螺紋聯接Screw主講人：劉寶生12螺紋緊固件及其聯接螺紋聯接的預緊和防松ThreadedfastenersandtheirconnectionsPretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections目錄CONTENTS1螺紋緊固件及其聯接ThreadedfastenersandtheirconnectionsONE一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections螺紋緊固件是利用螺紋起聯接作用，使兩個零件聯接固定在一起。Threadfastenersusethreadstoconnectandfixtwopartstogether.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections常用的螺紋緊固件:螺栓、雙頭螺柱、螺母、螺釘、墊圈等。Threadfastenersusethreadstoconnectandfixtwopartstogether.六角頭螺栓Hexagonheadedbolt雙頭螺柱Studbolt六角頭螺母Hexagonnut六角開槽螺SlottedHexNut圓螺母Nut內六角圓柱頭螺釘Hexagonsocketheadcapscrew開槽圓柱頭螺釘Slottedcylindricalheadscrews半圓頭螺釘Halfroundheadscrew開槽沉頭螺Slottedcountersunkheadscrew釘緊定螺釘Tightenthesetscrew平墊圈flatwasher彈簧墊Washer圓螺母用止動墊圈

Tabwashersforroundnut一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections螺紋緊固件的結構形式和尺寸已經標準化，使用時可根據有關標準選取，不需畫出零件圖，只需寫出標記，便于外購。Thestructuralformandsizeofthreadedfastenershavebeenstandardized,andtheycanbeselectedaccordingtorelevantstandardsduringuse.Thereisnoneedtodrawpartdrawings,onlymarkingsneedtobewrittenforeasyoutsourcing.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections螺紋緊固件聯接的主要形式Themainformsofthreadedfastenerconnection螺栓聯接boltconnection雙頭螺柱聯接Studandnut螺釘聯接Screwconnection緊定螺釘聯接Tighteningscrewconnection一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections1.螺栓聯接boltconnectionnutgrommetboltConnectedparts螺栓聯接boltconnection螺栓聯接剖視圖Sectionalviewofboltedconnection孔與螺桿之間留有間隙Leaveagapbetweentheholeandthescrew墊圈的作用是防止擰緊螺母時損傷被聯接零件的表面，并使螺母的壓力均勻分布到零件表面上。螺栓聯接用于聯接兩個較薄零件。普通螺栓的桿與孔之間有間隙，通孔的加工要求低，結構簡單，裝拆方便，應用廣泛。Thefunctionofthewasheristopreventdamagetothesurfaceoftheconnectedpartswhentighteningthenut,andtoevenlydistributethepressureofthenutonthesurfaceoftheparts.Boltedconnectionsareusedtoconnecttwothinnerparts.Thereisagapbetweentherodandtheholeofordinarybolts,andtheprocessingrequirementsforthroughholesarelow.Thestructureissimple,easytoassembleanddisassemble,anditiswidelyused.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections2.雙頭螺柱聯接StudandnutStuds(threadedonbothends)nutgrommetThinconnector(lighthole)Thickconnector(threadedhole)雙頭螺柱聯接剖視圖SectionalViewofDoubleEndStudConnection一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections2.雙頭螺柱聯接Studandnut雙頭螺柱Doubleheadedstuds雙頭螺柱兩端都是螺紋，一端必須全部旋入被聯接件螺孔內，稱為旋入端;另一端用以擰緊螺母，稱為緊固端。Bothendsofthedoubleheadedboltarethreaded,andoneendmustbefullyscrewedintothescrewholeoftheconnectedpart,whichiscalledthescrewedend;Theotherendisusedtotightenthenut,knownasthefasteningend.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections2.雙頭螺柱聯接Studandnut雙頭螺柱聯接剖視圖SectionalViewofDoubleEndStudConnection雙頭螺柱聯接用于被聯接件之一較厚，不宜于用螺栓聯接，較厚的被聯接件強度較差，又需經常拆卸的場合。Doubleheadedboltconnectionisusedinsituationswhereoneoftheconnectedpartsisthickandnotsuitableforboltconnection.Thickconnectedpartshavepoorstrengthandrequirefrequentdisassembly.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections3.螺釘聯接Screwconnection不用螺母，只用螺釘，直接把螺釘擰進被聯接件的螺釘孔中。適用于載荷較輕，且不經常裝拆的場合。Nonuts,onlyscrews,directlyscrewthescrewsintothescrewholesoftheconnectedparts.Suitableforoccasionswithlightloadsandinfrequentassemblyanddisassembly.螺釘聯接剖視圖Sectionalviewofscrewconnection一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections3.螺釘聯接Screwconnection內六角圓柱頭螺釘Hexagonsocketheadcapscrew開槽圓柱頭螺釘Slottedcylindricalheadscrews內六角半圓頭螺釘Hexagonsockethalfroundheadscrew開槽沉頭螺釘Slottedcountersunkheadscrew按頭部形狀分為:內六角圓柱頭、開槽圓柱頭、半圓頭、沉頭螺釘等。Accordingtotheshapeofthehead,itcanbedividedinto:hexagonalcylindricalhead,slottedcylindricalhead,halfroundhead,countersunkheadscrews,etc.一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections3.螺釘聯接Screwconnection螺釘聯接結構簡單、緊湊，一般用于兩個被聯接件中一個較厚，受力不大，且不需要經常拆卸的場合，以免螺紋孔損壞。Thescrewconnectionstructureissimpleandcompact,andisgenerallyusedinsituationswhereoneofthetwoconnectedpartsisthicker,lessstressed,anddoesnotrequirefrequentdisassemblytoavoiddamagetothethreadedhole.螺釘聯接剖視圖Sectionalviewofscrewconnection一、螺紋緊固件及其聯接Threadedfastenersandtheirconnections4.緊定螺釘聯接Tighteningscrewconnectiona）平端緊定螺釘Flatendsetscrew利用擰入零件螺紋孔中的螺紋末端頂住另一零件的表面或頂入另一零件上的凹坑中，以固定兩個零件的相對位置。Usetheendofthethreadthatisscrewedintothethreadedholeoftheparttopressagainstthesurfaceofanotherpartorintoarecessontheotherparttofixtherelativepositionofthetwoparts.緊定螺釘聯接剖視圖Sectionalviewoffasteningscrewconnection

b）錐端緊定螺釘Coneendsetscrewc）圓柱端緊定螺釘Cylindricalendsetscrew2螺紋聯接的預緊和防松PretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnectionsTWO二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections1.螺紋聯接的預緊Pretighteningofthreadedconnections絕大多數螺紋聯接在裝配時都必須擰緊，使聯接在承受工作載荷之前，預先受到力的作用。Thevastmajorityofthreadedconnectionsmustbetightenedduringassembly,sothattheconnectionissubjectedtoforceinadvancebeforebearingtheworkingload.預緊的目的是增強聯接的可靠性和緊密性，以防止受載后被聯接件間出現縫隙或發生相對滑移。Thepurposeofpretighteningistoenhancethereliabilityandtightnessoftheconnection,inordertopreventgapsorrelativeslippagebetweentheconnectedpartsafterbeingloaded.對于重要的螺紋聯接，應控制其預緊力，因為預緊力的大小對螺紋的可靠性、強度和密封性均有很大的影響。Forimportantthreadedconnections,thepretighteningforceshouldbecontrolled,asthemagnitudeofthepretighteningforcehasasignificantimpactonthereliability,strength,andsealingofthethread.二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections(1)定力矩扳手:預先設置一個特定扭矩值的螺紋擰緊工具。扳手的扭矩大小主要靠調節扭矩彈簧得到，而扭矩彈簧是靠調整螺塞得到。Fixedtorquewrench:Athreadedtighteningtoolwithaspecifictorquevaluepre-set.Thetorqueofthewrenchismainlyobtainedbyadjustingthetorquespring,whichisobtainedbyadjustingthescrewplug.二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections(2)測力矩扳手:指針式扭矩扳手除內裝扭矩產生及控制機構外，還裝有一只外露扭矩表，能隨時指示出施加的扭矩值。它也可作扭矩值的校準工具，通過扭矩表直接指示并讀出所施加的扭矩值。Torquemeasuringwrench:Inadditiontothebuilt-intorquegenerationandcontrolmechanism,thepointertypetorquewrenchisalsoequippedwithanexposedtorquegaugethatcanindicatetheappliedtorquevalueatanytime.Itcanalsobeusedasacalibrationtoolfortorquevalues,directlyindicatingandreadingtheappliedtorquevaluethroughatorquemeter.二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections2.螺紋聯接的防松Antilooseningofthreadedconnections在沖壓、振動或變載荷的作用下，聯接可能失去自鎖作用而松脫，使聯接失效，造成事故。Undertheactionofstamping,vibration,orvariableload,theconnectionmayloseitsself-lockingeffectandbecomeloose,causingtheconnectiontofailandcausingaccidents.防松:防止螺紋副的相對轉動。Antiloosening:preventstherelativerotationofthethreadedpair.按工作原理不同，可分為三類:摩擦防松、機械防松(直接鎖住)和破壞螺紋副的運動關系防松。Accordingtodifferentworkingprinciples,itcanbedividedintothreecategories:frictionantiloosening,mechanicalantiloosening(directlylocking),andantilooseningthatdamagesthemotionrelationshipofthethreadedpair.二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections2.螺紋聯接的防松Antilooseningofthreadedconnections(1)摩擦力防松:使螺紋聯接中的摩擦不隨外載荷增加而減小或加大阻力矩。Frictionprevention:topreventthefrictioninthreadedconnectionsfromdecreasingorincreasingtheresistancemomentwiththeincreaseofexternalload.圖1雙螺母防松Figure1Doublenutantiloosening圖2尼龍鎖緊圈防松looseningFigure2Nylonlockingringantiloosening兩螺母對頂，螺栓始終受到附加拉力和附加摩擦力的作用Twonutsarefacingeachother,andtheboltisalwayssubjectedtoadditionaltensionandfriction擰緊后尼龍圈內孔被螺栓箍緊而起到防松Aftertightening,theinnerholeofthenylonringistightenedbyboltstopreventloosening二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections2.螺紋聯接的防松Antilooseningofthreadedconnections(2)利用聯接件的形狀防松:利用附加零件的形狀或改變螺紋聯接形狀，使被聯接件不能相對運動。

Usingtheshapeoftheconnectingpartstopreventloosening:Usingtheshapeofadditionalpartsorchangingtheshapeofthreadedconnectionstopreventrelativemovementoftheconnectedparts.圖1開口銷和帶槽螺母防松Figure1Cotterpinandslottednutantiloosening圖2帶翅墊片防松Figure2Antilooseningofwingedgasket槽形螺母擰緊后，開口銷從螺母的槽口和螺栓尾部的孔中穿過，起到防松作用Aftertighteningthegroovenut,thecotterpinpassesthroughthegrooveofthenutandtheholeattheendofthebolttopreventloosening擰緊螺母后，將墊片外翅之一折嵌于螺母的一個槽內，起到防松作用Aftertighteningthenut,foldoneoftheouterwingsofthegasketintoagrooveofthenuttopreventloosening二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections2.螺紋聯接的防松Antilooseningofthreadedconnections(2)利用聯接件的形狀防松:利用附加零件的形狀或改變螺紋聯接形狀，使被聯接件不能相對運動。

Usingtheshapeoftheconnectingpartstopreventloosening:Usingtheshapeofadditionalpartsorchangingtheshapeofthreadedconnectionstopreventrelativemovementoftheconnectedparts.將墊片折邊，分別彎靠在螺母和被聯接件的側邊，以固定螺母和被聯接件的相對位置，起到防松作用Twonutsarefacingeachother,andtheboltisalwayssubjectedtoadditionaltensionandfriction圖3止動墊片防松Figure3Lockingwasherantiloosening圖4金屬絲防松Figure4Metalwireantiloosening利用鋼絲使一組螺栓頭部相互約束，無法松動，防松可靠,用于高速、振動、沖擊等場合Usingsteelwiretoconstrainagroupofboltheadstoeachother,preventinglooseningandensuringreliableantiloosening.Usedinhigh-speed,vibration,impact,andothersituations二、螺紋聯接的預緊和防松Pretighteningandantilooseningofthreadedconnections2.螺紋聯接的防松Antilooseningofthreadedconnections（3）利用附加材料防松：將螺母焊死在螺桿上，或者用粘合劑涂在旋合螺紋表面，粘合劑硬化后固連零件，還可以起到密封作用，此法適合不拆卸防松用。Usingadditionalmate