1、.城市環境下的綠色屋頂摘要本研究旨在呈現建在這個世紀的近代歷史先例的屋頂草坪和花園，展現真實提供了目前水平的防水建筑和園藝技術來改善城市環境的可能性。在歐洲，尤其是在過去的十年中，可用數量的信息在“綠色屋頂”已經大幅增加了。國內最早領域的嘗試“綠色屋頂”是最近幾年，但建筑行業還沒有很好的解決這個結構和生態的方案，這被認為是有點好奇。主要原因是這種態度、可用的國際信息（根據經驗，討論論文，研究、指導方針、手冊等）沒有達到那些專業人士、潛在投資者和建筑商，他們的決定是普遍接受“綠色屋頂”為前提的。1概念和歷史屋頂花園的概念可以追溯到最早的實際上是為了人的建筑活動。在整個歷史過程中我們可以看到一個需

2、求是在屋頂種植植被，其中最著名的是古代文明巴比倫的空中花園。在羅馬帝國時代和中世紀的綠色屋頂被統治階級主要用于顯示奢侈。在現代，特別是在二十世紀的建筑，綠色的花園被視為一種自然現象。一個特殊的實現可以觀察到屋頂花園在北歐的本土建筑在其傳統的斜屋頂上的草。如今，時代的人口稠密的城市地區缺乏綠色草皮引起關注，因為這個原因，生態建筑的支持者在歐洲已經集中解決幾十年來與技術和綠化的有關問題，恢復綠色區域。長視為歷史上罕見的特點之前，開發的技術方法論要求屋頂花園并未確立，因此幾乎沒有任何可能性的廣泛傳播。在歐洲的經驗在過去的15年創建長滿草的屋頂-屋頂花園，已經導致了這種信息的寶貴來源，利用目前可用的屋

3、面保溫材料，可以設計優秀的多層次的、運轉良好的綠色屋頂。例如，綠色屋頂的解決方案涉及一個測序的層和使用合適的材料，介紹了在德國、奧地利、瑞士和可以適應的其他地方，選擇植物和保健技術是依賴于氣候和地理位置，因此不能直接采用。在匈牙利的綠色屋頂使用主要是國內植物或這些外來品種長期適應應該考慮。有一個好機會獲得成功的屋頂如果這些植物適應國內的氣溫和干燥。到1970年底時，在歐洲，綠色屋頂的概念被理解為所謂的密集的綠色屋頂花園。在過去的十年，由于改變的觀點，廣泛的屋頂已經得到廣泛應用。這些屋頂已經被一個更加生態城市規劃的概念，特別是在設計廣泛的工業建筑。觀察密集型屋頂已經表明，直接利用屋頂花園是微不足

4、道的。2施工成本削減需求以及更輕的屋頂結構一直激勵力量走向后面使用薄層狀、更經濟可行的廣泛的綠色屋頂的解決方案。更簡單的建設和維護選項已經把廣泛的解決方案在一個更有利的位置。密集的屋頂花園的發展，大量的水和肥料是可用的，但是相應的，他們并沒有持續多久。與廣泛的屋頂花園干草和草原類型植被得到地面以及自然發芽和持久的植物?？梢杂^察到，自然植被能夠再生發芽沒有保健。綠色屋頂的解決方案在北歐共同利用一個厚層植被。然而，更多的是在這些地區降水特點然后在匈牙利，和有一個高的濕度以及整體水平。在中歐地區天氣條件是不太有利的綠色屋頂。氣候干燥和有一個更大的溫度波動的氣候。因此，對于廣泛的綠色屋頂，水分平衡的屋

5、頂必須仔細計劃。在這些情況下不同的排水層扮演了一個重要的角色(見圖1)以及邊坡的程度和使用排水方法。圖2.1 綠色屋頂品種的排水角度有一個很好的機會，在歐洲中部產生了所謂的簡單的密集型綠色屋頂的解決方案，即使是一些護理，也可以是一個可行的解決方案。在這個范疇內護理綠色屋頂，我們指的是必要的水供應，定期添加營養物質，切割和修剪?；趪H綠色屋面做法，以及國內綠色屋面實驗，它可以確定，目前綠色屋頂是現實的替代品替代發達前綠色區域。大數量的現有的平屋頂和在建可以轉化為生態功能的表面。長滿草的屋頂-屋頂花園提供一個優勢絕緣屋頂和屋頂露臺。一個重要的優勢是愉快、寧靜的視圖。綠色表面尤其可取為減輕剛性，箱

6、式效應的建筑物。在1920年的勒·柯布西耶在他的著名論文在現代建筑，既指出了潛力擴大積極的生活地區屋頂花園。如今，發展的要求一個更健康的城市環境越來越迫切，因為空氣污染是接近的公差范圍。蒸發和氧氣產生效應的種植植被屋頂的建筑物可以有助于改善小氣候。蒸發控制空氣溫度和濕度，空氣變得清潔而增加生產的氧氣。除塵效果的植被也顯著應用以確保更有利的和更清潔的生活環境。對保留的降水和徑流的延遲，綠色屋頂降低了在地下排水網絡的應用。綠色屋頂種植植被增加絕緣能力，提高建筑物的能源平衡，導致能源儲蓄。毫無疑問，綠色屋頂使建筑物荷載越來越更重的屋頂結構是必要的。值得注意的是，盡管如此，屋頂隔熱層壓低的礫

7、石負載不超過壓力負載的廣泛的綠色屋頂層。因此，我們可以問-礫石或草嗎?-當談到反沉淀絕緣負載在屋頂上。從生態觀點毫無疑問關于正確的答案。通常綠色屋頂的分類按照功能、類型的植被來規劃植被層的厚度。對于廣泛的綠色屋頂我們正在談論耐寒、耐旱的植物在一個絕緣層上方開發與薄膜的土壤混合物和擋水膜，不適合支持人類體重不斷。厚度的廣泛的綠色屋頂是不到20厘米，和典型的表面質量是低于150公斤/平方米。對于廣泛的綠色屋頂，植被層是由耐旱的草、短巖石花園植物和草原植物群。通常這些不需要常規護理,除了在移植時期。對于簡單的寬廣的屋頂，經過一些防水處理、規劃和安裝，能夠建立植被層和種植。密集的特征是，它們綠色屋頂有

8、一個厚的植被層比空曠的屋頂更好的進行屋頂保溫，因此它可以充分被利用作為一個屋頂花園。他們適用于不同類型和大小的植物常綠喬木和灌木。灌木，他們需要經常護理和營養添加劑。他們可以是功能的屋頂和花園地區，因此，一些元素可以應用的園林設計，利用藤蔓纏繞、篩選、走道、凳子、覆蓋等厚度的屋頂結構是通常密集花園20多厘米，通常20至40厘米，必須提供空間發展中植物的根和一個更大的根系統。表面結構的質量超過150公斤/平方米。開發一個密集的屋頂花園總是需要團隊合作，合作努力的建筑師、設計師、結構工程師、景觀設計師是至關重要的。一般來說，在實踐中，綠色屋頂的屋頂因為在上組合的情況下兩個地殼通風屋頂，輕的上流社會

9、不適合支持更多的負載。異常是那些廣泛的綠色屋頂只有幾厘米的厚度，可以建立在打火機上地殼。也適合綠色屋頂建筑屋頂的組合和絕緣屋頂薄膜應用太。在案件的屋頂改造，保持舊的隔熱層和采用新的防水板層以及準備額外的絕緣，一個綠色屋頂的基礎上層建筑可以建立。自然，添加額外的重量在舊屋頂只能如果負載能力的頂板支護結構已經正確檢查。從理論上講，一個綠色屋頂可以建立了表面上的任何平屋頂，如果它是防水和天花板結構可以負載。自然根電阻保護需要處理?；旧嫌袃煞N類型的根保護。在分離類型的根保護系統薄膜不是根耐穿刺的，但簡稱“FLL”阻力試驗的四年試驗周期尚未完成日期，因為這個原因，它是暫時使用一個單獨的根保護層。因此，

10、對于分離系統的根，根護層保護是放置在一個不同的水平。對于一個集成的根保護系統，防水膜本身是被證明是根抗，所以額外的保護是不必要的。對于傳統的屋頂平臺解決方案，蒸汽負荷來自下方必須封鎖，因為通常的通風的隔汽層幾乎是不可能的，從審美的角度看，要避免通風管道。對于I.R.M.A的解決方案，防水膜是在絕緣和沒有蒸汽屏障層。這種方式有少層和施工工藝簡化。是眾所周知的，只有關閉細胞擠壓硬泡沫聚苯乙烯保溫使用(Roofmate)，插圖和桁架在一層。相比傳統的建設屋頂組成，大約20%的厚保溫應被使用，由于絕緣表面的潤濕，這導致冷卻效果。一個要求對于承載的屋頂結構是適當的保溫能力，鋼鐵水泥結構屋面質量250公斤

11、/平方米最低標準。以上的其他層的保溫應安裝材料適合通風和擴散的蒸汽。在選擇綠色屋頂施工方案與絕緣屋頂薄膜應用，上升的趨勢應該考慮絕緣的，因此可能會提出一個淺廣泛屋頂障礙。雙重絕緣平屋頂的防水是定位在底部的層，這是便宜的，質量差，然后，在可能需要根保護層，來前絕緣層，它必須具有相同的質量為I.R.M.A這里有更少的危險與絕緣的上升然后I.R.M.A這里也應該被考慮。如果雙重絕緣屋頂是新的，那么蒸汽屏障層是省略(工程批準)。如果雙重絕緣的屋頂是用在屋頂保溫改造，那么自然,原始層可以包含一個蒸汽塊和蒸汽壓均衡器層太。在改造舊屋頂保溫，輕的廣泛的綠色解決方案是可取的，因為一般負載容量限制必須被考慮?？?/p>

12、慮到歐洲中部的氣候，在這些情況下使用薄草皮或植被將是合適的，定期護理。3總結對于那些未來的業主、建筑師和建筑商誰接受和維護生態建筑的觀點，綠色屋頂系統提供機會為一個審美和健康環境的創建屋頂種植綠色植被。技術和景觀要求可供建筑的屋頂，屋頂花園唯一需要的就是行動遵循的規范和規劃，與人類的建設性的功能，這個地區是取自大自然來復活在我們的直接環境。GREEN ROOFS IN THE CITY ENVIRONMENTProf. Dr. Attila KoppanyAbstractThe purpose of this short study is to present the historical p

13、recedents of roof lawns and gardens built in this century, and to show the real possibilities offered by the present level of water-proof building and gardening techniques to improve the city environment. In Europe, particularly in the last decade, the available amount of information on green roofs

14、has increased signicantly. The rst domestic attempts in the eld of green roofs were made in the recent years, but the building profession has not been friendly towards this structural, ecological solution, and it was considered somewhat curious. The main reason for such an attitude is that the avail

15、able international information (based on experiences, debate papers, studies, guidelines, handbooks etc.) has not reached those professionals, potential investors, and builders whose decision is necessary for the widespread acceptance of green roofs.1 CONCEPT AND HISTORYThe concept of roof gardens c

16、an be traced back virtually to the earliest building activities of man. Throughout the course of history we can see a demand for planting vegetation on roofs, among the most famous being ancient civilizations hanging gardens of Babylon. During the Roman Empire and in the middle Ages green roofs were

17、 used by the ruling classes mainly for showing extravagance. In modern times and especially in twentieth century architecture, green gardens are treated as a natural phenomenon. A special implementation of roof gardens can be observed in Northern Europes native architecture in its tradition of slant

18、ed grassy rooftops. Nowadays and in the age of densely populated urban areas the lack of green turf causes concern, and for this reason the proponents of ecological architecture in Europe have been intensively dealt for several decades with the technical and landscaping issues relating to the restor

19、ation of green areas. Long considered as uncommon peculiarities earlier in history, the development of the technical-methodological requirements for roof gardens had not been established, and therefore there was hardly any possibility of their extensive spread.The experiences gained in Europe during

20、 the last 15 years in the creation of grassy rooftops and rooftop gardens, have led to such invaluable sources of information that, with the utilization of currently available roong insulation materials, it is possible to design excellent multi-layered, well-functioning green roofs. For example, the

21、 green roof solutions involving a sequencing of layers and use of suitable materials, introduced in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, can be adapted well elsewhere. The choice of employed plants and care techniques are dependent upon the climate and geographic location, and therefore cannot be dire

22、ctly adopted. In Hungarian green roofs the use of primarily domestic plants or those alien varieties that have long acclimatized should be considered. There is a good chance of achieving success of grassy rooftops if domestic, uncultivated, heat and dryness tolerant grasses are used.Up through the e

23、nd of the 1970s, in Europe, the concept of green roof was understood to be the so called intensive green roof garden. During the last ten years, however, as a result of a change in point of view, the extensive roofs have become widespread. These roofs have given way to a more ecological city plannin

24、g concept, especially in the design of extensive industrial buildings. Observation of intensive roofs has shown that the direct utilization of roof gardens is negligible.2 CONSTRUCTIONSCost cutting requirements as well as lighter roof structures have been motivating forces behind the move toward the

25、 use of the thin layered, more economically viable extensive green roof solution. The simpler construction and maintenance options have placed the extensive solution in a more favorable position.The intensive roof gardens developed well where plenty of water and fertilizer were available, but left a

26、lone, they didnt last long.With extensive roof gardens the dry grasses and steppe-type vegetation gained ground as well as the naturally sprouting and enduring plants. It has been observed that the naturally sprouting vegetation is able to regenerate annually without care.The green roof solutions co

27、mmon in Northern Europe utilized a thicker layer of vegetation. However, much more precipitation is characteristic in these areas then in Hungary, and there is a higher overall level of humidity as well. In Central Europe the weather conditions for green roofs are somewhat less favorable.The climate

28、 is drier and there is a greater uctuation in temperature. Therefore, in the case of extensive green roofs, the moisture-balance property of the roofs has to be carefully planned. In these cases the different drainage layers play a signicant role (see gure 1) as well as the degree of the slope and t

29、he usage of drainage method.Figure 1:Figure 1There is a good chance of the survival of the so called simpler intensive green roof solution, which, with some care, can be a viable solution even in Central Europe. In this category, under care, we mean the necessary water supply, periodical addition of

30、 nutrients, cutting and mowing.Based on international green roong practices, as well as domestic green roong experiments, it can be determined that currently green roofs are realistic alternatives for the replacement of developed former green areas. The great number of existing at roofs and those un

31、der construction can be converted into ecologically functioning surfaces.Grassy roofs and roof gardens provide an advantage over insulated roofs and roof terraces. One important advantage is the pleasant, tranquil view. Green surfaces are especially desirable for lessening the rigid, box-type effect

32、 of buildings. In the 1920s Le Corbusier, in his acclaimed thesis on modern architecture, already pointed out the potentials for expanding the active living areas with roof gardens.Nowadays, the demand for the development of a healthier urban environment is getting more and more urgent since air pol

33、lution is nearing the limits of tolerance. The evaporation and oxygen producing effect of the planted vegetation on the roofs of buildings can contribute to the improvement of the microclimate. Evaporation controls the air temperature and humidity, the air becoming cleaner with the increased product

34、ion of oxygen.Dust removal effect of vegetation is also signicant ensuring more favourable and cleaner living conditions. With the retention of precipitation and the delay of run-off, the green roof decreases the strain on the gutter network. Green roofs planted with vegetation have an increased ins

35、ulating capacity which improve the balance of energy of the buildings, leading to energy savings. There is no doubt that green roofs cost more and a stronger heavier roof structure is needed. It should be noted, however, that the roof insulation layers held down by the gravel load do not exceed the

36、stress load of the extensive green roof layers.Therefore, we can ask - gravel or grass? - When speaking about the anti-precipitation insulation load on the roof. From an ecological viewpoint there is no doubt about the correct answer. Usually green roofs are classied according to function, type of v

37、egetation, and the thickness of the vegetation layer.In the case of extensive green roofs we are talking about hardy, dryness tolerant ora above an insulation layer developed with a thin membrane of soil mixture and a water retaining membrane, not suitable for supporting human weight constantly. The

38、 thickness of the extensive green roofs is less than 20cm, and the typical surface mass is less than 150kg/m2.In the case of extensive green roofs, the vegetation layer is made up of dryness tolerant grasses, short rock garden plants, and steppe ora. Usually these do not require regular care, except

39、 during the transplanting period. In the case of simpler extensive roofs, the insulation installers, after some training, are able to build up the vegetation layer and do the planting.Characteristic of the intensive green roofs is that they have a thicker vegetation layer above the roof insulation t

40、han the one on the extensive roof, and therefore it can fully be utilized as a roof garden.They are suitable for different types and sizes of plants from evergreen trees and bushes to shrubs. They require regular care and nutrient additives. They can be functional roof and garden areas, and therefor

41、e, some of the elements of garden design can be applied, utilizing pergolas, screening, covered walkways, benches, etc. The thickness of intensive garden roof structures is generally more than 20cm, usually between 20 and 40cm. Space must be provided for the developing roots of plants with a larger

42、root system. The mass of the surface structure is more than 150kg/m2. The development of an intensive roof garden always requires team work, the cooperative effort of architect, designer, structural engineer and landscape architect is essential. Generally, in practice, green roofs are on built-up ro

43、ofs, since in the case of the two-crust ventilated roofs, the lighter upper crust is not suitable for the support of more load. Exceptions are those extensive green roofs which are only a few centimeters in thickness, which can be built on the lighter upper crust. Also suitable for green roof buildi

44、ng are the built-up roof and the insulated roof membrane application too. In cases of roof renovation, keeping the old insulation layers and with the use of new waterproong plies as well as preparation additional insulation, the basis of a green roof superstructure can be built up. Naturally, the ad

45、dition of extra weight on the old roof can only be done if the load capacity of the roof support structure has been properly checked.Theoretically, a green roof can be built up on the surface of any at roof, if it is waterproof and the ceiling structure can take the load. Naturally the root resistan

46、ce protection needs to be dealt with. Basically there are two types of root protection. In the separated type of root protection system the membrane is not root resistant, but the FLL resistance tests four year test period has not been completed to date, and for this reason, it is temporarily used w

47、ith a separate root protection layer. Therefore, in the case of a separated system of root protection, the root protecting layer is placed on a distinct level. In the case of an integrated root protection system, the waterproof membrane itself is proven to be root resistant, so additional protection

48、 is unnecessary. For conventional at roof solutions, the vapor load coming from beneath must be blocked, since the usual ventilation of vapor barrier is hardly possible, and from an aesthetic point of view, ventilation pipes are to be avoided.For I.R.M.A. type solutions, the waterproong membrane is

49、underneath the insulation and there is no vapor barrier layer. This way there are less layers and the construction technology is simplied. As is generally known, only closed cell extruded hard polystyrene foam thermal insulation is to be used (Roommate), with inset and truss in one layer. Compared t

50、o the construction of the conventional built-up roof, about a 20% thicker thermal insulation should be used, due to the moistening of the insulation surface, and the cooling effect this causes. A requirement regarding the load carrying roof structure is the proper heat retaining capacity, with a steel-cement structure roof mass of 250kg/m2 minimum criterion. Above the thermal insulation the other layers should be installed with materials suitable for ventilation and diffusion of vapors. In choosing the green roof construction solution with insulated roof membrane app