1、附錄1How to improve construction project cost control A construction project the importance of cost control of construction project cost control of projects through the entire process, that is, decision-making phase of the project, the project design stage, project implementation and completion stages

2、 of phase related to the construction project cost control. Statistics show that the decision-making stage in the project and design stage, the impact of the possibility of project cost 30% -75%, and in the implementation phase of the impact of the possibility of project cost is only 5% -25%. It is

3、obvious that the key to cost control is the implementation of the project prior to decision-making and the design phase of the project, the project is the deciding factor in decision-making, and is a key factor in design. Control project cost not only to prevent breakthrough investment limit, meanin

4、g a more active is to promote the construction, engineering, and design units to strengthen the management of human, material and financial resources with limited resources can be fully utilized to obtain the best economic and social benefits . So do a good job in project cost control, to ensure and

5、 accelerate the economic development thinking has a certain significance. Second, construction project cost control measures for construction project cost control is effective decision-making in the investment phase, design phase, construction phase contract, the contract implementation phase of the

6、 construction project cost control in the amount of the approved project cost limit, occur at any time to correct deviations, and ensure the realization of investment objectives of the project to various construction projects in a reasonable manner to the use of human, material and financial resourc

7、es to obtain better investment returns, and ultimately to enable the completion of audited accounts to control the amount of the budget to avoid the "three super - "phenomenon, in order to effectively control the project cost should be doing the work of the following aspects: (a) decision-

8、making phase of the project cost to determine the cost of control engineering and control projects through the entire process, but the technical and economic decision-making stages of policy-making, project cost of the project very much affected by something, especially to determine the level of con

9、struction standards, building site selection, technology selection, equipment selection, etc., is directly related to the level of project cost. According to the data in various stages of construction projects, investment decision-making phase of the impact of the highest degree of project cost, for

10、 a total of 80-90%. Therefore, the decision-making phase of the project is to determine the content of the decision-making project cost basis, a direct impact on decision-making phase of the various construction phases of the project cost to determine and control whether or not scientific, reasonabl

11、e question. First, the preparation of estimates of the need for investment. Preliminary estimates of capital investment is an important part in the work of one. Decision-making document, it is research, analysis of the construction project an important basis for economic effects. Work in the economy

12、 should be reflected in the design of practical content, reflecting the building of the region's economic situation, started from the estimates reflected the accuracy and completeness of the construction investment project. Second, the investment must be designed to estimate a true reflection of

13、 the investment estimates should be realistic and reflect the design of content, which requires designers and project from the engineering content of the size of a true reflection of design intent. The main technology to be relatively more programs, programs to optimize the design of the program is

14、not only technically feasible but also economically more reasonable. Therefore, the project economy-building programs from the beginning of the optimization, it should penetrate into the whole process designed to, in accordance with the principles of project cost management, a reasonable estimate of

15、 projected changes in a variety of dynamic factors, as far as possible, do not play enough to stay investment gap This is the preparation of estimates of key investment is also an important basis for the next stage. (B) the design phase of project cost control project engineering design was to condu

16、ct a comprehensive planning and specific intent to describe the process of implementation is the soul of the construction, dealing with technology and the critical link in economic relations, is to determine and control the focus of project cost stage. First, optimized design, the design of effectiv

17、e control of project cost if the quality and try to meet the national requirements, functions are used to meet requirements related to construction projects only a one-time investment to meet the application requirements, not only construction projects related to the number of one-time investment, b

18、ut also in the completion After delivery of the impact of the economic benefits of the project. Foreign experts pointed out that although the design of the project costs represent a small proportion of total investment, less than 1%, but the impact of its project cost to achieve the level of 75%. It

19、 is clear that the project design stage to do a good job of cost control is cost effective control of the key, re-construction, light design concept must be overcome to control the cost of the project design should start. Therefore, the construction units and design units in the review of the design

20、, attention should be paid to design optimization, the use of various indicators of the overall plan of the factory, industrial building design analysis of space compared to the design of these two aspects of the project cost, not only have a significant impact, and after the construction and operat

21、ion of the production, management has a significant impact. Second, the implementation of projects designed to control project cost limit, in the design process used in the design limit. The so-called limit is in accordance with the approved design of the investment feasibility study to estimate the

22、 preliminary design of the control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design of the total control of the technical design and construction design, at the same time ensure that the goals of the profession under the premise of the use of function, according to the allocation o

23、f investment limit control design, and strictly control unreasonable change to ensure that the total amount of investment will not be a breakthrough. The preliminary design stage should be in accordance with the approved feasibility study stage of the investment estimate for the limit design, contro

24、l of budget estimates do not exceed the investment, mainly in engineering and equipment is, the control material. To this end, the preliminary design phase of the limit amount of design engineering phase of the feasibility study should be validated and equipment design engineering, material standard

25、s as the basis, the feasibility study stage of certain types of projects is not easy to determine the amount of light design and universal design or Similar projects have been built to determine the amount of physical works. Quota at the preliminary design, the design of the professional staff to en

26、hance awareness of project cost, in strict accordance with the decomposition of the limit design and control of investment projects, as well as to ensure that under the conditions of the use of functional design, sought to project cost control and engineering in the limit . (C) the implementation ph

27、ase of project cost control project is the implementation phase of the formative stages of building physical, human, material and financial resources of the main stage of consumption. Large projects involving a wide range of influencing factors, and construction cycles, policy changes, materials and

28、 equipment prices, large fluctuations in market supply and demand and so on. . To improve the quality of the construction, control project cost, investment returns to play, it is necessary to the implementation phase of the project to strengthen project management and oversight functions in order to

29、 enhance the full range of construction projects, the whole process of cost control. Due to the complexity of construction projects, the impact of factors of variability of the characteristics of the implementation phase of projects often have some unexpected costs. First, the effective control of e

30、ngineering change and economic access at the project site construction projects, engineering and on-site visa change is inevitable, but there is capacity to control. During the construction plans in order to prevent loopholes in the design, with the exception of the audit checks should Party B in a

31、joint hearing of the drawings, the technical advice and design to eliminate, in a word, should be started prior to the eradication of the. Design changes should be advanced as far as possible, change occurred earlier, the smaller the loss, the greater the contrast. To this end, the design of change

32、management must be strengthened as much as possible the design change control early in the design phase, in particular the impact of the project cost for major design changes, but also to use accounts after the first solution to change, so that the effective control of project cost. Second, a rigoro

33、us examination of the budget in accordance with construction plan the progress of the construction design plans and the actual progress of the construction site, construction plans approved budget in time. third, in-depth at the scene to collect the relevant information and master the construction o

34、f the project construction process, pre-trial and the cost of price control officers often go to the construction site, see construction of the control drawings, sometimes with the supervision, the general contractor and construction personnel in an informal discussion, understanding, the collection

35、 of project information, timely information on developments on site; to assist owners in a timely manner due to design changes to audit, on-site cost of visas, etc., and adjust the control objectives, and for the eventual settlement of the project to provide a basis and make the necessary preparatio

36、ns. Third, at the end of the construction project cost control and investment in the determination of the substance of the principle is the use of science and technology and economic and legal means to address the construction activities of technical and economic, business and management of practica

37、l problems, only in the various phases of project construction, the use of scientific methods and realistic valuation of the valuation basis, a reasonable estimate of investment, the preliminary design of the budget estimates and working drawings in order to improve investment returns. References:Jo

38、el Dean?Capital budget?;Fama Miller?Financial Management?;Harry Markowitz?Modern Portfolio Theory? 附錄2如何搞好建設工程的工程造價控制一、建設工程工程造價控制的重要意義 建設工程的造價控制貫穿于工程的全過程，即工程決策階段、工程設計階段、工程實施階段和竣工階段都關系到建設工程的造價控制。統計資料顯示，在工程決策階段及設計階段，影響建設工程造價的可能性為30%-75%，而在實施階段影響建設工程造價的可能性僅為5%-25%。顯而易見，控制工程造價的關鍵就在于工程實施之前的工程決策和設計階段，工程決策

39、是決定因素，而設計那么是關鍵因素。控制工程造價不僅僅是防止投資突破限額，更積極的意義是要促進建設、工、設計單位加強管理，使人力、物力、財力有限的資源得到充分的利用，取得最正確的經濟效益和社會效益。因此做好工程造價的控制工作，對保證和加速思經濟開展具有一定意義。二、控制建設工程工程造價的措施建設工程造價的有效控制就是在投資決策階段、設計階段、工程發包階段、合同實施階段把建設工程造價的發生額控制在批準的工程造價限額以內，隨時糾正發生的偏差，保證工程投資目標的實現，以求在各個建設工程中能夠合理地使用人力、物力、財力取得較好的投資效益，最終實現使竣工決算控制在審定的概算額內，防止“三超現象的發生，為了

40、有效控制工程造價，應做好以下幾方面工作：一決策階段工程造價的控制工程造價確實定與控制貫穿于工程建設全過程，但決策階段各項技術經濟決策，對該工程的工程造價有得大影響，特別是建設標準水平確實定、建設地點的選擇、工藝的評選、設備選用等，直接關系到工程造價的上下。據有關資料統計，在工程建設各大階段中，投資決策階段影響工程造價的程度最高，即到達80-90%。因此，決策階段工程決策的內容是決定工程造價的根底，直接影響著決策階段之后的各個建設階段工程造價確實定與控制是否科學、合理的問題。1、編制投資估算的必要性。投資估算是根本建設前期工作中的重要環節之一。是決策性的文件，它是研究、分析建設工程的經濟效果的重

41、要依據。在經濟工作中應該實事求是的反映設計內容，反映建設地區的經濟狀況，從估算開始就要正確完整地反映工程工程的建設投資。2、投資估算必須是設計的真實反映，在投資估算中，應該實事求是的反映設計內容，這就要求設計人員從工程規模和工程內容上真實反映設計意圖。主要工藝要進行多方案比擬，方案要優化，設計方案不僅技術上可行，而且經濟上更應合理。所以工程經濟人員從建設方案的優選開始，就應該滲透到設計的全過程中去，按照工程造價管理的原那么，合理預測投資估算中各種動態因素的變化，盡可能打足投資不留缺口，這是編制投資估算工作的關鍵，也是下階段的重要依據。二設計階段工程造價的控制工程設計是建設工程進行全面規劃和具體描述實施意圖的過程，是工程建設的靈魂，是處理技術與經濟關系的關鍵性環節，是確定與控制工程造價的重點階段。1、優化設計方案，有效控制工程造價設計質量和嘗試是否到達國家規定、功能是否滿足使用要求，僅關系到建設工程一次性投資的滿足使用要求，不僅關系到建設工程一次性投資的多少，而且在建成交付使用后影響工程的經濟效益。國外專家指出，雖然設計費用占工程總投資的比例很小，不到1%，但它對工程造價的影響程度到達75%。很顯然，搞好工程設計階段的造價控制是有效