單詞：20分，10個二。句子翻譯： 40分，8題1:P2 Acommonmethodofanalyzinganelectricalnetworkismeshorloopanalysis.ThefundamentallawthatisappliedinthismethodisKirchhoffsfirstlaw,whichstatesthatthealgebraicsunofthevoltagesaroundaclosedloopis0,or,inanyclosedloop,thesumofthevoltagerisesmustequalthesumofthevoltagedrops.Meshanalysisconsistsofassumingthatcurrentstermedloopcurrentsflowineachloopofanetwork,algebraicallysummingthevoltagedropsaroundeachloop,andsettingeachsumequalto0.分析電網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一般方法是網(wǎng)孔分析法或回路分析法。應(yīng)用于此方法的基本定律是基爾霍夫第一定律，基爾霍夫第一定律指出：一個閉合回路中的電壓代數(shù)和為0，換句話說，任一閉合回路中的電壓升等于電壓降。網(wǎng)孔分析指的是：假設(shè)有一個電流即所謂的回路電流流過電路中的每一個回 路，求每一個回路電壓降的代數(shù)和，并令其為零。2: P17Alternatively,supposethattherehadbeenattachedtoeachpilotsseatanelectronicdevicethatprovidedanoutputvoltagewhichisV1whentheseatisoccupiedandV2whentheseatisnotoccupied.Letusattachthedesignation“true”tothevoltagelevelV2sothatthelevelV1is“false”.Letusfurtherconstructanelectriccircuitwithtwosetsofinputterminalsandonesetofoutputterminals.ThecircuitistohavethepropertythattheoutputvoltagewillbeV2ifandonlyifbothinputs,i.e.,oneinputANDsimultaneouslytheother,areatthelevelV2.OtherwisetheoutputisV1 FinallyletusconnecttheinputstothedevicesonthechairsofpilotsAandBandarrangethatanalarmbell,connectedtotheoutputZ,respondwhentheoutputisV2(“true”)andnototherwise.WehavethenconstructedacircuitwhichperformstheANDoperationandiscapableofmakingthelogicaldeductionthattheplaneisunpilotedwhen,indeed,bothpilotsleavethecockpit換句話說，假設(shè)每一位飛行員座位下面有一個電子裝置，當(dāng)座位上有人時，其輸出電壓為V1，當(dāng)座位上無人時，其輸出電壓為V2。現(xiàn)在我們用“真”來代表電壓V2，從而使電壓V1表示“假”。讓我們進(jìn)一步制作一個帶有兩個輸入端和一個輸出端的電路，此電路的特性是：只要兩個輸入，即一個輸入同時和另一個輸入相與，結(jié)果為V2時，輸出電壓才是V2。否則，輸出是V1。最后，讓我們把輸入和飛行員A 和B 座位下的裝置聯(lián)結(jié)起來，并安裝一個與輸出Z相連的警鈴，當(dāng)輸出是V2 (“真”)時響應(yīng)，否則不響應(yīng)。這樣，我們已創(chuàng)建了一個執(zhí)行與操作的電路，這個電路能完成當(dāng)兩個駕駛員確實都離開駕駛艙時飛機是無人駕駛的邏輯推斷。3: P66Controltheoryitselfhastwocategories:classicalandmodern.Classicalcontroltheory,whichhaditsstartduringWorldWarII,canbecharacterizedbythetransferfunctionconceptwithanalysisanddesignprincipallyintheLaplaceandfrequencydomains.Moderncontroltheoryhasarisenwiththeadventofhighspeeddigitalcomputersandcanbecharacterizedbythestatevariableconceptwithemphasisonmatrixalgebraandwithanalysisanddesignprincipallyinthetimedomain.Asmightbeexpected,eachapproachhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesaswellasitsproponentsanddetractors.控制理論本身分成兩個部分：經(jīng)典和現(xiàn)代。經(jīng)典控制理論始于二次大戰(zhàn)以傳遞函數(shù)的概念為特征，分析和設(shè)計主要在拉普拉斯域和頻域內(nèi)進(jìn)行。現(xiàn)代控制理論是隨著高速數(shù)字計算機的出現(xiàn)而發(fā)展起來的。它以狀態(tài)變量的概念為特征，重點在于矩陣代數(shù)，分析和設(shè)計主要在時域。每種方法都有其優(yōu)點和缺點，也各有其倡導(dǎo)者和反對者4:P67Openloopandclosedloopcontrolsystems(seeFig.21A1).Anopenloopsystemisoneinwhichthecontrolactionisindependentoftheoutput.Aclosedloopsystem,however,theinputoftheplantissomehowdependentontheactualoutputSincetheoutputisfedbackinafunctionalformdetermindbythenatureofthefeedbackelementsandthensubtractedfromtheinput,aclosedloopsystemisoftenreferredtoasanegativefeedbacksystemorsimplyasafeedbacksystem.開環(huán)和閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)（如圖2-1A-1）：開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)是控制行為與輸出無關(guān)的系統(tǒng)。而閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，其被控對象的輸入在某種程度上依賴于實際的輸出。因為輸出以由反饋元件決定的一種函數(shù)形式反饋回來，然后被輸入減去。閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)通常是指負(fù)反饋系統(tǒng)或簡稱為反饋系統(tǒng)。5：P83Actual system are also subjected to undesirable inputs, such as noise in command inputs and disturbances arising from changes in the plant parameters or changes in the environment in which the plant is operating. Noise inputs that enter the system with the command input require filtering techniques to remove or suppress them without affecting the command input itself. We shall limit our discussion to disturbance inputs which enter the system at the plant rather than at the controller. 實際系統(tǒng)總是容易受到不希望的輸入干擾，例如， 命令輸入中的噪聲以及由于參數(shù)改變在被控對象中產(chǎn)生的干擾或者被控對象工作環(huán)境變化產(chǎn)生的干擾。隨著命令輸入進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的噪聲輸入需要濾波器進(jìn)行驅(qū)除或者抑制并不對輸入信號產(chǎn)生影響。 我們將限于討論通過被控對象進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的噪聲而不討論通過控制器進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的噪聲6:P887.Lociaresymmetricalabouttherealaxissincecomplexopenlooppolesandzerosoccurinconjugatepairs.軌跡關(guān)于實軸對稱，因為復(fù)雜的開環(huán)極點和零點成對的出現(xiàn)8.Sectionsoftherealaxistotheleftofanoddtotalnumberofopenlooppolesandzerosonthisaxisformpartoftheloci,becauseanytrialpointonsuchsectionssatisfiestheanglecondition.實軸上某個區(qū)間右側(cè)實軸上的開環(huán)零極點數(shù)之和為奇數(shù)時，這個區(qū)間形成根軌跡，因為這個區(qū)間上的任一點滿足幅角判據(jù)。9.Ifthepartoftherealaxisbetweentwoo.l.poles(o.l.zeros)belongstotheloci,theremustbeapointofbreakawayfrom,orarrivalat,therealaxis.Ifnootherpolesandzerosarecloseby,thebreakawaypointwillbehalfway.如果實軸在兩個開環(huán)極點（開環(huán)零點）之間屬于根軌跡，則在其中必定有突破點（匯合點）.如果附近沒有極點或者零點，則突破點（匯合點）必定在（兩個開環(huán)極點/開環(huán)零點）中間7:P97When the function has no pole or zero inside the right-half s plane, i.e. the function is minimum phase, the Bode plots can be sketched rather rapidly with a knowledge of the four elementary factors that appear in the function.當(dāng)該函數(shù)無零點和極點在 S 平面右半部時， 即系統(tǒng)為最小相位系統(tǒng)， 可以使用函數(shù)的四個快速地繪出伯德圖8: P99Similarly, the gain margin equals 1 divided by the magnitude at the frequency where the phase angle is -180, the gain margin in dB, is therefore the distance of the magnitude below 0dB at this frequency, as shown in Fig. 2-4A-2.同樣，增益裕量等于 1 除以相角為 180時對應(yīng)頻率的幅值。因此，,以 dB 來表示，為如圖 Fig. 2-4A-2.所示的頻率處，幅值曲線與 0 分貝線的距離。9:P163ROM is usually for the permanent, non-volatile storage of an applications program. Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the device requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of the chips. Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture. This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools. ROM 通常是用于永久的、非易失的應(yīng)用程序存儲。許多的微處理器或者微控制器是大批量生產(chǎn)的， 為了省錢， 要求程序在生產(chǎn)時就永久地固化在存儲器中。顯然，這就意味著 ROM 代碼的開發(fā)必須十分精確，因為一旦生產(chǎn)出來就無法更改。 這種開發(fā)過程包括使用一個復(fù)雜的開發(fā)系統(tǒng)， 該系統(tǒng)包括硬件仿真能力以及功能強大的軟件工具。10:P180One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t), then comparing it to its desired value, and based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the steam flow(energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow(energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would required a tremendous number of operator. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instruments that control the variable without requiring intervention from the operator. This is what we mean by automatic process control. 完成這個目標(biāo)的一個方法是首先測量溫度， 然后將其與期望值比較， 在比較的基礎(chǔ)上再決定如何去做以消除偏差。蒸汽的流量可以用于消除偏差。即， 如果溫度高于期望值，將蒸汽閥關(guān)小以削減進(jìn)入熱交換器的蒸汽（能量） 。如果溫度低于期望值，則蒸汽閥門就會打開大一點以增加蒸汽流量（能量） 。 所有這些都可以由操作員手工完成，而且由于步驟很直觀，不會有什么問題。然而。在大多數(shù)的生產(chǎn)過程中有數(shù)百的變量必須維持在期望值，這就要求有很多的操作員。因此，我們就希望采用自動控制來完成這些工作。即，我們要用儀表來控制這些變量而不需操作員干預(yù)。這就是過程的自動控制11:P252伴隨著信息處理與通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展,能完成諸多服務(wù)功能的樓宇自動化系統(tǒng)也應(yīng)運而生。當(dāng)我們正在走向下一個世紀(jì)的時候，一個主要的趨勢是開發(fā)多樣化的通訊技術(shù)，包括音頻與視頻信號的傳送，多媒體系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)包含了這些特點。我們主要的工作集中在：提供高清晰度和立體圖像傳輸?shù)目梢暬?wù)；具有意識、辨識、理解和推理的智能化服務(wù)；攜帶方便的個人移動通訊服務(wù)。我們的目標(biāo)是進(jìn)一步將信息處理和通訊技術(shù)融合在一起。這將導(dǎo)致具有更高集成水平的智能建筑，如圖6-2B-1所示。三。段落翻譯：25分，兩題（現(xiàn)代控制理論狀態(tài)控制P108與過程控制P182）P108：The concept of state occupies a central position in modern control theory. However, it appear in many other technical and non-technical context as well. In thermodynamics the equations of state are prominently used. Binary sequential networks are normally analyzed in term of their state. In everyday life, monthly financial statements are commonplace. The President state of the Union meesage is another familiar example.狀態(tài)的概念在現(xiàn)代控制理論中占據(jù)中心位置。然而其也出現(xiàn)在其他技術(shù)和非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。在熱力學(xué)中狀態(tài)方程的概念被突出地使用。二進(jìn)制序列網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常使用狀態(tài)的術(shù)語進(jìn)行分析。在日常生活中每月的也使用財政（財務(wù)）狀況。美國總統(tǒng)的國情咨文也是一個熟悉的例子。In all of these examples the concept of state is essentially the same. It is a complete summary of the status of the system at a particular point in time. Knowledge of the state at some initial time t0 plus knowledge of the system inputs after t0, allows the determination of the state at a later time t1. As far as the state at t1 is concerned, it makes no difference how the initial state was attained. Thus the state at t0 constitutes a complete history of the system behavior prior to t0, insofar as that history affects future behavior. Knowledge of the present state allows a sharp separation between the past and the future.在上述所有的例子中，“狀態(tài)”的概念是基本相同的。“狀態(tài)”完全就是系統(tǒng)在某個特殊時刻的“狀況”的一個總結(jié)。狀態(tài)在某個時刻t0的值再加上t0時刻的輸入的知識可以確定以后時刻t1的狀態(tài)。就t1時刻的狀態(tài)而言，它與初始狀態(tài)是如何實現(xiàn)的無關(guān)。因此，t0時刻的狀態(tài)就構(gòu)成了t0以前行為的歷史，這個歷史狀態(tài)在一定程度上影響系統(tǒng)未來的行為。當(dāng)前狀態(tài)就將過去與未來作了一個截然的劃分。At any fixed time the state of a system can be described by the values of a set of variables xi called state variables. One of the state variables of a thermodynamic system is temperature and its value can arrange over the continuum of real number. In a binary network state variable can take on only two discrete values, 0 or 1. Note that the state of your cheking account at the end of the month can be represented by single number, the balance. The state of the Union can be represented by such things as gross national product, percent unemployment, the balance of trade deficit, ect. For the systems considered in this article the state variables may take on any scalar value, real or complex. That is . Although some systems require an infinite number of state variables, only system which can be described by a finite number n of state variables will be considered here. Then the state can be represented by an n component state vector It belongs to an n- dimensional vector space defined over the field C.在任何一個固定的時刻，系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)可以用變量集合的值xi來描述，稱為狀態(tài)變量。熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)的一個狀態(tài)變量是溫度，其值是在一個實數(shù)連續(xù)區(qū)間R變化。對于一個二進(jìn)制網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)變量可以僅僅有兩個離散的值，0和1。你在月底帳目的平衡的狀態(tài)可以用一個數(shù)來表示。國情咨文中的狀態(tài)可以用國民生產(chǎn)總值、失業(yè)率、貿(mào)易赤字等來表示。對于本文所考慮的系統(tǒng)，狀態(tài)變量可以用任何一個標(biāo)量值（實數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）來表示。即。雖然有的系統(tǒng)需要用無窮多個狀態(tài)變量來表示，但是在這里我們僅僅考慮有限個數(shù)目狀態(tài)變量的系統(tǒng)。因此，狀態(tài)可以表示為n個分量的狀態(tài)向量。狀態(tài)向量屬于某個域C上的狀態(tài)空間。For Continuous-time system, the state is defined for all time in some interval, for example, a continually varying temperature or voltage. Discrete-time system have their state defined only at discrete times, as with the monthly financial statement or the annual State of the Union message. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems can be discussed simultaneously by defining the times of interest as T. For continuous-time system T consists of the set of times . In either case the initial time could be and the final time could be in some circumstances. 對于連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)，狀態(tài)可以定義某個區(qū)間上的所有時間。例如，連續(xù)變化的溫度或者電壓。離散時間系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)只定義在離散時刻。例如，每月財務(wù)狀況或者年度國情咨文。連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)和離散時間系統(tǒng)可以通過定義時間域T來統(tǒng)一討論。對于連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)，T由的所有實數(shù)構(gòu)成。對于離散時間系統(tǒng)，T由離散時刻集合構(gòu)成。在任何一種情形，有時，初始時刻可以為，最終時刻可以是。The state vector x(t) is defined only for those . At any given t, it is simply an ordered set of n numbers. However, the character of a system could change with time, causing the number of required state variables (and not just the values) to change. If the dimension of the state space varies with time, the notation could be used. It is assumed here that is the same n-dimensional state space at all .狀態(tài)向量x(t)僅僅是在上有定義。對于任意給定的t ，x(t)僅僅是一個有序的n個數(shù)的集合。然而系統(tǒng)的特性可以隨時間變化，會引起系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)變量個數(shù)（不是變量的值）的變化。如果狀態(tài)空間的維數(shù)發(fā)生變化需要使用符號。這里假設(shè)這里表示，對于系統(tǒng)的維數(shù)都是n維。B: Fundamentals of Process ControlAt this time it is necessary to define some terms used in the field of automatic process control. The first term is controlled variable. This is the variable that must be maintained or controlled at some desired value. In the preceding example, the process outlet temperature, T(t), is the controlled variable. The second term is set point, the desired value of controlled variable. The manipulated variable is the variable used to maintain the controlled variable at its set point. In the example, the flow of steam is the manipulated variable. Finally, any variable that can cause the controlled variable to deviate away from set point is defined as a disturbance or upset. In most process there re number of different disturbance. As an example, in the heat exchanger shown in Fig. 5-1A-2, possible disturbance are inlet process temperature, Ti(t), the process flow q(t), the quality of the energy of steam, ambient conditions, process fluid composition, fouling, and so on. What is important here is to understand that in the process industries, most often it is because of this disturbance that automatic process control is needed. If there were no disturbance, design-operating conditions would prevail and there would be no necessity of continuously “policing” the process.此時，有必要定義一些自動過程控制的術(shù)語。第一個屬于是被控變量。該變量是指那些要維持或者控制在期望值的變量。，在前面的例子中，過程出口的溫度T(t)就是被控變量。第二個術(shù)語是設(shè)定點，指被控變量的期望值。操縱變量是指用于將被控變量控制在期望值的變量。在前面的例子中，蒸汽的流量就是操縱變量。最后，所有會使被控變量偏離期望值的變量就稱為干擾或者擾動。在大多數(shù)的過程中，有多個不同的干擾。例如，在圖5-1A-2所示的熱交換器中，可能的干擾有，入口的過程溫度Ti(t)，過程流量q(t)，蒸汽能量的質(zhì)量，周圍的條件過程流質(zhì)的成分，堵塞等等。必須理解，正是因為干擾存在，才需要自動控制。如果沒有干擾，所設(shè)計的工作點就一直保持，也就不需要連續(xù)地調(diào)節(jié)過程了。The following additional terms are also important. Open loop refers to the condition in which the controller is disconnected from the process. That is, the controller is not making decision of how to maintain the controlled variable at set point. Another instance in which open loop control exists is when the action (A) taken by controller does not affect the measurement (M). This is indeed a major flaw in the control system design. Close