1、UNIT 3ART FOR ART FOR ARTS SAKARTS SAKE EHow We Listen 1 We all listen to music according to our separate capacities. But, for the sake of analysis, the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so to speak. In a certain sense we all listen to music on th

2、ree separate planes. For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: (1) the sensuous plane, (2) the expressive plane, (3) the sheerly musical plane. The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer view to be

3、had of the way in which we listen.Text 2 The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself. That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. One turns on the radio while doing

4、something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound. A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered bythe mere sound appeal of the music.Text 3 The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that plane in listening. They go to concert

5、s in order to lose themselves. They use music as a consolation or an escape. They enter an ideal world where one doesnt have to think of the realities of everyday life. Of course they arent thinking about the music either. Music allows them to leave it, and they go off to a place to dream, dreaming

6、because of and apropos of the music yet never quite listening to it.Text 4 Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force, but you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest. The sensuous plane is an important one in music, a very important one, but it does

7、not constitute the whole story. 5 The second plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. Here, immediately, we tread on controversial ground. Composers have a way of shying away from any discussion of musics expressive side. Text Did not Stravinsky himself proclaim that his

8、 music was an object, a thing, with a life of its own, and with no other meaning than its own purely musical existence? This intransigent attitude of Stravinskys may be due to the fact that so many people have tried to read different meanings into so many pieces. Heaven knows it is difficult enough

9、to sayprecisely what it is that a piece of music means, to sayit definitely, to say it finally so that everyone is satisfiedwith your explanation. But that should not lead one to the other extreme of denying to music the right to be expressive.Text 6 Listen, if you can, to the 48 fugue themes of Bac

10、hsWell-Tempered Clavichord. Listen to each theme, one after another. You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling. You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you the harder it is to find any word that will describe it toyour complete satisfactio

11、n. Text Yes, you will certainly knowwhether it is a gay theme or a sad one. You will be able, in other words, in your own mind, to draw a frameof emotional feeling around your theme. Now study thesad one a little closer. Try to pin down the exact qualityof its sadness. Is it pessimistically sad or r

12、esignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad?Text 7 Let us suppose that you are fortunate and can describe to your own satisfaction in so many words theexact meaning of your chosen theme. There is still no guarantee that anyone else will be satisfied. Nor need they be. The important thing is

13、that each one feels forhimself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, similarly, an entire piece of music. And if it is a great work of art, dont expect it to mean exactly the same thing to you each time you return to it.Text 8 The third plane on which music exists is the sheerly musical pla

14、ne. Besides the pleasurable sound of music and the expressive feeling that it gives off, music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of their manipulation. Most listeners are not sufficiently conscious of this third plane. Text 9 It is very important for all of us to become more alive to m

15、usic on its sheerly musical plane. After all, an actual musical material is being used. The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and what happens to it. He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashi

16、on. But above all he must, in order to follow the line of the composers thought, know something of the principles of musicalform. Listening to all of these elements is listening on the sheerly musical plane.Text 10 Let me repeat that I have split up mechanically the three separate planes on which we

17、 listen merely for thesake of greater clarity. Actually, we never listen on oneor the other of these planes. What we do is to correlatethem listening in all three ways at the same time. It takes no mental effort, for we do it instinctively.Text 11 Perhaps an analogy with what happens to us when we v

18、isit the theater will make this instinctive correlation clearer. In the theater, you are aware of the actors and actresses, costumes and sets, soundsand movements. All these give one the sense that thetheater is a pleasant place to be in. They constitute thesensuous plane in our theatrical reactions

19、.Text 12 The expressive plane in the theater would be derivedfrom the feeling that you get from what is happening on the stage. You are moved to pity, excitement, or gaiety. It is this general feeling, generated aside from the particular words being spoken, a certain emotionalsomething which exists

20、on the stage, that is analogousto the expressive quality in music.Text 13 The plot and plot development is equivalent to our sheerly musical plane. The playwright creates and develops a character in just the same way that a composer creates and develops a theme. According to the degree of your aware

21、ness of the way in which the artist in either field handles his material will you become a more intelligent listener.Text 14 It is easy enough to see that the theatergoer never is conscious of any of these elements separately. He is aware of them all at the same time. The same is true of music liste

22、ning. We simultaneously and without thinking listen on all three planes. Text 我們是怎樣聽音樂的我們是怎樣聽音樂的1 我們都按照各自不同的能力來聽音樂。但為了便于分析，如果把聽的整個過程分成幾個組成部分，那么這個過程會更清晰一些。從某種意義上來說，我們聽音樂有三個不同的層次。由于缺乏更好的術語，我們姑且把它們命名為：（1）感官層次；（2）表現層次；（3）純音樂層次。把聽的過程機械地分割為以上三個假想的層次，唯一的好處是讓我們更清楚地了解自己是怎樣聽音樂的。Text 2 聽音樂最簡單的方式是為了去獲取樂聲帶來的純粹的愉

23、悅感，這是音樂的感官層次。在這個層次上，我們只是聽音樂，不做任何思考。我們打開收音機，一邊做著其他的事情，一邊心不在焉地沉浸在音樂中。樂聲本身的魅力帶我們進入一種無需思考的美妙心境。Text 3 令人意外的是，許多自認為是合格的音樂愛好者在聽音樂時過多地使用了這一層次。他們去聽音樂會是為了忘卻自我。他們把音樂當成一種慰藉，一種逃避，由此他們進入了一個可以忘卻日常生活的理想世界。當然，他們也沒有在思考音樂。音樂允許他們離開現實，到另一個地方去做夢，因為音樂而做夢，做有關音樂的夢，卻從沒有真正欣賞過音樂。Text 4 的確，樂聲的魅力是一種強大而原始的力量，但是你不該讓它占據你過多的興趣空間。感官

24、層次是音樂的一個重要層次，非常重要，但并不是音樂的全部。5 音樂存在的第二個層次就是我所說的表現層次。一提到這個問題，我們馬上就進入到一個頗具爭議的領域。作曲家總是設法避開有關音樂表現方面的討論。Text 斯特拉溫斯基不是曾經聲稱他的音樂是一個“物體”，是一件有自我生命的“東西”，除了純音樂性的存在之外沒有任何別的含意嗎？斯特拉溫斯基這種不妥協的態度可能源于這樣的一個事實：有那么多的人嘗試著從眾多的音樂作品中讀出完全不同的含意。確實，要準確地說出一部音樂作品的含意已經很難了，要肯定并確定地說出來，還要使每個人對你的解釋都感到滿意，是難上加難。但我們不該因此走到另一個極端，不能去剝奪音樂“表現”

25、的權利。 Text 6 可能的話，你不妨聽聽巴赫的平均律鋼琴曲集中的48個賦格主題。依次地、一個個地聽聽其中的每一個主題，你很快就會意識到每個主題都反映了一個不同的情感世界，你很快也會意識到你越覺得某個主題美妙，就越難找到令你完全滿意的字眼來描述它。Text 是的，你當然知道那個主題是歡快的還是悲傷的。換句話說，你能夠在腦海中勾勒出那個主題的情感框架。那么就更仔細地聽一下這個悲傷的主題吧，要明確悲傷的性質。是悲觀厭世的悲傷，還是無可奈何的悲傷？是時運不濟的悲傷，還是強顏歡笑的悲傷？ Text 7 假設你很幸運，能用許多詞句充分表達你對選中主題的確切理解。但這仍然無法保證其他人對你的理解都感到滿

26、意，他們也完全沒有必要感到滿意。重要的是，每個人能親自感受某個主題的表現力，或以同樣的方式去感受一部完整的音樂作品獨特的表現力。如果是一部偉大的音樂作品，就別指望每次去聽它都能給你帶來相同的感受。 Text 8 音樂存在的第三個層次是純音樂層次。除了令人愉悅的樂聲及其所表現的情感之外，音樂也因其音符本身以及對音符的處理而存在。多數聽眾都沒有充分認識到音樂的這第三個層次。 Text 9 對我們所有人來說，更加充分地認識這個純音樂層次非常重要。畢竟樂曲使用的是實實在在的音樂材料。聰明的聽眾一定要做好準備，隨時提升自己對音樂材料以及這些材料的使用的理解。他必須要更加有意識地傾聽音樂的旋律、節奏、和弦

27、及音色。但最重要的是，為了能夠跟上作曲家的思路，他還必須了解一些音樂形式方面的知識。去聽所有這些成分就是在純音樂層次上欣賞音樂。 Text 10 讓我重復一遍，我僅僅是為了講解得更清楚才把聽音樂的三個層次機械地分割開來的。事實上，我們從來都不會只在其中的一個層次上聽音樂。我們其實是把它們聯系起來，同時在三個層次上聽音樂。這并不需要付出多少腦力，因為我們是憑本能這么做的。 Text 11 也許，用去劇院看戲來作類比，能使這種本能的聯系更加明白易懂。在劇院里，你能注意到男女演員、服裝和布景、聲音和動作。這些東西組合在一起，會讓我們覺得劇院是一個令人愉悅的地方，它們構成了我們欣賞戲劇的感官層次。Te

28、xt 12 戲劇的表現層次來自于你看舞臺表演時獲得的感受。它激起你的憐憫、興奮或是愉悅。正是這種籠統的感覺，除了聽臺詞所感受到的，主要是存在于舞臺上的某種情感的東西，與音樂的表現性相類似。 Text 13 劇情以及劇情的發展相當于我們所說的純音樂層次。劇作家塑造和發展戲劇人物的方式，和作曲家創造和發展主題的方式是一樣的。你能否成為一個聰明的聽眾，取決于你對劇作家或音樂家處理藝術材料的手段的了解有多深。Text 14 顯然，看戲的人從來就不會單獨注意到這其中的一個元素。他是同時注意到了一切。聽音樂的道理也是一樣的，我們同時地、不假思索地在三個層次上傾聽音樂。Text Words & Ph

29、rasessakeplaneterminologysensuousexpressivesheerlymechanicallyusurp potentaproposconsolationqualifyqualifiedengenderresignedlypessimisticallysadnessfuguepreciselyintransigentpurelyhypotheticalabsent-mindedlybrainlessproclaimcomposerconstitutework of art smilinglyfatefullyWords & Phrasespleasurab

30、lesufficientlymelodyrhythmclarityinstinctivelyinstinctivesimultaneouslyseparatelytheatergoerplaywrightgaietytheatricalanalogyanalogouscostumeWords & Phrasesso to speaksplit upshy away frompin downgive off derive fromaside fromWords & PhrasesStravinsky 斯特拉溫斯基Bach 巴赫Well-Tempered Clavichord 平均

31、律鋼琴曲集sake n. C (usu. sing) (for the of / for sb.s )1) used to indicate sth. that is done as an end in itself rather than to achieve some other purpose 目的 e.g. 1. New ideas amount to change for changes sake. 新的思想會為變化而變化。2. I hope youre not doing this just for the sake of the money. 我希望你做這件事不光是為了錢。2)

32、the benefit or regard of someone or something 利益；好處e.g. We hope for her sake that the wedding goes as planned. 看在她的份兒上，我們希望婚禮按計劃進行。Words & Phrasesplane n. C a level of thought, development, or existence 層次；水平e.g. 1. It was at United that Goram would reach a higher plane of achievement. 格拉姆在聯隊里才能

33、達到更高的成就。2. The two books are on completely different intellectual planes. 這兩本書完全在不同的知識層面上。Words & Phrasesterminology n. U the words and phrases used in a particular business, science, or profession 術語；專門用語e.g. 1. chemical terminology 化學術語 2. I dont understand any of scientific terminology. 我對科學術

34、語一無所知。Words & Phrasessensuous a. 1) relating to or affecting your physical senses rather than your emotions or thoughts 感官方面的；影響感官的e.g. He likes sensuous music. 他喜歡刺激的音樂。2) suggesting physical pleasure 肉體享受的；性感的e.g. She was attracted by that actors sensuous lips. 她被那個演員性感的嘴唇所吸引。Words & Phras

35、esexpressive a. 1) clearly showing what your thoughts or feelings are, especially by your behavior （尤指行為）富于表現力的，明確表露（想法或情感）的e.g. He gave an expressive shudder when asked to hold the snake. 當他被要求拿起那條蛇，他不寒而栗。2) ( of) (very fml) showing the essential features of an emotion, idea, or quality 表現的；表達的 e.g

36、. The letter was expressive of his sincere regret. 這封信表達了他真誠的歉意。Word family: express v. expression n.Words & Phrasessheerly ad. purely; utterly; absolutely 純粹地；全然地；絕對地e.g. 1. That most exact and convincing of all sciences, mathematics, is sheerly metaphysical. 科學中最嚴謹而令人信服的一門，數學，就是純粹形而上學的。2. When

37、 we got out of the museum we went back to our hotel sheerly on foot which was a little bit tiring but on the way back to the hotel we did have a great time. 從博物館出來后，我們完全是徒步返回酒店的，雖說有點累，但回酒店的路上，我們的確很開心。Words & Phrasesmechanically ad. in a mechanical manner 機械操作地；機械地mechanical a. using power from a

38、n engine or machine to do a particular kind of work ; affecting or involving a machine 機械操作的；機械的e.g.1. The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure. 由于機械故障，這趟航班被取消了。2. This door opens mechanically. 這扇門是自動打開的。3. Even cars that were mechanically sound started rusting. 機械性能方面并無問題的車子也開始生銹。 Wo

39、rds & Phraseshypothetical a. based on situations or events that seem possible rather than on actual ones （基于）假設的，假定的e.g. 1. I dont want to talk about hypothetical situations. 我不想談論假設的情況。2. Uniform motion is only hypothetical. 勻速運動只是一種假設性的運動。Word family: hypothetically ad. hypothesis n.Words &

40、; Phrasesabsent-mindedly ad. preoccupiedly; in an absent-minded manner 健忘地；心不在焉地absent-minded a. likely to forget things or to think about something different from what you should be thinking about 健忘的；心不在焉的e.g. 1. Im getting more absent-minded as I get older. 隨著年紀變大，我變得更健忘了。2. She absent-mindedly p

41、layed some hairs which clung to the comb.3. She talked to the stranger while walking, as if absent-mindedly. 她和那個陌生人邊走邊聊，似乎心不在焉。Words & Phrases她心不在焉地擺弄梳子上粘附著的幾根頭發。brainless a. 1) not using intelligence 不必動腦筋的；不用花費腦力的e.g. Do you think typing is a brainless task? 你覺得打字是不費腦子的活兒嗎？2) stupid; foolish

42、無頭腦的；愚笨的e.g. She was in no mood for their brainless gabble this afternoon. 這個下午她沒有心情聽他們愚蠢的閑聊。Words & Phrasesengender vt. (fml) cause a feeling or attitude to exist 造成；導致e.g. 1. Crime is sometimes engendered by jealousy. 犯罪有時是由妒忌導致的。2. Sympathy often engenders love. Do you know any synonyms of en

43、gender?Words & Phrasescreategive rise to arouse bring about lead to cause同情經常引發愛情。generatequalified a. able to do sth., because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed 有資格的；有能力的e.g. 1. She is well qualified to give an opinion. 她有資格發表意見。2. They have difficulty finding qualifie

44、d personnel at home. (CET4-2006-06) 他們在國內難以找到勝任的員工。Word family: qualification n.See also: qualify.Words & Phrasesqualify v.1) ( as / for) have the right qualities or be in the right situation to be considered as sth. or to receive or do sth. 有資格e.g. Our team has qualified for the semi-final. 我隊已

45、有資格進入半決賽。2) ( as / in) become a member of a particular profession after a period of training or study （經過一段時間的訓練或學習后）取得資格e.g. Andrew qualified as a teacher in 1995. 安德魯1995年取得教師資格。Antonym: disqualifySee also: qualified.Words & Phrasesconsolation n. C, U sth. that makes you feel less unhappy or d

46、isappointed 安慰；慰藉e.g. 1. It was some consolation to know that no one else had passed the test. 得知沒別人通過這個測試是一種安慰。2. The only consolation for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again. 球隊唯一的安慰就是他們有機會再賽一場。Word family: console v.e.g. No one could console her when Peter died. 彼得去世后，沒人能安慰她

47、。Words & Phrasesapropos prep. ( of) ( fml) relating to: used for saying sth. else about the subject you are talking about （用于提及相關話題）與相關，附帶 e.g.1. He had nothing to say apropos of the latest development. 關于最新的進展，他無可奉告。2. Apropos of nothing, he suddenly asked me if I liked football! 他突然沒頭沒腦地問我是否喜歡

48、足球！Words & Phrasespotent a. powerful, or effective 強大的；有力的；有效的e.g. 1. I was convinced by his potent arguments. 他那有力的論據把我說服了。2. A good company pension scheme remains a potent weapon for attracting staff. 好公司的養老金計劃在吸引員工方面依然是有利的武器。Words & Phrasesusurp vt. (fml) take a job or position that belon

49、gs to someone else without having the right to do this 篡奪；侵占e.g. 1. The king resented anyone trying to usurp his authority. 國王憎恨任何想要篡位的人。2. Henry IV usurped the throne of England. 亨利四世篡奪了英國的王位。Words & Phrasesconstitute v. (fml) (linking verb) if several people or things constitute sth., they com

50、bine to form it 組成；構成；形成e.g. 1. Twelve people constitute a research group. 12個人構成了一個研究小組。2. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升對社會構成了威脅。3. Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 未能完成工作被視作違反員工合同的行為。Word family: constitution n. Words & Ph

51、rasesCf: constitute & consist of B, C and D constitute A. / A consists of B, C and D. A由B、C和D三部分組成。e.g. 1. The committee consists of scientists and engineers. 委員會由一些科學家和工程師組成。2. Seven days constitute a week. 一周有七天。Words & Phrasescomposer n. C someone who writes music, especially classical mu

52、sic （尤指古典音樂）作曲家e.g. Word family: compose v.Words & Phrases1. Hes a composer of serious music. I like his music a lot. 他是個莊嚴音樂的作曲家，我非常喜歡他創作的曲子。2. The composer kicked the music around for a while, trying it out. 作曲家把這個曲子隨便哼了一會兒，看看行不行。Beethovenproclaim vt. 1) state something publicly 公開聲明；宣布e.g. Th

53、ey still proclaim that their policy was successful. 他們依然聲稱自己的政策是成功的。2) announce something officially 正式宣布e.g. 1. In 1882, Brazil proclaimed itself independent from Portugal.2. The president proclaimed that a new currency would be issued.Words & Phrases1882年，巴西宣布脫離葡萄牙獨立。總統宣布將發行新貨幣。purely ad. comp

54、letely, or as the only issue or reason 純粹地；完全地e.g. 1. Michael said that his planned 10-day visit would be a purely private affair. 麥克說他原計劃10天的訪問是一次純私人的事件。2. The question is purely academic. 這是一個純學術性的問題。3. His conclusions are purely speculative. 他的結論完全是推測而來的。Words & Phrasesintransigent a. (fml) r

55、efusing to change your ideas or behaviour with no good reason 固執己見的；頑固的e.g. 1. His intransigent attitude really annoys the people around him. 他頑固的態度真讓周圍的人感到討厭。2. The Iran rulers will be more intransigent to U.S. after bombing. 轟炸會使伊朗統治者對美國持更加強硬的態度。Words & Phrasesprecisely ad.1) exactly 確切地；明確地；準

56、確地e.g. 1. Tell me precisely what you want, please. 請明確地告訴我你想要什么。2. Temperature can be measured precisely. 溫度可以精確地測出。2) clearly 清楚地；清晰地e.g. Dartman spoke very precisely. 達特曼說得非常清楚。Word family: precise a. precision n.Words & Phrasesfugue n. C (technical) a piece of classical music that repeats a s

57、imple tune and develops it into a complicated pattern using different instruments or voices 賦格曲（一種重復簡單的曲調并用不同樂器或聲音賦予復雜曲式的古典音樂）e.g. Can you transpose this fugue into G major? 你能把這個賦格曲轉換成G大調嗎？ Words & Phrasessadness n. sing, U a feeling of being unhappy, especially because sth. bad has happened 悲傷

58、；傷心；難過e.g. 1. Joans childhood was filled with pain and sadness. 喬安的童年充滿了痛苦和傷心。2. Yesterdays joy will become todays sadness; yet todays sadness will grow into tomorrows joy. 昨日的快樂變成今天的哀愁；今天的悲傷又轉為明日的喜悅。 Word family: sad a.Words & Phrasespessimistically ad. in a pessimistic manner 悲觀地pessimistic a.

59、 expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result悲觀的，悲觀主義的e.g. 1. She concluded pessimistically that it would not happen.2. Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. (CET4-2002-01) 一些悲觀的專家覺得汽車肯定會被廢止。Antonym：optimistica

60、lly Words & Phrases她悲觀地得出結論：這一切都不會發生。resignedly ad. with resignation and acceptance 順從地；屈從地resigned a. a resigned look, voice etc shows that you are making yourself accept sth. that you do not like 順從的；屈從的e.g. 1. I resignedly telegraphed back that it was all right with me if he insisted. 我回電報無奈地說，如果他堅持我也能接受。2. “Well have to leave,” she said with a resigned sigh. “我們必須要離開，”她無奈地說。Word family: resign v. resignation n.Words & Phrasesfat