1、船舶安全與管理船舶安全與管理Maritime Safety Management 航海學院船藝教研室講授內容、計劃學時講授內容、計劃學時l第一章 船舶營運安全概論l第二章 現代安全管理理論及應用l第三章 認為因素控制和國際安全管理規則l第四章 船員管理l第五章 船舶安全與出入境管理l第六章 海洋船舶防污管理l第七章 海上船舶應急和醫療急救l第八章 海事和海事預防 學時數：28第一章第一章 船舶營運安全概論船舶營運安全概論Introduction to Ship Operation SafetyIntroduction to Ship Operation Safety 主要內容content:l

2、第一節 安全科學概論(Introduction to safety science)l第二節 船舶營運系統(ship operation system)l第三節 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法(Approaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management )第一節第一節 安全科學概論安全科學概論( (Introduction to safety science)Introduction to safety science)l安全科學概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l事故致因理論(Accident-causing

3、Theories)l事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasure Concept)安全科學起源安全科學起源安全的概念definition of safetyl字典：與危險相對，沒有事故、傷害發生。l安全工作學者定義：系統本身決定遠離危險的程度的性質lDifference of Safety & security:lSecurity: to prevent espionage, sabotage, attack or crime such as burglary or assault.lMaritime security is now an integral part of

4、 IMOs responsibilities. 安全科學概述安全科學概述( (Summarization of Safety Science)Summarization of Safety Science)l安全科學起源(safety science origination)l安全科學的基本要素結構(basic element of safety science)一切事故，都是人、機、環境相互作用下發生的破壞性事件Personal opinions Personal opinions l危險在一定條件下表現為事故和災難，能否預測或避免取決于人的能力，并不是其本身性質。l安全是與危險相對的概念，

5、是危險處于可接受水平的狀態因此與人的心理狀態有關。l人的心理狀態與社會背景有關，因此，安全與否的標準因時因地而存在差異。l安全與經濟對立統一安全科學起源安全科學起源安全工作的發展development of safety sciencel隨社會生產的發展，安全工作由感性向理性發展，由事故學習和事故控制轉變成為以預控和過程控制為主的跨學科系統化的科學安全系統工程(safety system engineering)l即：亡羊補牢 未亡羊先補牢l安全科學八五期間成為國家一級學科l預測、預防、監測、應急科學的事故控制觀basic element frame of safety basic eleme

6、nt frame of safety sciencescienceMan-Machine-Environment-Control,MMECS船員船員船舶貨物船舶貨物航道港口航道港口船公司船公司事故致因理論事故致因理論( (Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories)Theories)l事故因果連鎖論(Dominos Accident Model or Casual Theory of Accident )l能量意外釋放理論(Accidental Energy Release Theory)l軌跡交叉理論(Orbit Intersecting Theor

7、y)l事故損失偶發性法則(Contingency Law of Accident Loss)事故因果連鎖論事故因果連鎖論 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Casual Theory of Accident Theories- Casual Theory of Accident l代表人物海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)l主要觀點:事故發生是一系列事件相繼發生的結果安全要點在于中斷事故連鎖進程能量意外釋放理論能量意外釋放理論 Accident-causing Theories- Accident-causing Theories- Ac

8、cidental Energy Release TheoryAccidental Energy Release Theoryl主要觀點：事故是不正常、不希望的能量釋放l安全工作要點：控制能量釋放的量、途徑l應用舉例：安全帽、靜電釋放、人造雪崩等軌跡交叉理論軌跡交叉理論 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Orbit Intersecting TheoryTheories- Orbit Intersecting Theoryl主要觀點：人因與物因的軌跡交叉點就是事故發生的時間與空間。l安全工作要點：避免人不安全行為與物不安全狀態同時同地出現l應

9、用舉例：沖壓機保護開關事故損失偶發性法則事故損失偶發性法則 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Contingency Law of Accident LossTheories- Contingency Law of Accident Lossl代表人物： W.H.Heinrichl主要觀點：事故與傷害程度之間存在偶然性的概率關系同一人的同種330起違章事件中，嚴重傷害、輕微傷害、沒有傷害的事件數比為：1：29：300事故控制觀事故控制觀( (Accident-Accident-countermeasure Concept)counterme

10、asure Concept)l傳統(conventional)的事故控制觀：事后分析，得出事故原因和責任方，教育有關人員，落實整改措施,“三不放過”l較先進(advanced)的事故控制觀：控制或消除事故原點(Accident Origin)、觸發能量l科學的(scientific)事故控制觀：將安全工作分為：預測、預防、監測、應急4個階段Predetermination- Prevention-Inspection-Emergency第二節第二節 船舶營運系統船舶營運系統( (ship ship operation system)operation system)lbasic element

11、 frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)lSafety element frame of ship operation system :船員、船舶及貨物、環境、公司（管理）Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management) 船舶營運系統船舶營運系統( (ship operation ship operation system)system)海上船舶運輸的主要特點：l運量大，低成本l高風險l國際性 Ship Operation System- Ship Oper

12、ation System- Ship&Cargo ElementShip&Cargo ElementlShipcomplicated systemAccident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.lCargo種類繁多，涉及人、船舶、環境安全Ship Operation SystemShip Operation Systemgeneral situationlWorld Tonnage : approx 400，000，000(1990)lShip amount： about 80，000lAccident

13、 frequency： approx 1,000 per yearlTotal loss rate：approx100300 ships or 0.20.4 per yearlLoss of life：approx 1000 lives were lost in accidents at sea each year 1、大小：按海船船員考試發證辦法分三類：l 500總噸或750KW以下。l 500總噸3000總噸或750KW3000KW。l 3000總噸或3000KW以上。 證書上有記錄，我校的畢業生拿最高級。證書上有記錄，我校的畢業生拿最高級。船舶分類船舶分類l大型船：8萬載重噸以上或LOA

14、250米。（上大型船，船長、輪機長必須有相應的證書）l巴拿馬型：是巴拿馬運河容許通過的最大尺寸：LOA250米 B32.2 Dmax12.4米l VLCC：港監沒有統一的規定，原先指原油輪，現在只以大小論，在此規定；10萬總噸以上。船舶分類船舶分類甲類：無限航區，任何可航水域。乙類：近洋航區，東南亞、俄羅斯遠東地區、日、韓、朝。（港監有明顯的界限，這里不作介紹）丙類：沿海航線，黃海+東海+南海水域。丁類：近岸航區，距岸小于50海里。（船長證書分為無限、近洋/沿海、近岸兩種。航區分類航區分類Ship Operation System-Seafarer Ship Operation System-

15、Seafarer elementelementl船員是船舶營運系統中最能動的因素l船員編制特點：人數較少、各司其職lSTCW公約(International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) 職能發證l船員分為：管理、操作、支持三個級別l管理級：CAPT、C/O、C/E、2/El配員：MSMC船舶實際配員救生設備定員Ship Operation System-Seafarer Ship Operation System-Seafarer elementelement

16、lStatistic study showed:80 percent marine accidents were caused by human factor 國際公認的統計分析結論：80%的海事由人為因素造成的海事由人為因素造成grounding：90：Fire & explosion：70：Collision ：96：contact:70%。人為因素：人為因素：human factor, human element, human errorWho should be blamed?Ship Operation SystemShip Operation SystemCompany C

17、ompany ElementElementl人為因素責任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理l船公司是船舶安全管理的重要環節l重視公司的安全管理已成為國際海事界控制海事的重要途徑第三節第三節 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法船舶安全管理的途徑和方法lApproaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management l主要內容：船舶安全管理概述(Introduction of Maritime Safety Management )船舶安全管理的途徑(a safety net or system will be introduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(App

18、roaches & techniques)船舶安全管理船舶安全管理( (Maritime Safety Maritime Safety Management )Management )概述概述l學科領域：安全科學(safety science)l具體問題：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)l知識體系：現代管理理論船舶安全管理即對船舶安全的控制(control)Safety Management -ObjectivesSafety Management -Objectiveslto ensure safety at sea, prevention of

19、 human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.l保護海上人命財產安全，保護海洋環境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清潔l safer shipping and cleaner oceans船舶安全管理的途徑船舶安全管理的途徑: safety net lAn international Maritime Safety Management system:Asafety net IM O In

20、dustry Assoc iation(org.) Port State Flag State Class Soc iety Com pany Ship International Maritime Organizationlto provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention（在航海技術方面提供合作。在安全和防污方面采取統一標準。）lDocumentation: Convention; Protocol; Code; Re

21、solution; Circular.linstitution:Assembly:(held biyearly,adopt resolutions; amend conventions or codes, etc)Council:(MSC)maritime safety council; MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMO Conventions-Maritime safetyInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974International Convention on Load Lines (

22、LL), 1966Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP), 1971Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships, 1973Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972IMO Conventions-Maritim

23、e safetyConvention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 1976 The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (SFV), 1977 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978International C

24、onvention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979IMO Conventions-Marine pollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by th

25、e Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78)International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), 1969Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972IMO Conventions-Marine pollu

26、tionInternational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems

27、 on Ships (AFS), 2001International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969International Convention on the Establishment of an Interna

28、tional Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 1971Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (NUCLEAR), 1971IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationAthens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (P

29、AL), 1974Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution

30、Damage, 2001 IMO Conventions-Other subjectsConvention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL), 1965International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TONNAGE), 1969Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA), 1988Internationa

31、l Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE), 1989 國際海事組織：國際海事組織：l宗旨與任務：就有關航運貿易有關問題提供國際合作以及統一準則。l文件：公約；議定書；規則；決議；通函。l機構：IMO大會； 常設機構：海安會等。船旗國（船旗國（Flag State)Flag State)l主管機關（Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. )l我國海事局(Bureau of Maritime Safety Administration

32、)(原港務監督局Harbor Superintendence Administration ) 主管：船舶登記與檢驗；船員培訓與發證；船舶航行安全；交通環境安全等航運有關事物。lFlag of ConveniencePort State Control(PSC)Port State Control(PSC)lPort State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply w

33、ith the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules. l港口國監控是：港口國政府對抵港外輪實施，以船員、船舶技術狀況及操作為檢查對象，以安全（保安）和防污染為目的一種監督與控制。l船舶識別號l不優惠條款Port State Control(PSC)Port State Control(PSC)lDetention always means a severe loss to the owner.lBeing

34、 listed on the black list means a disrepute.lShips Identification NumberlIMO NumberlCompany NAMEClassification SocietyClassification Societyl民間商業性質l從事:船級檢驗簽發船級證書(Certificate of Class)經主管機關授權的強制檢驗(Mandatory Survey)（主管機關簽發相應證書Certificates)公證檢驗(Notarization Survey)Classification Society-IACSClassification Society-IACSlInternational Association of Classification SocietylMembers:CCS(China Classification Society)；ABS(American bureau of Shipping)；BV; DNV; GL; KR; LR;NK; PRS; RINA;RS.Mar