1、語法解讀名詞轉化為動詞英語在長期發展過程中,各類詞逐漸失去詞類標志。一個詞可以不經過任何變化而用作另一類詞,不改變詞的形態,只是使某個詞從一種詞類轉化成另一種詞類,從而使該詞具有新的意義和作用,成為一個新詞,這種構詞方法叫做詞類轉化法,簡稱轉化法。名詞轉化為動詞是英語語言中一種比較普遍的現象,也是詞類轉化的一個重要組成部分。主要有以下幾種情況:1.許多可以表示物體的名詞用作動詞(意思也隨之有些轉變)。這樣的詞有book(預定),chair(主持),pin(釘住),seat(使某人坐下),picture(畫),pencil(展示,描述),bag(裝入),pocket(裝在口袋里)等。如:Have

2、 you booked your tickets?你的票訂好了嗎?Who is to chair the meeting?誰來主持會議?He pinned great hopes on us.他對我們寄予了很大希望。It can seat a thousand people.它能坐(容納)一千人。The speaker pictured the suffering of the poor.那個演講人描繪了窮人的痛苦。He hurriedly penciled the time on it.他匆忙(用鉛筆)在上面寫下時間。By noon he had bagged 3 hares.到中午時,他已

3、捕獲了三只野兔。The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.這些錢都進了貪官污吏的腰包。2.表示身體某部位的名詞也可作動詞。這樣的詞有hand(傳遞),back(支持),shoulder(肩負),figure(撫摸),eye(注視),nose(偵察出),elbow(推擠),head(朝前進)等。如:He handed the book to me.他遞給了我那本書。Weve got to back him up.我們必須支持他。He must shoulder his responsibilities.他必須肩負他的責任。She figure

4、d the silk gently.她輕輕地撫摸著那緞子。He eyed her every movement.他注視著她的每個動作。Shes always nosing into other peoples business.她總愛管別人的閑事。I elbowed my way through the crowd.我推擠著穿過人群。They headed for the gate.他們朝大門口走去。3.某些表示一類人的名詞也可用作動詞。這樣的詞有nurse(護理),doctor(診斷),soldier(當兵),officer(指揮),father(當的父親;發明),spy(做間諜)等。如:S

5、he nursed me day and night for three weeks.三個禮拜以來,她日夜護理我。He feels he can doctor a common cold.他感到他能治療普通的感冒。He had soldiered in France in his youth.他年輕時在法國當過兵。The army was officered by brave men.這支軍隊由勇敢的人指揮。He fathered the plan.這計劃是他提出來的。Spying is dangerous.當間諜是危險的。4.一些表示實物的名詞也可用作動詞。這樣的詞有volunteer(主動

6、提供),room(住),bridge(填補),flower(開花),floor(鋪地板),oil(擦油),coat(涂上),duck(閃避)等。如:Many villagers volunteered the house to flood victims.許多村民主動提出給遭受水災的災民提供住處。We roomed together at college.我們大學時同居一室。They must try to bridge the generation gap between them.他們必須填補他們之間的代溝。I believe it is going to flower this year

7、.我相信它今年會開花。He floored the room.他把房間鋪上了地板。He oiled his tools and put them away.他給工具擦了油,并把它們收了起來。The pill is coated with sugar.藥丸外面包有糖衣。I ducked my head to avoid being hit.我低下頭,以免被擊中。5.有些抽象名詞也可以作動詞。這樣的詞有lunch(吃午飯),storm(下大雨),anger(使生氣),hunger(渴望,饑餓)等。如:We usually lunch at school.我們通常在學校吃午飯。It stormed

8、all that day.那天一整天風雨大作。This angered him at first.開頭這讓他很生氣。A good student hungers after knowledge.好學生渴望獲得知識。轉化成的動詞與原來名詞的詞義關系名詞經常原封不動地當作動詞使用,這種用法既生動,又省力;既形象,又簡潔。轉化成的動詞與原來的名詞在語義關系上主要有下列七種類型:1.“把放入;使處于”,這一類動詞表示“方位”,大多來自指地方、建筑物、容器之類的名詞。如:bottle n. 瓶子v.裝瓶garage n. 車庫v.把(汽車)送入車庫list n.表,名單v.把編列成表can n.罐頭v.

9、裝罐頭2.“給予;提供”,這類動詞大多來自表示“物品”的名詞。如:shelter n. 避難所v.掩護,遮蔽fuel n.燃料v.加燃料man n.人v.配備人員sugar n.糖v.往里加糖3.“去掉”,這類動詞也大多來自表示“物品”的名詞。如:core n.果實的心v.挖去果心skin n.皮v.剝皮peel n.果皮v.削皮juice n.果汁v.從榨出汁4.“用來做”,這一類動詞表示“工具”,大多來自人體部位名詞,或指工具的名詞。如:hand n.手v.遞交finger n.手指v.用手指觸碰hammer n.錘子v.用錘敲擊shoulder n.肩膀v.肩負eye n.眼睛v.注視5.“像那樣”,這類動詞表示名詞所指的人或動物的典型動作,來自人稱名詞和動物名詞,有很強的隱喻含義。如:nurse n.護士v.護理tutor n.私人教師v.當的教師,輔導father n.父親v.當父親,像父親般對待dog n.狗v.尾隨,追蹤monkey n.猴子v.胡鬧6.“使成為,把改變為”,這一類動詞表示“結果”。如:cripple n.跛子v.使跛fool n.傻子v.愚弄ca