1、環(huán)保意識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造(ECD&M)Let the figures tell you the truth讓數(shù)字告訴你事實(shí)In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house- holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day.According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill s

2、ites in the past 10 years. The report also infers that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. China environment statistical yearbook 2009, according to the national industrial solid waste production amount of 2.03943 billion tons, an increase of 7.3% over the previous year

3、; Industrial solid waste emissions of 7.1 million tons, 9.2% less than last year. Industrial waste comprehensive utilization of soil is 1.38186 billion tons, an increase of 11.9% over the previous year; Industrial solid waste storage capacity of 209.29 million tons, less than last year 4.4% of indus

4、trial solid waste disposal capacity is 474.88 million tons, 1.7% less than last year.In the discharge of industrial solid waste, hazardous waste production amount is 14.3 million tons, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year; Hazardous waste emissions of 1.5 tons, a 99.8% decrease from the previo

5、us year; Hazardous waste storage capacity of 2.19 million tons, an increase of 11.7% over the previous year; Hazardous waste disposal capacity is 4.28 million tons, an increase of 10% over the previous year.A simple exampleNo exhaust green carCar generally have exhaustOverview As opposed to the trad

6、itional end-of-pipe treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the products environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the products competitiveness in the environmentally conscious market place.There are two general approaches t

7、o ECD&M. The first approach (zero- wasted lifecycle) The second approach (incremental waste lifecycle control) EnvironmentallyConsciousReuseRemanufactureRecycleDisposal TimeModularityEnergyMaterialsCostL e v e l 1 ：ObjectiveLevel 2：P o s t -Use ProcessL e v e l 3 ：D e s i g n FactorThe principle

8、 of ECM is to adopt those processes that reduce the harmful environmental impacts of manufacturing, including minimization of hazardous waste and emissions reduction of energy consumption, improvement of materials utilization efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety.The activities of ECM em

9、phasize largely extracting the useful product from raw materials, the avoiding of waste generation at the source, or using waste to create other products. In addition, ECM involves refining operating procedures, replacing existing processes and developing new, waste-free processes, finding innovativ

10、e ways to redesign products, and increasing recycling.Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering research helped us better understand how pollutants migrate through soils, groundwater, and air, and developed treatment technologies to minimize their impact on natural and human environment. T

11、he four basic approaches to waste management. Pollution PreventionThe term pollution prevention was coined in 1976 by the 3M Co. and is based on the technological and management advances program. . The purposes of this program are : 1) to reduce environmental releases 2) to lower costs in production

12、 from previous methods associated with pollution.Design for Environment Design for Environment (DFE) is defined by Lenox, Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as the systematic process by which firms design products and processes in an environmentally conscious way. Horvath et al. provided three main goals of DFE:

13、 minimize the use of nonrenewable resourceseffectively manage renewable resources minimize toxic release to the environment Lifecycle engineering (LCE) may also be referred to as lifecycle design (LCD). Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six phases in the product lifecycle: need recognition, design

14、development, production, distribution, use, and disposal. Lifecycle Engineering and Lifecycle Assessment Green product design refers to green engineering design, defined by Navinchandra as the study of and an approach to product and process evaluation and design for environmental compatibility that

15、dose not compromise products quality or function. Green Product Design The evaluation of designs to assess their environmental compatibilityThe relationship between design decisions and the green indicators. The aim of green engineering design is to develop an understanding of how design decisions affect a products environmental compatibility. Disposition of End-of-Life Discrete Electromechanical Products More research is required for the recycling of EOL discrete electromechanical products，while traditional continuing item products have attracted significant atte