項目3鐵路貨物運輸過程

任務1貨物發送作業

陳斌ChenBinTask1:FreightDeliveryOperationProject

3:

RailwayFreightTransportProcess對貨物裝載重量的要求充分利用貨車載重力，但不得超過貨車容許載重量貨車容許載重量由三個部分組成：1）標重（P標，貨車標記載重量）貨物的裝車作業的基本要求：應做到安全、迅速、滿載，遵守裝載加固技術條件Basicrequirementoffreightloadingoperation:itshallbesafe,fastandfullyloaded,andcomplywiththetechnicalconditionsforloadingandreinforcement裝車作業的基本要求BasicrequirementofloadingoperationFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVRequirementsforfreightloadingweightMakefulluseoftheloadcapacityofwagonsbutshallnotexceedtheallowableloadcapacityofwagons.Thepermissibleloadcapacityofawagonconsistsofthreecomponents.Markerweight(Pmarker,wagonmarkedload)車種車型載重（t）容積（m3）車體尺寸（mm）構造特點內長內寬內高棚車P62NKP62NT601201549028202679車頂:外鋼內木端、側墻:全鋼鐵地板P62KP62T601371549028202679車頂:外鋼內木端、側墻:全鋼鐵地板P63P63K601371572227502900外鋼內木，木地板P64TP64K581161546627962682外鋼內竹，竹地板P65401351546227902855外鋼內竹，竹地板VehicletypevehiclemodelLoadVolumeInnerlengthInnerwidthInnerheightBodysizeConstructionalfeaturesRoof:steelexteriorandwoodinterior,sidewalls:allsteelfloorRoof:steelexteriorandwoodinterior,sidewalls:allsteelfloorsteelexteriorandwoodinterior,woodenfloorsteelexteriorandbamboointerior,bamboofloorsteelexteriorandbamboointerior,bamboofloorBoxwagonFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation多裝量（P特，特定情況可以多裝的量）由于貨物包裝、防護物重量影響貨物凈重，或機械裝載不易計算件數的貨物裝車后減噸確有困難時，可以多裝，但不得超過貨車標記載重量的2％（危險貨物運輸除外）Overfillquantity(Pspecial,theamountthatcanbeoverfilledinagivencase)Iftheweightoffreightpackagingandprotectivematerialsaffectsthenetweightoffreight,oritisreallydifficulttoreducetheweightoffreightloadedwithmachinerythatisdifficulttocalculatethethenumberofpieces,itisallowedtoloadmorefreight,butnotmorethan2%ofthemarkedloadweightofthewagon(exceptforthetransportationofdangerousfreight)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation增載量（P增，按《加規》和文電規定增載）為做好貨車滿載工作，防止貨車超載，確保鐵路運輸安全，依據《鐵路貨物裝載加固規則》和鐵道部關于貨車增載相關規定，針對執行過程中出現的問題，現將有關增載事項進一步明確如下：Incrementalload(Pincrease,asperIncrementalProvisionsandotherprovisions)Inordertoensurethefullloadofwagon,preventoverloadingofwagonandensurethesafetyofrailwaytransportation,inaccordancewiththeRulesforReinforcementofRailwayFreightLoadingandtherelevantprovisionsoftheMinistryofRailwaysonwagonloading,andinviewoftheproblemsoccurredintheimplementationprocess,therelevantissuesonincrementalloadingarefurtherclarifiedasfollows:Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation增載貨車車型適于增載貨物品類1C62BK、C62BT、C64A、C64H、C64K、C64T型敞車《鐵路貨物運價規則》附件一中01類煤，03類焦炭，04類金屬礦石中0410鐵礦石、0490其他金屬礦石，05類0510生鐵，06類非金屬礦石中0610硫鐵礦、0620石灰石、0630鋁礬土、0640石膏，07類磷礦石，08類礦物性建筑材料中0811中泥土、0812砂、0813石料、0898灰渣等中的散堆裝貨物

3噸序號最大允許增載NumberFreighttypesuitableforincrementalloadMaximumallowableloading3tonsC62B,

C62BT,

C64A,

C64H,C64K,C64TopenwagonAnnexItotheRailwayFreightTariffRules,Class01coal,Class03coke,0410ironore,0490othermetaloresinClass04metalores,0510pigironinClass05,0610pyrite,0620limestone,0630bauxite,0640gypsuminClass06non-metallicores,07phosphorusores,0811clay,0812sand,0813stone,0898ashandotherbulkgoodsinClass08mineralbuildingmaterialsIncrementalloadwagontypeFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation增載貨車車型適于增載貨物品類2C62BK、C62BT、C64A、C64H、C64K、C64T型敞車

除序號1所述品類外的其它適合敞車裝運的貨物2

噸3C62AK、C62AT型敞車

所有適合敞車裝運的貨物2

噸4企業自備車中標記載重60噸級敞車《鐵路貨物運價規則》附件一中01類煤2

噸序號最大允許增載NumberIncrementalloadwagontypeFreighttypesuitableforincrementalloadMaximumallowableloadingC62BK,C62BT,

C64A,

C64H,

C64K,

C64T

open

wagonC62AK,

C62ATopenwagonOtherfreightsuitableforopenwagontransportexceptforthecategorydescribedinNo.1AllfreightsuitableforopenwagontransportClass01coalinAnnexIofRailwayFreightTariffRules60tonopenwagonmarkedinenterpriseownedvehicles2tons2tons2tonsFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation序號增載貨車車型適于增載貨物品類最大允許增載5P62NK、P62NT、P63（含P63K）、P64（含P64A、P64AK、P64AT、P64GH、P64GK、P64GT、P64K、P64T）、P65（含P65S）型棚車適合棚車裝運的貨物

1

噸快速貨物班列中P65的裝載重量按有關規定執行NumberMaximumallowableloadingFreighttypesuitableforincrementalloadIncrementalloadwagontype62NK,

P62NT,

P63（includingP63K）,

P64（includingP64A,

P64AK,

P64AT,

P64GH,

P64GK,P64GT,

P64K,

P64T）,P65（includingP65S）boxwagonFreightsuitableforboxwagonTheloadingweightofP65inthefastfreighttrainshallcomplywithrelevantregulations1tonFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation以下車種車型不允許增載1）企業自備車中標記載重60t級敞車外的其他車種車型；2）P62K、P62T、P70等型棚車；3）N17K、N17AK、N17AT、N17GK、N17GT、N17T等型平車；ThefollowingvehicletypesarenotpermittedtocarryadditionalloadsOthertypesofvehiclesintheenterpriseownedvehiclesotherthanthosemarkedwith60topenwagonN17K,

N17AK,

N17AT,

N17GK,

N17GT,

N17Tandotherflatwagon.P62K,P62T,P70andotherboxwagons;Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation以下車種車型不允許增載4）罐車（G）、礦石車（K）、家畜車（J）、水泥車（U）、糧食車（L）、

保溫車（B）、集裝箱車（X）、共用車（NX）、毒品車（W）、

長大貨物車（D）以及長鋼軌運輸車（T）；5）涂打有禁增標記的貨車；ThefollowingvehicletypesarenotpermittedtocarryadditionalloadsTankers(G),orewagons(K),livestockwagons(J),cementwagons(U),graintruck(L),longandlargefreightwagons(D)andlongrailwagons(T);insulatedwagons(B),containerwagons(X),sharedwagons(NX),drugwagons(W),Wagonspaintedwithno-additionmarkings;Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation以下車種車型不允許增載6）C70（含C70H、C70A、C70C、C70E、C70EH、C70EF、C70B、

C70BH），C76（含C76H、C76A、C76B、C76C），C80

（含C80H、C80A、C80AH、C80B、C80BH、C80BF、C80C、

C80CA）型貨車ThefollowingvehicletypesarenotpermittedtocarryadditionalloadsC70（including

C70H,

C70A,

C70C,

C70E,

C70EH,

C70EF,

C70BC80A,

C80AH,

C80B,

C80BH,C80BF,C80C

and

C80CA）wagonC70BH），C76（includingC76H,

C76A,

C76Band

C76C），C80（including

C80H,and

C80CA）wagonFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation貨車容許載重量計算Calculationofthepermissibleloadofawagon貨車容許載重量計算公式P容=P標+P增+P特CalculationformulaofthepermissibleloadofawagonPpermissible

=Pstandard

+Paddition

+PspecialFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation用一輛C62BK裝運河砂，人力裝車，貨車容許載重量為多少噸？用抓斗機裝車又為多少噸？（寫出計算過程）課內實訓AC62BKisusedtotransportriversand,whichisloadedmanually.Whatistheallowableloadingcapacityofthewagon?Andwhatifloadedwithgrab?(Writethecalculationprocess)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVInclasstraining課內實訓Inclasstraining序號車型自重(t)載重(t)容積(m3)車內長×寬×高(mm)6C62BK22.76071.612500×2890×20009C64K22.96173.312490×2890×205010C64H22.56173.312490×2890×205111C64T22.86173.312490×2890×2050NumberVehiclemodelDead

weightLoadVolumeInnerlength×width×heightofthevehicleFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV解：C62B標重60噸，裝砂（0812），可增載3噸Solution:C62Bindicatedweight60tons,sandloading(0812),withadditional3tonsallowed1）人力裝車（不能多裝）

P容=P標+P增+P特

=60+3+0=63（噸）2）抓斗機裝車（可多裝標重的2％）

P容=P標+P增+P特

=60+3+60×2％

=64.2（噸）Manualloading(notallowedtoloadtoomuch)Loadingwithgrab(2%moreindicatedweightcanbeloaded)Ppermissible

=Pstandard

+Paddition

+PspecialPpermissible

=Pstandard

+Paddition

+Pspecial(ton)(ton)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV課內實訓Inclasstraining《鐵路貨物裝載加固規則》（簡稱《加規》）第4條規定，貨物裝載的要求是：使貨物均衡穩定合理的分布在車輛上，不超載、不偏載、不集重、不偏重載重量與重心位置LoadcapacityandpositionofgravitycentreArticle4oftheRulesfortheRailwayFreightLoadingandStrengthening(the"StrengtheningRules")stipulatesthattherequirementsforfreightloadingare:Toensureabalanced,stableandreasonabledistributionofgoodsonthevehicles,nooverload,nounbalancedload,noconcentratedweight,nounbalancedweightFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation不偏載（橫向）、不偏重（縱向）Nobiasedload(horizontal),nobiasedweight(vertical)貨物裝載時應充分利用貨車的載重力和容積，但不得超過貨車容許載重量Thegoodsshallbeloadedbymakingfulluseofthepayloadcapacityandvolumeofthewagonbutshallnotexceedtheallowableloadcapacityofthewagon.Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation一般情況下，一件貨物裝車后其重心或多件貨物的總重心應能垂直投影到車地板縱、橫中心線的交叉點上（即“中央”）不偏載（橫向）、不偏重（縱向）Nobiasedload(horizontal),nobiasedweight(vertical)Ingeneral,thegravitycntreofafreightorthegeneralgravitycentreofseveralfreightshouldbeprojectedverticallyontotheintersectionofthelongitudinalandtransversecentrelinesofthefloorofthevehicle(i.e."central")Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation其他要求Otherrequirements1）貨物重量應均勻分布于車地板上，不超重、不偏載、不偏重、不集重

，在運輸中不發生移動、滾動、倒?；驂嬄涞惹闆r；2）裝載應堆碼穩妥、緊密、捆綁牢固，認真做到輕拿輕放，大不壓小，重不壓輕；Theweightofthegoodsshouldbeevenlydistributedonthefloorofthevehicle,nooverload,nounbalancedload,nounbalancedweightandnoconcentratedweight.Nomovement,rolling,fallingordroppingduringtransport.Loadingshouldbestackedsecurely,tightlyandfirmlytied,andcarefullyhandledsothatlargefreightdonotcrushsmallonesandheavyonesdonotcrushsmallones.Whenusingopenwagonstoloadfreightthatareafraidofwet,theyshouldbestackedintoaridgeshape,coveredwithagoodtarpandtiedfirmlywithropes.3）使用敞車裝載怕濕貨物時，應堆碼成屋脊形，苫蓋好篷布，并將繩索捆綁牢固Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation其他要求Otherrequirements4）使用棚車裝載貨物時，裝在車門口的貨物，應與車門保持適當距離，以防

擠住車門或濕損貨物5）使用罐車裝運貨物時，應裝到規定的容量，既不能超裝，也不能欠裝Whenusingaboxwagontoloadgoods,thefreightloadedatthedoorshouldbekeptatanappropriatedistancefromthedoortopreventsqueezingofthedoororwetdamagetothefreight.Whenusingatankertocarryfreight,itshouldbefilledtotherequiredcapacityandshouldneitherbeoverfillednorunderfilled.Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation6）用敞、平車裝載需要加固的貨物、輕浮貨物、成件貨物，已有

定型方案的，必須按定型方案裝載；無定型方案的，車站應會同

托運人制訂暫行方案或試運加固方案，報上級批準后組織試運Forgoodsthatneedreinforcement,lightandfloatgoodsandpackagegoodstobeloadedfinalizedscheme;ifthereisnofinalizedscheme,therailwaystationshall,togetherwiththeconsignor,workoutaprovisionalschemeoratrialtransportreinforcementschemeandorganizeatrialtransportafterreportingthemtoandobtainingapprovalfromthehigherauthority.withopenorflatwagons,ifthereisafinalizedscheme,suchgoodsmustbeloadedpertheFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV裝車作業的基本要求Basicrequirementofloadingoperation使用棚車、冷藏車、罐車運輸的貨物，由組織裝車單位在貨車上施封貨車施封WagonsealingForfreighttransportedinboxwagon,refrigeratedtrucksortankers,theorganizeroftheloadingshouldsealthetruckWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋可不施封Casesthatsealingisnotnecessary派有押運人的貨物需要通風運輸的貨物組織裝車單位認為不需施封的貨物FreightwithescortassignedFreightrequiringventilatedtransportFreightdeemedasunnecessarytobesealedbytheentityorganizingtheloading.Consignedemptyself-providedvehicleandemptyself-providedcontainerareallowednottobesealed.托運的空自備車、空自備集裝箱可以不施封Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋通用集裝箱重箱必須施封；其他類型集裝箱根據實際情況采取適合的施封方法集裝箱由托運人負責在集裝箱上施封施封后，在運單、票據封套和貨車裝載清單上記明施封及號碼General-purposecontainers,fullcontainersmustbesealed;suitablesealingmethodsshallbeappliedforothertypesofcontainersaccordingtotheactualconditions.ShippershallberesponsibleforsealingcontainersAftersealing,markthesealingandnumberonthewaybill,noteenvelopeandwagonloadlist.Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋用10號鍍鋅鐵線將箱門把手鎖件擰固并剪斷余尾（燕尾）ScrewdownthelockoftheboxdoorhandlewithNo.10galvanizedironwireandcutoffthetail(dovetail)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋無效施封鋼絲繩的任何端可以自由拔出，鎖芯可以從鎖套中自由拔出鋼絲繩斷開后再接，重新使用鎖套上無站名、號碼和站名或號碼不清、被破壞Anyendofthewireropecanbepulledoutfreely,andthelockcylindercanbepulledoutfreelyfromthelocksleeveThewireropecanbeconnectedandreusedafterbeingdisconnectedThereisnostationname,numberorstationnameonthelocksleeve,orthenumberisunclearordamagedInvalidsealingFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋篷布僅用于苫蓋敞車裝運的怕濕、易燃貨物或其它需苫蓋篷布的貨物,并加蓋繩網毒害品、腐蝕性物品及污染性物品不得使用鐵路篷布苫蓋篷布Tarpaulinsareonlyusedtocoverwetorflammablefrightinopenwagonsorotherfreightthatneedtobecoveredwithtarpaulins,andtheyarecoveredwitharopenetRailwaytarpaulinsshouldnotbeusedfortoxic,corrosiveandpollutingsubstancesCoveringtarpaulinFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋苫蓋篷布苫蓋易于損壞篷布的貨物，裝車單位必須采取防護措施，防護材料由托運人提供苫蓋1張D型篷布，貨車較短時，多余部分折疊在貨車中部兩捆綁腰繩下方Forfreightthatcaneasilydamagethetarpaulins,theloadingunitmusttakeprotectivemeasures,withprotectivematerialsprovidedbytheshipperCover1sheetofD-tarpaulin,withtheexcessfoldedunderthetwolashingsinthemiddleofthewagonwhenthewagonisshortCoveringtarpaulinFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋苫蓋篷布不得影響人力制動機（手閘）及提鉤桿使用。篷布繩索余尾長度不少于100mm，不超過300mmThetarpmustnotinterferewiththeuseofthehumanbrake(handbrake)andthehookliftlever.Theremaininglengthofthetarpropemustbeatleast100mmandnotmorethan300mm.苫蓋篷布CoveringtarpaulinFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋篷布、篷布繩網不得作為加固材料使用貨物裝載高度超過敞車端側1m以上或有押運人乘坐的車輛不得苫蓋貨車篷布TarpaulinandtarpaulinropenetshallnotbeusedasreinforcementmaterialAvehiclewiththeloadheightoffreightexceeding1mabovetheendsideofacoveredwagonorwithanescorttakingawagonshallnotbecoveredwithawagontarpaulin.

苫蓋篷布CoveringtarpaulinFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋鐵路篷布不得與自備篷布（運單×）混苫。鐵路篷布7位編號，第1位篷布

投入使用的年份，后6位順序號。自備篷布9位編號,前4位篷布投入使用的年月，

后5位順序號Railwaytarpaulinshallnotbemixedwithself-suppliedtarpaulin(waybill×).Railwaytarpaulinshallhavesevendigits:thefirstdigitshallindicatetheyearinwhichthetarpaulinisputintouseandthelastsixdigitsshallbesequentialnumber.Self-suppliedtarpaulinshallhaveninedigits:thefirstfourdigitsshallindicatetheyearinwhichthetarpaulinisputintouseandthelastfivedigitsshallbesequentialnumber.Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋鐵路篷布7位編號，第1位篷布投入使用的年份，后6位順序號Theserialnumberofrailwaytarpaulinshallbeofsevendigits:thefirstdigitshallbetheyearwhenthetarpaulinisputintouseandthelastsixdigitsofsequentialnumber.圖1鐵路貨車D型篷布示意圖（正面）2123456Figure1DiagramofTypeDTarpaulinforRailwayWagon(FrontSide)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋自備篷布9位編號,前4位篷布投入使用的年月，后5位順序號Self-suppliedtarpaulinshallhaveninedigits:thefirstfourdigitsshallindicatetheyearinwhichthetarpaulinisputintouseandthelastfivedigitsshallbesequentialnumber.圖3自備貨車D型篷布示意圖（正面）210912345Figure3DiagramofTypeDTarpaulinforSelf-ProvideTruck(FrontSide)Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVWagonSealingandTarpaulinCovering貨車施封和篷布苫蓋貨車篷布苫蓋不良刮斷信號設備Case:accidentcausedbycarelesscargoinspection案例：貨運檢查不認真事故ThesignalequipmentisscratchedandbrokenduetopoorwagontarpaulincoverFreightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointV《鐵路貨物運輸管理規則》規定：篷布（包括自備篷布）苫蓋捆綁不牢、被刮掉或被割危及運輸安全時，應及時進行整理；丟失或補苫篷布時由發現站拍發電報并編制記錄TheAdministrativeRulesonRailwayFreightTransportprovidethat:wherethetarpaulin(includingself-providedtarpaulin)coverisnotsecurelybound,scrapedofforcut,whichendangersthesafetyoftransport,thetarpaulinshallbearrangedinatimelymanner;wherethetarpaulinislostoradded,thediscoveringstationshallsendatelegramandcompilearecord.

Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVCase:accidentcausedbycarelesscargoinspection案例：貨運檢查不認真事故貨物運單貨車施封后，貨運員應將車種、車號、貨車標重、使用篷布張數，施封個數記入貨物運單內ConsignmentnoteAftersealingupafreightcar,thefreightoperatorshallrecordthevehicletype,vehiclenumber,markweightofthefreightcar,numberofsheetsoftarpaulinsusedandnumberofsealingintothewaybill.Freightloadingoperation知識點五貨物裝車作業KnowledgePointVFillinTransportVoucher填寫運輸票據貨運票據封套國際聯運貨物和以車輛寄送單回送的外國鐵路貨車、保密物資的運輸票據使用貨運票據封套封固后隨車遞送各欄按實際填寫，加蓋車站日期戳、經辦人工作名章FillinTransportVoucher填寫運輸票據FreightVoucherCoverSetEachcolumnisfilledoutaccordingtotheactualconditionsandaffixedwiththedatestampofthestationandworkingsealofthehandlingperson.Thetransportvoucherofinternationalcombinedtransportfreightandforeignrailwaywagons