2010年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

mark[A],[BJ,[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETX.(10points)

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea

seriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledthe

HawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting

1workers*productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheir

nametothe"Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3

tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects1behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthe

Hawthorneplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrose

whenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6what

wasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.

A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9to

alterworkers,behavior10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricthe

analysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12the

descriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsof

productivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto

14interpretationofwhathapped.15,lightingwasalwayschangedon

aSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.

18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentation

showedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligentfor

thefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthen

slackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopin

down.

1.[AJaffected[B]achieved[CJextracted[DJrestored

2.[A]at[B]up[C]withfD]off

3.[AJtruth[BJsight[CJact[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievousfD]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[AJconcludeLBJmatter[CJindicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

9.[AJsuitable[BJexcessive[CJenough[DJabundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto[BJconsistentwith[CJparallelwith[DJpeculiarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[AJIncontrast[BJForexample[CJInconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly[BJaccidentally[CJunpredictably[D]suddenly

18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile

19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chosefD]intended

20.fA]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],

[BJ,[C]or[DJ.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring

thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable

declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

criticismpublishedinthe20lhcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswere

oncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished

inEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,ata

timewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredan

ornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-off'days,itwastaken

forgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabout

theeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewers

whoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismas

acalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.<4Sofewauthorshave

brainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,,,

Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism9as6atermofcontempt

appliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.'"

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrote

fortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,is

nowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,

though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistso

widelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknighted

in1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowin

print,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospect

seemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodern

readershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[BJEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

(BJcasualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[DJradicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters*dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[BJItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

fC]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[DJNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[AJHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

fB]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[CJHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[DJHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatare

calledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits"one-click"online

paymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.

Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon

business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzzthe

U.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcaseto

conductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseis

known,is°averybigdeal**,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouri

Schooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseit

wasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisioninthe

so-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fund

assets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initially

byemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypes

ofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatents

totheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothe

punch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300

business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor

grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthe

practice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe

energymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,

andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstate

streetBankrnling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsby

thesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor

"inventions*1thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtothe

anti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorney

andprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[BJtheirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

fA]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[BJItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans

fA]lossofgoodwill

[BJincreaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[AJareimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[CJAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

fD]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemics

aredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,often

calledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.The

ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbut

largelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Information

flowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketers

haveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand

influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.

Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertain

looks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcauses

findsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordeveloping

whateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfits

nicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefinding

thatinfluentialshaveforlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.

Infoct,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.

Theresearchers*argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,

withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey——whoseoutsizepresence

isprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yet

itispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flow

theory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,

musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,

andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittle

todowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremoved

fromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon't

propagateveryfororaffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchers

studiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof

populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto

influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthatthe

principalrequirementforwhatwecallnglobalcascades"-thewidespread

propagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentials

but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,

alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessof

howinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyif

thiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials*functioninspreadingideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory0

fA]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

|B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[CJhaswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho

fA]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[BJhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

fC]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

fD]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted

[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced

[DJTheinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthe

scenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.

Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjust

notfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywould

pay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks*lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybe

unknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproper

functioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxic

assetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmore

freedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizing

lossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,

criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthe

changesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentby

management."

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccounting

StandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofrules

laterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedthe

IASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"butHintherealword"andthat

Europecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastly

overvaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausethey

largelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.

Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank*ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,

suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysis

ofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuy

allthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.

America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandeven

combativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaningup

rulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecial

interests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemore

concessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[AJfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules

[BJcollectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[AJthediminishingroleofmanagement

fB]therevivalofthebankingsystem

[CJthebanks'long-termassetlosses

fD]theweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'Sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

fB]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.TheauthorthinksthebankswereHonthewrongplanet,'inthatthey

fA]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[CJneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor*sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

fB]skepticism.

[CJobjectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfill

themintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferencefor

eatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisen

fromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andis

expectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesale

demandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,

comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,asthe

recessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighter

holdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,

leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.

Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:the

wholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailers

need.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefood

anddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexible

trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,rather

thantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybe

acclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,

regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscould

profitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthe

managementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.Retailersthat

mastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspection

revealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheir

customersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsof

individualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferences

beforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheir

particularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathave

beencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain■—aremadeoutofthe

samebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independent

mom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmalltobuy

straightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhen

theydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinesto

largeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthe

tradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarket

forfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthe

figures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,

Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentof

retailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;

wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmore

Europeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthis

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.

[GJHowever,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andeven

somelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,for

thosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderable

gains.

剛一眼一網(wǎng)一網(wǎng)一E一明

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomic

motivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yet

thesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependson

itsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappento

loveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningof

centurysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtothe

rescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusup

ifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,

(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinue

asamatterofintrinsicriRht,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomic

advantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.

(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthese

creaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthatthey

preyonlyon,worthless”species.

Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-minded

forestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimber

crops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,the

non-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,

tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestis

hopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,many

elementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialto

itshealthyfiinctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthe

bioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruit

volunteersfbraninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethe

basicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.

Youshouldwrit