1、ultra-deep optical spectroscopy with pmas using the nod-and-shuffle technique abstract:pmas, the potsdam multi-aperture spectrophotometer is a new integral field spectrograph in the optical, optimized for good transmission and high image quality from 350nm to 1m. we present our plan to implement a c

2、cd charge- shuffle mode to allow for beam switching with a very high degree of sky subtraction accuracy for faint object 3d spectroscopy. key words:integral field spectroscopy faint object spectroscopy beam switching 1.introduction the exploration of the high-redshift universe is certainly among the

3、 most exciting topics of modern astrophysics, both on the grounds of advances with numerical simulations in theoretical cosmology, as well as observa- tionally with the light collecting power of 8-10m class telescopes. while hst has provided us with images of galaxies up to a redshift of z5, ground-

4、 based imaging and spectroscopy even with the largest available telescopes is embarrassingly difficult and expensive in terms of observing time. the intrinsic faintness of high-redshift galaxies is only one of the reasons for the problem. ground-based observations are confronted with the fact that t

5、hese objects are much fainter than the surface brightness of the sky, typically 1% of the sky or less. therefore, the detection limit for low and medium resolution spectroscopy is dominated by the limited accuracy in subtracting the bright and variable sky background. as an instructive example, fig.

6、1 shows images and a spectrum of a galaxy at redshift 6.56 (pictures taken from a press release of the ifa, univ. of hawaii), obtained as part of a total of 24 hours of multi-wavelength broad- and narrowband imaging at the keck- and subaru telescopes, and with 4 hours worth of integration using keck

7、 and the lris spectrograph (hu et al. 2002). figure-1: ly emission at z=6.56, detected with an onband/offband imaging technique. the narrow-band filter transmission curve (insert) has been strategically chosen to fall in a gap between two strong oh night sky emission bands ( note that the sky lines

8、have been scaled down by a factor of 100 ). the strong residuals redward of the redshifted ly line (near 9200 ) are typical for the problem of low/medium resolution spectroscopy in the red. the 10 resolution lris spectrum on the top (taken from another source) demonstrates that more than half of the

9、 available wavelength range is contaminated by the disturbingly bright oh emission bands (pictures from ifa press release by hu et al. 2002, and i. lehmann, aip). 2.beam switching techniques the spectacular images of the hubble deep fields, obtained with integration times on the order of 100 hours,

10、may seem to suggest that it is merely a matter of allocating sufficiently long observing time at 8-10m class telescopes to also obtain good quality spectra of the most distant galaxies of the universe. that this is not so due to the presence of the bright night sky has been known for some time and i

11、s explained e.g. in cuillandre et al. 1994. chiefly, the limited accuracy of a conventional slit spectrograph in subtrac- ting the sky contribution from a spectrum containing (object + sky) flux results in systematic errors which propagate multiplicatively. contrary to photon shot noise and others s

12、ources of random error the resulting signal-to- titel: z6_picture.eps erstellt von: fig2dev version 3.2 patchlevel 1 vorschau: diese eps-grafik wurde nicht gespeichert mit einer enthaltenen vorschau. kommentar: diese eps-grafik wird an einen postscript-drucker gedruckt, aber nicht an andere druckert

13、ypen. noise ratio cannot be reduced by increasing the observing time. instead, the s/n is saturating at some limiting value, no matter how large the telescope is, or how long we expose our spectra. the effect is particularily worrisome near bright night sky lines, dominating the sky spectrum at wave

14、lengths above 6000 (for spectrophotometric data, see massey & foltz 2000). cuillandre et al. 1994 proposed a method to overcome this limitation, called “va-et-vient”, which is essentially an adaptation of the familiar beam- switching technique, known from ir astronomy, to ccds. like in many other me

15、asurement problems regardless of any specific technical domain, small signals affected by temporarily varying bias or gain can be determined more accurately by rapidly switching between the signal of interest and a reference (chopping). the problem for ccds in adopting this scheme, however, has been

16、 the prohibitively long readout-time required for low read- noise operation of the detector. “va-et-vient” makes use of the fact that in frame transfer mode charge can be clocked in two directions, thus allowing to consecutively obtain (sky + object) and (sky) exposures on the same frame without hav

17、ing to read out each sample immediately. this scheme requires to provide on the ccd for one active zone (exposure) plus two masked areas (storage), and to parallel-clock 2/3 of the resulting charge image back and forth, synchronized with the telescope which has to alternate between the object and a

18、sky pointing, accordingly. the important point is that both (object + sky) and (sky reference) are always observed quasi- simultaneously through the identical optical train, with identical slit/aberration/distortion/flexure/ properties, and with identical ccd pixels, which exhibit essentially the sa

19、me flatfield and fringing behaviour. a more recent paper by glazebrook and bland-hawthorn (2001) describes the method which they dubbed “nod-shuffle-spectroscopy”, and a practical implementation with the ldss spectrograph at the aat. based on a wealth of test data, the authors claim that, in princip

20、le, nod-shuffle should be able to reach a limiting flux level of 10-4 of the sky brightness - provided one can spend enough observing time. 3.pmas pmas, the potsdam multi-aperture spectrophotometer, is a new integral field spectrograph, which was designed as a flexible travelling instrument, and whi

21、ch has seen first light at the calar alto 3.5m telescope in may 2001 (roth et al. 2002b). the instrument has been developed at the astrophysical institute potsdam (roth et al.1997, 1998a, 1998b, 2000, fechner et al. 2000). figure-2: pmas during the process of mounting to the calar alto 3.5m telescop

22、e casse- grain flange for first light on may 28, 2001. a major motivation for this development has been the goal to use the advantages of integral field spectroscopy (ifs) for the difficult observation of individual sources in crowded fields, e.g. resolved stars and nebulae in nearby galaxies, analo

23、gous to the development of crowded field photometry after the advent of ccds in astronomy. we have also considered the benefits and limitations of ifs for faint object spectroscopy (roth et al. 2000) which can be summarized as follows: absence of slit losses (there is no slit), image slicer effect f

24、or extended sources sky background estimate can be derived more reliably from an annulus or an extended region around the target rather than from interpolation along a slit uncritical telescope pointing for faint targets due to extended 2-dimensional fov differential atmospheric refraction and assoc

25、iated slit losses are irrelevant for ifs figure-3: single 2k4k ccd frame of pmas fiber spectrograph internal calibration exposure (continuum+ spectral line lamp). the magnified insert shows two groups of 16 well- separated spectra, corresponding to two rows of 16 spatial elements of the lens array.

26、figure-4: the pmas fiber spectrograph supports a large spectroscopic field of view: 4k4k with 15m pixels, corresponding to 3200 coverage at 3 resolution (600 l/mm grating). 4.nod- and shuffle with pmas with funding from the verbundforschung of the german bmbf, and in collaboration with lutz wisotzki

27、 and joachim wambsganss, university of potsdam, we have started in april 2002 the “ultros” project which is intended to implement a variant of the nod-and-shuffle technique in pmas. figure-5: pmas charge-shuffle mode experimentally implemented in the lab (see text). the idea is to use the strips of

28、free space between neighbouring spectra as storage areas for the shuffling process rather than masked storage space at the edges of the chip. fig.5 demonstrates how this mode has been implemented in the lab: while the left frame shows a normal calibration frame, the right frame has twice the number

29、of spectra generated by clocking charge 7 pixels (half the average vertical distance between spectra) back and forth, synchronized with the shutter. acknowledgements the pmas project has received financial support from the german bmbf under verbundforschung grants 05 3pa414/1 and 05 al9ba1/9. the ul

30、tros project is funded under grant 05ae2baa/4. tb acknow- ledges support from dfg grant ha1850/10. we wish to thank our colleagues of the eso odt and their former team leader jim beletic for allowing us to copy the eso design vlt detector head, the ace ccd controller, developed by roland reiss, and

31、generous support and advice throughout, without which the project would not have become a success. thanks also to ingo lehmann for providing us with the lris frame (fig.1). references 1 cuillandre, j.c., fort, b., picat, j.p., soucail, g., altieri, b., beigbeder, f., dupin, j.p., pourthie, t., ratie

32、r, g. 1994, a&a 281, 603 2 fechner, t., wolter, d., roth, m.m. 2000, in proc. optical detectors for astronomy ii, kluwer dordrecht, eds. james w. beletic, paola amico, p.153 3 glazebrook, k., bland-hawthorn, j. 2001, pasp 113, 197 4 hu, e.m., cowie, l.l., mcmahon, r.g., capak, p., iwamuro, f., kneib, j.-p., maih