1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上chapter 1 atomic structureelement n.元素 all know materials can be broken down into fundamental substances we call element.我們所知道的所有物質都可以分解成原子。atom n.原子 atom is the smallest particle of matter having all that elements characteristics. 原子時具有元素性質的最小粒子。nucleus /nju:klis，nuklis/ 原子核electron n.

2、電子proton 質子neutron 中子compound n. 化合物：When two or more elements combine and form a compound, a chemical change takes place.當兩種或兩種以上的元素結合形成化合物時, 發生化學變化。化學中的物質分為單質和化合物，大部分元素是以化合物的形式存在的。ion n. 離子：when an atom get or lost elections,it becomes ion.原子得失電子后形成離子。cathode n. 陰極（negative electrode）Cathode rays

3、are attracted by a positive charge.陰極射線被陽電荷所吸引。anode n. 陽極（positive election）A red wire is often attached to the anode.紅色電線通常與陽極相聯。particle n. 粒子：Particles include moleculars,atoms , protons, neutrons ,electrons and ions.微小粒子包括分子，原子，質子，中子，電子，離子等等。ionisation n. 電離,離子化：We can get some elementary subst

4、ance by ionisation.可以通過電離的方法來制取某些單質。ionisation energy n.電離能：the energy needed to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms .從原子中移走一個電子所需要的能量。First ionisation energy n.第一電離能 the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms is called first ionisation e

5、nergy,Hi1（2010年真題） as: Ca(g)Ca+(g)+e-;Hi1=+590KJ/molisotope n.同位素：which element have same number of protons ,but different number of neutrons.有相同質子數的元素就是同位素。shielding effect n.屏蔽效應: electrons in the filled inner shells repel electrons in the outer shell and reduce the effect of the positive nuclear

6、,this is called shielding effect.電子都是帶負電荷的所以外層的電子受到內層電子的一個排斥力，這就是屏蔽效應。 chapter2 atoms molecules and stoichiometryRelative mass n. 相對質量The actual mass of an atom is very small (in the range of 10-20 kg ,for C atomic mass is 1.933×10-20g ). Hence relative mass( where the mass of an atom is compar

7、ed with the mass of one reference atom) is used instead.因為原子本身的質量很小，計算使用都很不方便，因此我們采用一個相對質量，用質量和一個標準物質作比較。relative atomic mass n.相對原子質量：elative atomic mass is the mass of an atom relative to 1/12 times the mass of carbon-12, relative atomic mass is a ratio,it has no unit.相對原子質量就是物質的質量與C-12 原子的1/12 的一

8、個比值。相對原子質量是一個比值，沒有單位。relative isotopic mass n. 相對同位素質量relative isotope mass is the mass of one atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12.相對同位素質量就是用同位素的質量和1/12 C-12原子的質量相比的一個比值。relative molecular mass n. 相對分子質量As we all know moleculars are all made by atoms so we ca

9、n get the relative molecular mass by adding up the relative atomic mass of all the atoms present in the molecule.相對分子質量就是組成分子的各元素的相對原子質量之和。avogadros constant n. 阿伏伽德羅常數：The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon -12 is 6.02×1023 ，the number is called avogadros constant .12克C-12 所含原子的個數是6.02&#

10、215;1023，這個數就是阿伏伽德羅常數empirical formulae n.實驗式：empirical formulae of a compound shows the simplest whole number ratio of the element present.實驗式表示的是分子中原子的最簡單組成。molecular formulae n.分子式molecular formulae shows the total number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound.分子式表示的是分子中原子

11、的組成。titration 滴定：A titration is a way of measuring quantities of reactants.滴定反應是定量測定的一種方法halogen 鹵素：在元素周期表中含fluorine氟，chlorine 氯，bromine溴，iodine 碘，astatine 砹五種鹵素precipitation n.沉淀:it is a solid.是一種固體物質。兩種離子結合后形成一種微溶或不溶物沉淀下來。dilute vt稀釋：adding water or something else to decrease the molarities.在溶液中加水

12、或加入其它溶劑使溶液濃度變低。The water will dilute the wine.水能使酒變淡。Molarity n.摩爾濃度：the mol of the substance divided by the volume of the solution ，the unit is mol/dm-3.濃度比上體積就得到我們的摩爾濃度，單位是mol/dm-3chapter3 化學鍵ionic bond n.離子鍵 The electrostatic attraction between positive ion and negative ion is called ionic bond.正

13、負離子之間的引力成為離子鍵，如NaClcovalent bond n.共價鍵 A covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared between two atoms.兩個原子共用電子形成共價鍵，如O2metallic bond n.金屬鍵 Metallic bond is an attractive forces between the positive ions and the delocalized electrons.金屬鍵就是金屬陽離子和自由電子（離域電子）之間的作用力，它的大小和金屬最外層電子數有關，電子數越多，金屬鍵越強。co-o

14、rdinate bond n.配位鍵 In the co-ordinate bond ,one atom provides two electrons that are shared with another atom.thus,the donor atom must have a lone pair of electrons while the acceptor atom must have an empty orbital to accommodate the electrons.一個原子提供一對電子，另一個原子提供一個空軌道。 hydrogen bond n. 氫鍵 Hydrogen b

15、ond are usually represented by three dashes: fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen and it is a very strong dipole-dipole attraction.Such as in water:the oxygen atoms have lone pairs of electrons,the hydrogen atom has almost lost both the shared electrons to the oxygen to which it is covalently bonded and this

16、leaves it almost bare of electron.實際上氫鍵也是一種靜電引力，形成氫鍵的分子中必須帶有孤電子對，電負性很大，而且原子半徑很小（如N,F,O）。考試時要把元素中的孤對電子標出，把分子中的極性標出，表示出氫鍵。Van der waal's forces n.范德華力 Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces is called Van der waal's forces.瞬間誘導偶極就是分子間作用力。 VSEPR（valence Shell electron pair repulsion）n. 價層電子互

17、斥理論The shape of simple covalent molecules can be predicted using the valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory. Electron pairs (bond pairs and lone pairs )will repel one anther so that they are as far apart as possible.孤電子對之間相互排斥，從而使原子呈現一定的空間結構，從而可以根據價層電子對理論來推測分子的空間構型。permanent dipole /dipole-dip

18、ole force n. 永久偶極The water molecules are attracted to the charged nylon rod or comb because they have a permanent electric dipole .a force of this type is called a dipole -dipole force.水分子被吸引到了尼龍或梳子上，是因為他們有了一個瞬間的電偶極。像這種力就被稱為由誘導產生的誘導力，也就是永久偶極。temporary dipole/instantaneous dipole n.瞬時偶極 induce dipole

19、 n. 誘導偶極The instantaneous dipole - induce dipole is rather like the effect of a magnet on a pin .the pin becomes temporarily magnetised and is attracted to the magnet .the strength of the force increase with the number of electrons and protons present.瞬間誘導偶極就好像靠近磁鐵的大頭針。大頭針有了瞬間的磁性，而被吸引到了磁鐵上，這種瞬間的力隨著質

20、子數，電子數的增加而增加。 induce vt.引導 Her illness was induced by overwork.她的病是操勞過度引起的。 polarity 極性 Polarity is inherent in a magnet.極性是磁鐵的固有性質。chapter4 物質狀態Kinetic energy n. 動能The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid ,liquid or gas is a measure of the amount of random movement of molecules.分子動能就是固體，液體，氣體

21、分子做規則運動的數目。Evaporation n. 蒸發，發散，消失 Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure .and evaporation usually occurs on the surface.蒸發是一個在低于沸點的溫度下從液體變為氣體的過程，蒸發一般是發生在液體表面。Vapor pressure n. 氣壓Vapor pressur

22、e is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phase. All liquid and solid have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form , and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form .at any given temperature ,for a particular substance ,there is a pressure at which the

23、gas of that substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that substance at that temperature.氣壓是一種氣液平衡狀態，液體和固體都有一種蒸發成氣態的趨勢，所有的氣體也都有一種聚集成原始狀態的趨勢，。在任何給定的溫度下，對于一種特殊的物質，都有一種氣態和固態或液態成動態平衡的壓力。這種壓力就被稱為在此溫度下的氣壓。melting vt. 融化Melting is a physical process t

24、hat results in the phase change of a substance from a solid to a liquid.融化是一個從固體變成液體的物理過程。giant molecular lattices n. 大分子晶體 molecular lattices are three dimensional arrangement of atoms held together by strong covalent bonds .some giant molecular structures contain atoms of only one element . 這種大分子晶

25、體是通過共價鍵結合成三維空間排布的晶體。一些大分子晶體只含有一種元素。giant ionic lattices n. 大離子晶體in such a lattice ,there is a regular arrangement of anions and cations ,sodium chloride and magnesium oxide form a cubic lattice ,in which each cations is surrounded by six anions and each anions is surrounded by six cations.在大分子晶體中，陰陽

26、離子呈規則排布，以立方體的氯化鈉和氧化鎂為例，每個陰離子都被六個陽離子包圍，每個陽離子都被六個陰離子包圍。ideal gas law n. 理想氣體定律the behaviour of ideal gases is represented by the ideal gas equation :PV=nRT p is the pressure ,measured in pascals ,Pa; V is the volume ,measured in metre cubed ,m3 ; T is the temperature on the Kelvin ;R is the gas consta

27、nt ,8.314JK-1 mol-1;and n is the 理想氣體符合理想氣體定律。PV=nRTIntermolecular force n.分子間作用力Intermolecular force tend to bring order to the movement of molecules .分子間作用力趨于使分子的運動有序化。Brownain motion n. 布朗運動The random movements of the pollen ,known as brownain motion.花粉的這種有序運動稱為布朗運動。 Instantaneous dipole forces n

28、. 瞬時偶極力van der waals forces n. 范德華力It is one of the features of large molecules that their electron clouds are more spread out , and it is just this type of molecule that has large forces between instantaneous dipoles. There forces are called instantaneous dipole forces ( are also known as van der w

29、aals forces).大分子的分子云有一種特點就是他們的分子云會擴散，在他們的瞬間偶極間會產生一種力叫瞬間偶極力（也叫分子間作用力）。chapter 5 chemical energeticsExothermic adj. 放熱的Most chemical reactions release energy to their surroundings ,these reactions are described as exothermic.一些化學反應會向環境釋放能量，這種反應稱為放熱的反應。Endothermic adj. 吸熱的Some chemical reactions occur

30、only while energy is transferred to them an external source. Reactions such as these which require a heat input are endothermic reactions. 一些化學反應需要從外界環境中吸收能量，這種化學反應為吸熱反應。Ehthalpy n. 焓Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials .it is given the symbol H. enthalpy cannot be measured

31、 as such , but it is possible to measure the enthalpy change . 焓是反應物中所含有的總能量，用H來表示，焓的數值不能直接測得，但可以測定焓變。Enthalpy change n. 焓變Enthalpy change is given the symbol H ,the units are kilojoules per mole(Kj/mol). H= H products- H reactants Standard conditions n. 標準條件When we compare the enthalpy changes of v

32、arious reactions we must use standard conditions. such as known temperature ,pressures , amounts ,and concentrations of reactions or products .我們在測定不同反應物的焓變時必須是在標準條件下，比如特定的溫度，壓強，反應物或產物的數目和濃度。Standard enthalpy change of reaction n. 標準反應焓The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change

33、when amounts of reactants, as shown in the reaction equation, react together under standard conditions to give products in their standard states.標準反應焓變就是在反應方程式中的反應物和產物都在標準條件下反應的焓變。Standard enthalpy change of formation n. 標準生成焓The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one

34、mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions , both compound and elements are in their standard states.標準生成焓是由標準狀態下的元素生成1 mol 化合物的焓變（產物也要在標準狀態下）Standard enthalpy change of combustion n. 標準燃燒含The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole o

35、f an element or compound reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.標準燃燒含是指在標準狀態下1mol 元素或化合物和氧氣完全反應的焓變。 Standard enthalpy change of hydration n. 標準水和焓變The standard enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of a gaseous ion dissolves in water to give an infinitely

36、 dilute solution . 標準水和焓變就是當1 mol 氣態離子溶解在水中生成水溶液放出的能量。Standard enthalpy change of solution n. 標準溶解焓變The standard enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of a solute dissolves in a solvent to give an infinitely dilute solution. 當1 mol 溶劑溶解在水中形成一種稀釋溶液時所放出的能量就是標準溶解焓變。Standard e

37、nthalpy change of neutralization n.標準中和焓變The standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when one mol of H+ ions from an acid is completely neutralized by an alkali to give one mol of water.標準中和焓變是酸中的氫離子被堿溶液完全中和形成1 mol 水。Standard enthalpy change of atomisation n. 標準原子化焓The stan

38、dard enthalpy change of atomization of an element is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from one mole of the element in its standard state. 標準原子化焓是在標準條件下生成1摩爾氣態原子的焓變。Bond enthalpy n. 鍵能Bond enthalpy is the energy needed to break a covalent bond ,and this indicates the stren

39、gth of the bond .鍵能是指破壞一個共價鍵所需要的能量，這能表明鍵的強度。Hesss law n. 蓋斯定律The total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction take place, provide the initial and final condition is the same.如果反應前和反應后的條件完全相同，那總的焓變是相同的和反應路徑無關。 chapter 6 electrochemistryoxidation stat

40、es n. 氧化態oxidation states are usually calculated as the number of electrons that atoms lose, gain or share when they from ionic or covalent bonds in compounds. 氧化態通常通過計算他們形成共價化合物或離子化合物時失去，得到或公用電子的數目。Redox n. 氧化還原反應The term redox is used for the simultaneous processes of reduction and oxidation. 氧化還原

41、反應就是用來描述氧化反應和還原反應同時進行的過程。Electrolysis n 電解反應When an electric current is passed through a solution of an ionic salt in water, the ions move through the solution and chemical reaction occur at the electrodes. This process is called electrolysis.在離子化合物的水溶液中通電時，離子會通過水溶液在電極上發生化學反應。這個過程就是電解過程。Anion n. 陽離子

42、 （anode 陽極）Cations n. 陰離子 （cathode 陰極）The anions are attracted to the positively charged anode and the cations are attracted to the negatively charged cathode.陽離子被吸引到陰極，陰離子被吸引到陽極。Diaphragm cell n. 隔膜電池In the diaphragm cell, a porous（多孔的） asbestos（石棉） diaphragm separate the anode compartment into the

43、 anode compartment.在隔膜電池中，一個多孔的石棉隔膜把陽極室和陰極室隔開。Chapter 7 equilibriaEquilibrium n. 化學平衡It is dynamic at the molecular or ionic level. Both forward and reverse processes occur at equal rates. A closed system is required. Macroscopic properties remain constant. 化學平衡是在分子離子水平上的動態平衡，正反方向上的反應速率相同，需要在封閉體系中進行

44、，宏觀性質保持恒定。Dynamic equilibrium n. 動態平衡In general，in a dynamic equilibrium, the rate of reaction in the forwards direction equals the rate of reaction in the reverse direction.通常在動態平衡中正反應速率等于逆反應速率。 Le Chateliers principle n. 夏特列原理When any of the conditions affecting the position of a dynamic equilibri

45、um are changed, then the position of that equilibrium will shift to minimize that change.當外界條件影響動態平衡的方向時，平衡就會向減小這種影響的方向移動。Equilibrium constant n. 平衡常數 (Kc)Equilibrium constant as the ratio of the product concentrations ( multiplied together ) divided by the reactant concentrations ( multiplied toget

46、her ). 平衡常數是反應物濃度的乘積比上產物的乘積。Chapter 8 reaction kineticsDetermining step n. 決定步驟It is the slowest step in a mechanism which determines the overall rate of reaction. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is called the determining step. 在化學反應中，反應最慢的一步決定反應的總速度，反應最慢的這步就成為反應的決定步。Colorimeter n. 色度計The c

47、olorimeter measures the amount of light of a specific colour that passes through a sample.色度計用來測量穿過樣品的特定顏色的光線數量。Effective collision n. 有效碰撞Effective collision occur when the kinetic energy of the colliding molecules provides sufficient energy for reaction.當碰撞分子的動能提供了足夠的反應能量時的碰撞稱為有效碰撞。Boltzmann distr

48、ibution n. 波爾茲曼分布The Boltzmann distribution represents the number of particles with particular energies.波爾茲曼分布指的是有特定能量的分子的數目。Activation energy n. 活化能Molecules have to collide with a certain minimum energy Ea for there to be a chance of reaction. Ea is referred to as the activation energy.分子碰撞發生化學反應所

49、需要的最小的能量稱為活化能。Catalyst n. 催化劑A catalyst is something added to a reaction that increase its rate, but dose not itself change in concentration, the same amount remains after the reaction as before.催化劑是用來加入反應中加快反應速度的，而催化劑本身不發生變化。Enzyme n. 酶Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.酶是一種蛋白質生物

50、催化劑。 Chapter 9 chemical periodicityCovalent radius n. 共價半徑Covalent radius is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms in molecules.共價半徑是分子中兩個相鄰原子距離的一半。Metallic radius n. 金屬半徑Metallic radius is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms in metallic crystals.金屬半徑是金屬晶體

51、中兩個原子間距離的一般。Atomic radius n. 原子半徑 The covalent radius can be measured for most elements and is usually what is meant when we use the term atomic radius.對于大多數元素的共價半徑能通過測量得到，這也就是我們通常說的原子半徑。Siemens n. 西門子Siemens are the reciprocal of the units of electrical resistance.西門子是電阻的倒數。S=-1 Conductivity n. 導電性

52、Conductivity values give an indication of how easily electrons move through the element.導電性表示某種元素中電子的活動性Chapter 10 group Hard water n. 硬水Hard water contains dissolved calcium ions.硬水中含有鈣離子。Chapter 11 Group 7Disproportionation n. 不均勻的，歧化反應A particular type of redox reaction in which one species is ox

53、idised and reduced at the same time. 一種特殊的氧化還原反應，一種物質被氧化，同時被還原 。Chapter 7 equilibriaStrong acid n. 強酸Strong acid is fully dissociated to ions in aqueous solution.在水溶液中完全電離的酸為強酸。Weak acid n. 弱酸Weak acid is the acid that their molecules are only partically ionized in aqueous solution.弱酸是在水溶液中部分解離的酸。Ch

54、apter 15 introduction to organic chemistryHydrocarbons n. 碳氫化合物Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as hydrocarbons.只含有碳原子和氫原子的化合物稱為碳氫化合物。Aromatic n. 芳香族的Aromatic compounds n. 芳香族化合物Aromatic compounds contain one or more arene rings. They are called aromatic compounds as t

55、hey have distinctive , usually pleasant, smells.芳香族化合物又一個或多個苯環，因為他們有使人愉悅的氣味，而被稱為芳香族化合物。Aliphatic compounds n. 脂肪族化合物All other compounds are aliphatic compounds except aromatic compounds.除了芳香族化合物其他的都是脂肪族化合物。Molecular formula n. 分子式A molecular formula simply shows the number of atoms of each element p

56、resent in the molecular formula of hexane is C6H14。分子式簡單的表示了分子中各種原子的數目。General formula n. 通式 A general formula may be written for each series of compounds. For example, the general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2 (where n is the number of carbon atoms present).通式用來表示同一系列的化合物，例如：烷烴的通式是 CnH2n+2（n表示

57、碳原子的數目）Structural formula n. 結構式This shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule. The structure formula of hexane is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3. 結構式表示的是原子如何結合在一起形成分子的。己烷的結構式是：CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3. Displayed formula n. 展開式 This shows all the bonds and all the atoms. The displayed formula of hexane is: One of their disadvantages is that they