2 The General Scope of CAM When a design has frozen, manufacturing can be

40、gin. Computers have an important role to play in many aspects of production. Modern shipbuilding fabricates structures from welded steel plates that are cut from a large steel sheet. Computer-controlled flame cutters are often used for this task and the computer is used to calculate the optimum layo

41、ut of the components to minimize waste metal.evolve v. (使)發展，(使)進展，(使)進化conceptualization n. 化為概念，概念化documentation n. 文件inconsistency n. 不兼容性NC. Numerical Control 數字控制CNC. Computer Numerical Control 計算機數字控制interactive adj. 交互式的wire-frame models 線框模型surface models 表面模型solid models 實體模型stress-strain 應

42、力-應變fabricate v. 構成，偽造，虛構incorporate adj. 合并的，一體化的1 Perhaps the single development that has impacted manufacturing more quickly and significantly than any previous technology is the digital computer. that has impacted manufacturing more quickly and significantly than any previous technology是定語從句，修飾d

43、evelopment。 全句可翻譯成：與以前出現的任何科學技術相比，對工程制造業沖擊最快、影響更大的是數字計算機。2 Computer-aided design (CAD) is defined as the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualization to documentation. be defined as: 定義成，定義為。例如，Teachers are defined as those who do some te

44、aching at school。 to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualization to documentation 為本句的目的狀語；from conceptualization to documentation 為介詞短語作定語修飾前面的design，其字面的解釋是從概念到文件，其實指的就是產品設計過程。3 The major advantage of a -D model is that it gives a certain amount of 3-D information about a part without

45、 the need to create the database of a full 3-D model. that引導的是表語從句。 without引導的介詞短語在整個句子中充當狀語，例如：I wouldnt have accomplished the designated task without your help.4 The analysis may take the form stress-strain calculations, heat transfer analysis, dynamic simulation etc. Some examples of the software

46、 typically offered on CAD systems are mass properties and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. 這里的take應譯為，包括，包含。 stress-strain：應力應變；dynamic simulation：動力學仿真，simulation：仿真，計算；Finite Element Method (FEM)：有限元方法，是一種對物體進行物理特性分析的方法，目前被廣泛地應用在機械學、傳熱學、電磁學等領域。5 Lower level strategies only use computers for s

47、torage and retrieval of the data for the process plans which will be constructed manually by process planners, as well as for supplying the data which will be used in the planners new work. as well as：也，又，介詞性詞組，常引導名詞，代詞，或相當于名詞性的短語； for supplying the data which will be used in the planners new work，與

48、for storage and retrieval of the data for the process plans which will be constructed manually by process planners作用相當，都是use computers的目的。6 The database in a CAPP system based on the highest level strategy will be directly integrated with conjunctive systems, e.g. CAD and CAM.based on the highest le

49、vel strategy，過去分詞短語作定語前面的system；based on，基于，建立在，在句中可作狀語或定語，試比較：based on the experimental results, it could be inferred that a heat pipe has a strong ability to transfer heat.We do believe the facts based on the experiments. AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting and design system implemented on a pers

50、onal computer. It supports a large number of devices. Device drivers come with the system and include most of the digitizers, printer/plotters, video display boards, and plotters available on the market.AutoCAD supports 2-D drafting and 3-D wire-frame models. The system is designed as a single-user

51、CAD package. The drawing elements are lines, poly-lines of any width, arcs, circles, faces, and solids. There are many ways to define a drawing element. For example, a circle can be defined by the center and its radius, three points, and two end points of its diameter. The system always prompts the

52、user for all options. Fig.7.1 Procedure of Shape Optimizationoptimization n. 最佳化，最優化finite element analysis (FEA) 有限元分析computer aided design(CAD) 計算機輔助設計burden n. 擔子，負擔，責任，義務rigor n. 嚴格，嚴密，精確mesh n. 網孔，網格，網狀物scenario n. 意大利語方案，情況seamless adj. 無縫的，無傷痕的criterion n. 標準，規范，準則，判據iteration n. 反復，迭代geometr

53、y n. 幾何學，幾何圖形，表面形狀gauge v. 判斷，測試，測定，測量intensive adj. 強化的，加強的cast v. 計算，派(角色)，分類整理assembly n. 組合，裝配，部件，匯編variable n. 可變物，變量 adj. 可變的，變量的warrant v. 成為的證據，保證， 證明是正確的yield v. 產出，產生，提供，給予underlying adj. (做)基礎的，根本的linear adj. 線的，直線的，線性的function n. 功能，作用，數函數constraint n. 約束，強制，局促impetus n. 推動力，促進，刺激，激勵sche

54、me n. 計劃，陰謀，方案，圖解1 This integration has the power to reduce design costs by shifting the burden from the engineer to the computer. power：能力，has the power to翻譯成“能夠”。 注意power在作為“能力”時和ability的區別，和ability相比power更強調“本能，智能和體能”，試比較：Some animals have the power to see in the dark.He has a strong ability to d

55、eal with the business.2 Care is taken such that the FEA model is also updated using the principle of associativity, which implies that constraints and loads are preserved from the prior analysis. 主句很短，such that引導狀語從句。 which引導非限定性定語從句，which代表前面這個句子的意思。 此外上述句子，還可寫成以下兩種形式：Care is taken such that the FE

56、A model is also updated using the principle of associativity, as implies that constraints and loads are preserved from the prior analysis.As implies that constraints and loads are preserved from the prior analysis, Care is taken such that the FEA model is also updated using the principle of associat

57、ivity.3 Fortunately, most design optimization problems can be cast as a mathematical optimization problem for which there exist many efficient solution methods. cast：派(角色)，此處be cast as轉譯為“看成”。 for which：介詞+ which引導的定語從句修飾其前面的problem。試比較：At an instant, the energy in the control volume includes the ra

58、te at which thermal and mechanical energy enters and leave through the control surface.4 One definite advantage of automated methods over manual approaches is that software applications, if implemented correctly, should consider all variable possibilities. advantageover：與相比的優越性 that引導表語從句，其中if imple

59、mented correctly是插入短語。 Optimization is concerned with finding the best possible solution, formally referred to as the optimal solution, to a particular problem (for example, a design problem). The term optimization is often used very loosely in general speech, for our purposes it has a precise meani

60、ng: the action of finding the best possible solution to a problem as defined by an unambiguous criterion: the cost function.Fig.8.1 Multi-body Model of a Volvo L220E Wheel Loader, Loading GravelFig.8.2 Initial Calculation Loop for Balancing the Main SystemFig.8.3 Dynamic Torque Curve of a Modern, TurboCharged Diesel Engi